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NeuroRegulation The Official Journal of . Volume 8, Number 1, 2021 NeuroRegulation Editor-in-Chief Rex L. Cannon, PhD: SPESA Research Institute, Knoxville, TN, USA Executive Editor Nancy L. Wigton, PhD: 1) Grand Canyon University, Phoenix, AZ, USA; 2) Applied Neurotherapy Center, Tempe, AZ, USA Associate Editors Scott L. Decker, PhD: University of South Carolina, Department of Psychology, Columbia, SC, USA Jon A. Frederick, PhD: Lamar University, Beaumont, TX, USA Genomary Krigbaum, PsyD: University of Wyoming, Family Medicine Residency, Casper, WY, USA Randall Lyle, PhD: Mount Mercy University, Cedar Rapids, IA, USA Tanya Morosoli, MSc: 1) Clínica de Neuropsicología Diagnóstica y Terapéutica, Mexico City, Mexico; 2) ECPE, Harvard T. H. Chan School oF Public Health, Boston, MA, USA Sarah Prinsloo, PhD: MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA Deborah Simkin, MD: 1) Emory University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Atlanta, GA, USA; 2) Attention, Memory, and Cognition Center, Destin, FL, USA Estate M. Sokhadze, PhD: University of South Carolina, School of Medicine Greenville, Greenville, SC, USA Larry C. Stevens, PhD: Northern Arizona University, Department of Psychological Services, Flagstaff, AZ, USA Tanju Surmeli, MD: Living Health Center for Research and Education, Sisli, Istanbul, Turkey Production Editor Jacqueline Luk Paredes, Phoenix, AZ, USA NeuroRegulation (ISSN: 2373-0587) is published quarterly by the International Society for Neurofeedback and Research (ISNR), 13876 SW 56th Street, PMB 311, Miami, FL 33175-6021, USA. Copyright NeuroRegulation is open access with no submission fees or APC (Author Processing Charges). This journal provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC-BY) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. All articles are distributed under the terms of the CC BY license. The use, distribution, or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution, or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. The journal is indexed in the Abstracting & Indexing databases of Scopus, Elsevier’s Embase, the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), and Google Scholar and carries a CiteScore impact factor from Scopus. Aim and Scope NeuroRegulation is a peer-reviewed journal providing an integrated, multidisciplinary perspective on clinically relevant research, treatment, and public policy for neurofeedback, neuroregulation, and neurotherapy. The journal reviews important findings in clinical neurotherapy, biofeedback, and electroencephalography for use in assessing baselines and outcomes of various procedures. The journal draws from expertise inside and outside of the International Society for Neurofeedback and Research to deliver material which integrates the diverse aspects of the field. Instructions for submissions and Author Guidelines can be found on the journal website (http://www.neuroregulation.org). NeuroRegulation http://www.isnr.org Volume 8, Number 1 2021 Contents RESEARCH PAPERS Short-Form, Comedy Improv Affects the Functional Connectivity in the Brain of Adolescents with 2 Complex Developmental Trauma as Measured by qEEG: A Single Group Pilot Study Mary DeMichele and Scott Kuenneke Analysis of the Quality of Diet and Academic Performance in Rural Primary School Students 14 Pedro José Carrillo-López, Andrés Rosa Guillamón, Eliseo García Cantó, José Enrique Moral García, and Juan José Pérez Soto RESEARCH PROTOCOLS Is There Evidence for EEG-Neurofeedback Specificity in the Treatment of Internalizing Disorders? A 22 Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Tyson Michael Perez, Paul Glue, Divya B Adhia, Jerin Mathew, and Dirk De Ridder SPECIAL FEATURES Presession Posterior Alpha Enhancement May Accelerate Neurofeedback Learning and Response 29 Revital Yonah Avoid Zoom Fatigue, Be Present and Learn 47 Erik Peper, Vietta Wilson, Marc Martin, Erik Rosegard, and Richard Harvey CLINICAL CORNER The Road Less Traveled: Integrating Neurotherapy with Holistic Neuropsychological Rehabilitation 57 After Severe Head Injury Mohammed Afsar, Nishita Choudhari, Dhaval Shukla, and Jamuna Rajeswara CORRESPONDENCE AND COMMENTARY Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) for Decreasing Gambling Craving in Patients 69 with Gambling Disorder: A Call for Advanced Clinical Investigations Chidiebere Emmanuel Okechukwu 1 | www.neuroregulation.org Vol. 8(1):1 2021 NeuroRegulation http://www.isnr.org Short-Form, Comedy Improv Affects the Functional Connectivity in the Brain of Adolescents