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Dissertation DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation „Die Umsetzung der UN Millenniums-Entwicklungsziele“ Verfasserin Mag.a Carina Pimpel angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktorin der Rechtswissenschaften (Dr. iur.) Wien, 2014 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 783 101 Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt: Rechtswissenschaften Betreuer: Ao. Univ.-Prof. Dr. René Kuppe „Die Erde hat genug für jedermanns Bedürfnisse, aber nicht für jedermanns Gier“ (Mahatma Gandhi) INHALTSVERZEICHNIS ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS .................................................................................. VII ABBILDUNGSVERZEICHNIS .................................................................................... IX TABELLENVERZEICHNIS ......................................................................................... IX DANKSAGUNG ............................................................................................................ XI ZIELSETZUNG UND INHALTLICHER AUFBAU .................................................. XIII FORSCHUNGSMETHODIK ..................................................................................... XIV VORWORT ................................................................................................................... XV 1. Einleitung .............................................................................................................. 1 2. Entwicklung und Armutsbekämpfung ................................................................... 3 2.1 Entwicklung ........................................................................................................ 5 2.2 Unterentwicklung ................................................................................................ 9 2.3 Armutsindikatoren am Fallbeispiel Kambodschas ........................................... 14 2.3.1 Divergierende Armutsverständnisse – ein soziales Phänomen ................. 15 2.3.2 Wie arm ist Kambodscha? ......................................................................... 18 2.3.3 Sozialsysteme ............................................................................................ 30 2.4 Entwicklungsstrategien der UN ........................................................................ 31 2.4.1 Wegbereiter der Millenniumserklärung..................................................... 31 2.4.2 Die Pionierphase ........................................................................................ 32 2.4.3 Erste Entwicklungsdekade 1961-1970 ...................................................... 33 2.4.4 Zweite Entwicklungsdekade 1971-1980 ................................................... 34 2.4.5 Dritte Entwicklungsdekade 1981 – 1990................................................... 39 2.4.6 Vierte Entwicklungsdekade 1991-2000 .................................................... 42 2.4.7 Millenniumsziele 2000- 2015 .................................................................... 43 2.5 Das Recht auf Entwicklung .............................................................................. 44 3. Post Conflict State & Nation Building ................................................................ 52 3.1 Kambodscha- das Erbe autoritärer Herrschaft .................................................. 52 3.1.1 Kolonialzeit Kambodschas ........................................................................ 52 3.1.2 Terrorregime der roten Khmer .................................................................. 55 3.1.3 Pariser Friedensverträge – post conflict peace building ............................ 56 3.2 Kambodscha- ein fragiler Staat? ....................................................................... 58 III 3.2.1 Begriffsdefinition ...................................................................................... 58 3.2.2 Der Staatsbegriff ........................................................................................ 61 3.2.3 State building ............................................................................................. 63 4. Demokratie - „good governance & political participation“ ................................. 65 4.1 Das westliche Demokratieverständnis vs. der Asian Style Democracy ........... 65 4.2 Regierung und Wahlen 1991- 2013 .................................................................. 66 4.3 Analyse der demokratischen Entwicklung........................................................ 68 4.4 Entstehungsgeschichte der CCP ....................................................................... 68 4.5 Machterwerb durch politische Unterdrückung ................................................. 69 5. Rechtsstaatlichkeit ............................................................................................... 72 5.1 Historischer Kontext der Rechtsstaatlichkeit .................................................... 72 5.2 Philosophische Annäherung an den Rechtsstaatsbegriff .................................. 74 5.2.1 Rechtliche Gesetzlichkeit als Ausdruck der Freiheit ................................. 74 5.3 Elemente des Rechtsstaates............................................................................... 81 5.3.1 Gesetzesmäßigkeit der Verwaltung ........................................................... 82 5.3.2 Legislative ................................................................................................. 83 5.3.3 Exekutive ................................................................................................... 85 5.3.4 Judikative ................................................................................................... 88 5.4 Resümee über die Geltung demokratischer Werte und der sozialen Wirklichkeit ................................................................................................................. 92 6. Umsetzung – Bedeutung - Wechselwirkungen der einzelnen MDG‘s ................ 95 6.1 Grundschulbildung ............................................................................................ 95 6.1.1 Geschichte des Bildungswesens ................................................................ 98 6.1.2 Schulsystem ............................................................................................... 98 6.2 Geschlechtergerechtigkeit ................................................................................. 99 6.2.1 Gender & Development ............................................................................. 99 6.2.2 Allgemeine Geltung der Frauenrechte: internationale und nationale Normen ................................................................................................................. 102 6.2.3 Umsetzung in Kambodscha ..................................................................... 104 6.2.4 Die Rolle der Frau in Kambodscha ......................................................... 105 6.2.5 Sektorale geschlechterspezifische Disparitäten ....................................... 106 6.3 Gesundheit ...................................................................................................... 113 6.3.1 Das Gesundheitssystem in Kambodscha ................................................. 113 IV 6.3.2 UN Millenniumsziele im Gesundheitssektor ........................................... 115 6.3.3 Reduzierung der Kindersterblichkeit ....................................................... 115 6.3.4 Messung der Sterblichkeitsraten: „Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey“ ................................................................................................................. 116 6.3.5 Säuglingssterblichkeitsrate (SSR) ........................................................... 116 6.3.6 Sterblichkeitsrate von Kindern unter 5 Jahren ........................................ 118 6.3.7 Ursachenanalyse der Kindersterblichkeit ................................................ 119 6.3.8 Unterernährung ........................................................................................ 120 6.3.9 Sicherung des Überlebens der Kinder ..................................................... 126 6.3.10 Initiativen zur Erreichung des UN Millenniumsziels .............................. 127 6.4 Bekämpfung von HIV/ Aids, Malaria und anderen ansteckenden Krankheiten129 6.4.1 HIV/ Aids ................................................................................................ 129 6.4.2 Continuum of Care .................................................................................. 130 6.4.3 Zugang zu antiretroviraler Therapie ........................................................ 131 6.4.4 Initiativen zur Zielerreichung: Behörden und Nationale Strategiepläne . 132 6.5 Umweltschutz ................................................................................................. 133 6.5.1 Retrospektive – Nachhaltigkeit als Handlungsfeld der Entwicklungspolitik133 6.5.2 UN Millenniumsentwicklungsziel – ökologische Nachhaltigkeit ........... 135 6.5.3 Slums: Armenviertel in Kambodscha ...................................................... 136 6.5.4 Trinkwasserversorgung ........................................................................... 139 6.5.5 Artenvielfalt ............................................................................................. 144 6.6 Minensäuberung .............................................................................................. 149 7. Aufbau einer weltweiten Entwicklungspartnerschaft ........................................ 151 7.1 Akteure der globalen Partnerschaft: Aufgaben & Funktionsweise................. 151
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