Iconografia Ed Iconologia Delle Maschere Della Commedia Dell'arte

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Iconografia Ed Iconologia Delle Maschere Della Commedia Dell'arte Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Storia delle Arti e Conservazione dei Beni Artistici Tesi di Laurea Iconografia ed iconologia delle maschere della Commedia dell’Arte e della tradizione carnevalesca nell’arte dal XVI al XX secolo. Artisti e correnti artistiche a confronto. Relatore Ch. Prof. Nico Stringa Correlatore Ch.ma Prof.ssa Stefania Portinari Laureando Federica Luison Matricola 833964 Anno Accademico 2014 / 2015 INDICE INTRODUZIONE 5 CAPITOLO PRIMO Arlecchino, Pulcinella e Pedrolino: tre maschere della Commedia dell’Arte e della tradizione carnevalesca 9 1.1. Il Carnevale: origine e tradizione 9 1.2. La nascita della Commedia dell’Arte 13 1.3. La Commedia dell’Arte in Europa attraverso i secoli 17 1.4. La maschera di Arlecchino: descrizione e significato 20 1.5. La maschera di Pulcinella: descrizione e significato 23 1.6. La maschera di Pedrolino e la sua evoluzione in Pierrot: descrizione e significato 28 CAPITOLO SECONDO Le maschere della Commedia dell’Arte e della tradizione carnevalesca dagli esordi al Settecento 31 2.1. L’iconografia e l’iconologia nel Cinquecento 32 2.1.1. La pittura fiamminga 33 2.1.2. La Recueil Fossard 37 2.2. L’iconografia e l’iconologia nel Seicento 38 2.2.1. Peter Van Bredael 39 2.2.2. Jacques Callot 40 1 2.2.3. Abraham Bosse 42 2.2.4. Karel Dujardin 43 2.2.5. Nicolas Bonnart 43 2.3. L’iconografia e l’iconologia nel Settecento 45 2.3.1. Claude Gillot 46 2.3.2. Antoine Watteau 49 2.3.3. Louis Jacob 53 2.3.4. Nicolas Lancret 54 2.3.5. Luigi Riccoboni 57 2.3.6. Giovanni Domenico Ferretti 58 2.3.7. Giandomenico Tiepolo 59 2.3.8. Francisco Goya 64 CAPITOLO TERZO Iconografia e iconologia nell’Ottocento: un nuovo modo di interpretare le maschere della tradizione dell’Arte e del carnevale 66 3.1. Il realismo di Honorè Daumier 67 3.2. L’impressionismo e i personaggi della Commedia dell’Arte 69 3.2.1. Edouard Manet 70 3.2.2. Edgar Degas 72 3.2.3. Pierre-Auguste Renoir 75 3.3. Il post-impressionismo e la Commedia Italiana 76 3.3.1. Paul Cézanne 77 2 3.3.2. Georges Seurat 79 3.4. Il simbolismo di James Ensor 81 CAPITOLO QUARTO I personaggi della Commedia dell’Arte e della tradizione carnevalesca nel repertorio iconografico delle Avanguardie storiche 85 4.1. La figura di Arlecchino attraverso un secolo di pittura 89 4.1.1. Picasso e il suo alter ego 91 4.1.2. Juan Gris e gli Arlecchini cubisti 100 4.1.3. Gli Arlecchini di Gino Severini 102 4.1.4. L’Espressionismo di Albert Bloch 108 4.1.5. Dalì e l’Arlecchino surrealista 112 4.1.6. L’Arlecchino degli italiani 114 4.1.7. L’Arlecchino come ritratto 125 4.2. Pulcinella “maschera del mondo” 131 4.2.1. Pablo Picasso 132 4.2.2. Gino Severini 134 4.2.3. Giannino Marchig 137 4.3. La maschera di Pedrolino e la sua evoluzione in Pierrot 138 4.3.1. Il Pierrot simbolista di Gustav-Adolf Mossa 139 4.3.2. Maxfield Parrish e il Pierrot americano 140 4.3.3. L’Espressionismo e il personaggio di Pierrot secondo Albert Bloch 142 4.3.4. Georges Rouault e i Pierrot cattolici 144 3 4.3.5. I Pierrot cubisti di Juan Gris 146 4.3.6. Pierrot come ritratto 148 4.4. Coppie di maschere nella pittura 151 4.4.1. Arlecchino e Pierrot 151 4.4.2. Arlecchino e Pulcinella 157 CONCLUSIONI 161 APPENDICI 169 Elenco delle opere citate 169 Immagini 180 BIBLIOGRAFIA 235 SITOGRAFIA 246 4 INTRODUZIONE Perchè il repertorio iconografico della pittura del XIX e XX secolo è così ricco di personaggi come Arlecchino, Pulcinella e Pierrot? Da dove si sono attinte queste fonti iconografiche? Cosa lega questi personaggi così conosciuti alla tradizione carnevalesca e a quella della Commedia dell’Arte? Come ha fatto un genere teatrale, durato solo due secoli, a diffondersi così capillarmente in tutta Europa e a perdurare nell’iconografia di artisti di Ottocento e Novecento? Che significato hanno avuto queste maschere per gli artisti che le hanno rappresentate? Queste sono solo alcune delle domande dalle quali è partita questa ricerca, iniziata un pò per dovere, ma soprattutto per piacere, con il reperimento di una vasta quantità di opere d’arte che contenevano i personaggi famosi e conosciuti di Arlecchino, Pulcinella e Pierrot. Non è un caso infatti, per chi studia storia dell’arte, imbattersi nel corso delle lezioni e dei programmi d’esame in opere come quelle di Degas, Picasso, Severini e tanti altri artisti del XX secolo, aventi come soggetto maschere vere e proprie o travestimenti assunti da familiari e amici per scherzo o per studio o ancora immagini di feste mascherate legate al carnevale. Ciò che è colpisce è avere di fronte un insieme di immagini e iniziare a coglierne i collegamenti principali, non solo di stile, ma anche, e soprattutto, di contenuti. Da questo punto è, quindi, iniziata la ricerca vera e propria per rispondere alle precedenti domande che sono