with Complex Developmental Trauma as Measured by qEEG: A Single Group Pilot Study Mary DeMichele* and Scott Kuenneke Neuro Feedback Department, Calo Programs, Lake Ozark, Missouri, USA Abstract Complex developmental trauma (CDT) is characterized by prolonged exposure to traumatic events in early life, resulting in the breakdown of neurobiological integration which impacts mental and physical health. The benefits of practicing short-form improvisation (improv), however, parallel the treatment needs of this population. To observe the neurobiological effect of improv, we used eyes-open quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) to record the brains of 32 adolescents before and after participation in a 20-min intervention (One Rule Improv) consisting of short-form improv games. A paired t-test was used to evaluate coherence, phase, absolute amplitude, and low-resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA). Results indicated increases in coherence in delta, theta, alpha, and beta (p < .05). Phase lag showed a statistical decrease (p < .05) in delta, alpha, and beta. Absolute power showed significant increases in alpha frontally Fp1 (p = .004), decreases in delta (p = .030) at T4. LORETA analysis indicated significant changes in sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) at Brodmann area (BA) 6, t(27) = 6.1, p < .05. Significant delta decreased at BA 6, BA 10, t(27) = 4.96, p < .05; and BA 24, t(27) = 3.90. Significant delta decreased at BA 4, BA 3, and BA 40, t(27) = 4.35, p < .05. Results indicate preliminary evidence supporting improv as an intervention capable of affecting functional connectivity changes in adolescents with CDT. For developmental trauma, these results may indicate improved capacity to make meaningful connections with others and create opportunities for neuroplastic changes. Keywords: functional connectivity; complex developmental trauma; improv; alternative therapies; adolescents with trauma; improvisational theater Citation: DeMichele, M., & Kuenneke, S. (2021). Short-form, comedy improv affects the functional connectivity in the brain of adolescents with complex developmental trauma as measured by qEEG: A single group pilot study. NeuroRegulation, 8(1), 2–13. https://doi.org/10.15540/nr.8.1.2 *Address correspondence to: M. DeMichele, MSSc, P.O. Box Edited by: 1941, Lake Ozark, MO 65049, USA. Email: Rex L. Cannon, PhD, SPESA Research Institute, Knoxville, mailto:[email protected] Tennessee, USA Copyright: © 2021. DeMichele and Kuenneke. This is an Open Reviewed by: Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Rex L. Cannon, PhD, SPESA Research Institute, Knoxville, Commons Attribution License (CC-BY). Tennessee, USA Genomary Krigbaum, PsyD, Grand Canyon University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA Complex developmental trauma (CDT) is a condition mental health state of dissociation, or a defined by exposure to multiple traumatic disconnection of neuronal connections, limits the experiences most often of an interpersonal nature functional connectivity of the brain (Schore, 2014). during early development, between the ages of zero Functional connectivity refers to the integrated and seven, resulting in an underdeveloped nervous relationship between spatially separated brain system more inclined towards survival than healthy regions. attachment (van der Kolk, 2005). The effects of this can result in poor neuronal development, and an In normative brain development, the functional overall inefficiency in the systems in the body and connectivity of the three sections (brain stem, limbic brain (Bower, 2016; van der Kolk, 2005). This system, and cortex) work together. Chronic 2 | www.neuroregulation.org Vol. 8(1):2–13 2021 doi:10.15540/nr.8.1.2 DeMichele and Kuenneke NeuroRegulation exposure to trauma moves the brain stem and limbic Often misunderstood as being similar to stand-up system into a state of hyper- or hypoarousal. Threat comedy, improv, although comedic, is by contrast a is perceived everywhere, triggering a fear-based positive and supportive relational activity. Its survival response of flight/fight/freeze. The nervous foundational rule of Yes, and frames the relationship system goes either below or above its window of between players, the audience, as well as the tolerance and as a result of excessive stress, certain players to themselves. Halpern et al. (1994) brain regions within the cortex become disorganized describe improvisation as not merely an exchange of (Atzil, Hendler, & Feldman, 2011). This state information between players. Instead,