affiorate di fronte a questo repertorio iconografico, il quale è andato via via allargandosi alla ricerca di un collegamento nel passato, di un punto di partenza dal quale queste immagini hanno preso vita e si sono via via sviluppate. E’ così che il primo passo logico compiuto è stato quello di ricercare le origini di una festa come il carnevale, le tradizioni che sono nate con essa e, soprattutto, le maschere citate in precedenza le quali, di primo acchitto, tutto il mondo associa a questa festività. La ricerca ha portato ad informazioni 5 chiave, sia per le origini così antiche di una festività come il carnevale, sia in realtà per la sua stretta connessione con il mondo della Commedia dell’Arte. E’ stato possibile ricostruire l’intero percorso di nascita e di sviluppo di questi due momenti della storia che, tra il Cinquecento e il Seicento, si sono incontrati e mescolati, proprio perchè le maschere di Arlecchino, Pulcinella e Pedrolino (il futuro Pierrot) entrarono prima nel repertorio dei tipi fissi della Commedia dell’Arte per poi influenzare i personaggi del carnevale, affiancando i tipici mascheramenti della tradizione passata. Chiarito questo primo passaggio storico fondamentale è stato possibile analizzare la nascita e l’evoluzione delle singole maschere, ricercandone il significato iconologico iniziale per comprendere poi quelli dei secoli successivi. A questo proposito, una delle opere fondamentali ai fini della ricerca è stata quella di Luigi Riccoboni, Histoire du Théâtre Italien, depuis la Decadence de la Comédie Latine; avec des Extraits, et Examens Critiques de plusieurs Tragedies, et Commedies Italiennes, ausquels on a joint une explication des Figures, avec une Lettre de M. Rousseau, et la réponse de l’Auteur. Par Louis Ricoboni, dit Lelio, secondo volume del 1731, edito da Pierre Delormel. Nel secondo volume, edito due anni dopo la prima parte dell’opera, il Riccoboni traccia un percorso storico e cronologico che va dalla decadenza della commedia latina alle commedie e tragedie rinascimentali, passando poi per la Commedia dell’Arte e il teatro barocco, analizzandone anche i singoli personaggi. Al di là dello scopo ultimo di Riccoboni di illustrare la decadenza del genere della Commedia Italiana, l’opera risulta di estrema importanza per le incisioni contenute, esempi unici dell’iconografia dei personaggi e della loro evoluzione dagli esordi fino a quel momento. Questa iconografia, ritrovandosi anche in altre incisioni, permetteva di capire come la rappresentazione di queste maschere si fosse ormai omologata ai personaggi che realmente comparivano sulle scene. Dedicato, quindi, il primo capitolo alla parte storica, nei capitoli successivi la ricerca si è concentrata sulla parte iconografica ed iconologica delle maschere inserite all’interno delle opere d’arte. 6 Il testo del Riccoboni, infatti, risale al 1731 e questo, come tutte le altre fonti letterarie presenti sul tema delle maschere della Commedia dell’Arte, si rifaceva solo ed esclusivamente al repertorio iconografico che si era creato dalla nascita del genere teatrale fino a quel momento. La Commedia dell’Arte, infatti, era una commedia improvvisa, basata su semplici canovacci che raramente sono sopravvissuti e quindi tutta la tradizione delle maschere di Arlecchino, Pulcinella e Pedrolino/Pierrot è da ricercarsi in ambito figurativo. Va sottolineato che questo ricerca, seppur lacunosa dal punto di vista delle fonti letterarie, è stata possibile proprio perchè la tradizione della Commedia dell’Arte vanta uno dei più vasti repertori iconografici mai incontrati per qualsiasi altro genere teatrale. Nel secondo capitolo sono quindi stati trattati, sia dal punto di vista iconografico sia iconologico, gli artisti più famosi ed influenti del Seicento e del Settecento che hanno rappresentato, nelle loro opere maschere, messinscene e temi inerenti alla Commedia dell’Arte. Dalla pittura fiamminga alla Recueil Fossard , passando per le incisioni e i disegni degli artisti del Seicento, come Jacques Callot e Nicolas Bonnart, si è giunti sino al Settecento, con i maggiori rappresentanti del genere teatrale in pittura come Claude Gillot, Antoine Watteau, Nicolas Lancret e Giandomenico Tiepolo, nonchè le incisioni della raccolta di Luigi Riccoboni. Nel terzo capitolo sono stati, invece, trattati quegli artisti del XIX secolo che inserirono le maschere di Arlecchino, Pulcinella e Pierrot nelle loro opere, andando oltre la semplice rappresentazione pittorica di messinscene e palcoscenici teatrali e creando una nuova iconologia della maschera. Manet, con la sua satira politica, e Degas, con i suoi Arlecchini ballerini, furono solo due degli artisti ottocenteschi a modificare il modo di vedere le maschere della Commedia dell’Arte e del carnevale, affidando loro un nuovo significato sulla tela. L’ultimo capitolo riguarda, infine, la produzione artistica all’epoca delle avanguardie.
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