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THÈSE Présentée À Montpellier Supagro Pour Obtenir Le Diplôme De Doctorat

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THÈSE Présentée À Montpellier Supagro Pour Obtenir Le Diplôme De Doctorat MINISTÈRE DE L’ALIMENTATION DE L’AGRICULTURE ET DE LA PÊCHE MONTPELLIER SUPAGRO THÈSE présentée à Montpellier SupAgro pour obtenir le diplôme de Doctorat Formation doctorale : Évolution, Écologie, Ressources génétiques, Paléontologie École doctorale : Systèmes Intégrés en Biologie, Agronomie, Géosciences, Hydrosciences, Environnement Thèse Cifre n°439 / 2006 Laboratoire d’accueil : Unité Mixte de Recherche Entreprise d’accueil : Koppert BS Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations 1062 Lot. Ind. Puits des Gavottes 2 Place Pierre Viala, bâtiment n°16 147 Avenue des Banquets 34060 Montpellier cedex 02 84300 Cavaillon LE SYSTEME TRITROPHIQUE TOMATE-TETRANYQUES TISSERANDS-PHYTOSEIULUS LONGIPES ETUDE DE LA VARIABILITE DES COMPORTEMENTS ALIMENTAIRES DU PREDATEUR ET CONSEQUENCES POUR LA LUTTE BIOLOGIQUE Présentée et soutenue publiquement par Maxime FERRERO Soutenue le 14 Décembre 2009 JURY Anne-Marie CORTESERO Université de Rennes I Examinatrice Francisco FERRAGUT Universitat Politécnica de Valencia, Espagne Rapporteur Markus KNAPP Koppert BS, Hollande Invité Serge KREITER Montpellier SupAgro Directeur de thèse Isabelle OLIVIERI Université de Montpellier II Examinatrice Marie-Stéphane TIXIER Montpellier SupAgro Co-directrice de thèse Éric WAJNBERG INRA-Antibes Rapporteur RÉSUMÉ Les tétranyques tisserands Tetranychus evansi et T. urticae sont des acariens ravageurs difficiles à contrôler en culture de tomate en serres. Leur capacité à développer rapidement des résistances aux acaricides les plus couramment utilisés, mais également l’exsudation de composés toxiques pour les prédateurs par des solanacées pileuses comme la tomate, et enfin les faibles humidités relatives régulièrement observées en serres de tomate sont autant de paramètres qui affectent l’efficacité des méthodes de lutte utilisées jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Un acarien prédateur de la famille des Phytoseiidae, Phytoseiulus longipes , est un candidat potentiel pour contrôler les pullulations de T. evansi et T. urticae . Des quatre populations connues de ce prédateur, deux (une argentine et une brésilienne) sont capables de se développer et de se reproduire lorsqu’elles sont nourries avec T. evansi sur tomate, alors que les deux autres (chilienne et sud africaine) ne le peuvent pas. Après avoir montré que toutes ces populations appartenaient à la même espèce, des travaux concernant les traits d’histoire de vie et l’attraction de plusieurs de ces populations pour des combinaisons d’espèces de proie et de substrats végétaux ont permis de caractériser des interrelations au sein du système tritrophique tomate – tétranyques tisserands – P. longipes et de confirmer qu’il existe bien deux comportements alimentaires distincts chez P. longipes . Ces différences pourraient être la conséquence d’une spécialisation du prédateur pour T. evansi , induite par une coévolution entre P. longipes et le complexe tomate – T. urticae et/ ou tomate – T. evansi . L’étude de la réponse physiologique de P. longipes aux faibles humidités relatives a montré que celui-ci fait partie des quatre Phytoseiidae connus les plus tolérants à la sécheresse. De plus, l’analyse des risques non intentionnels d’une introduction de P. longipes , ainsi que la confirmation, par des études en conditions semi-réelles de culture, que celui-ci peut contrôler les populations de T. evansi et T. urticae en serres de tomate, font de ce prédateur un excellent candidat en tant qu’agent de lutte biologique pour lutter contre les tétranyques tisserands en cultures protégées de tomate en Europe. MOTS CLEFS : contrôle biologique, Tetranychus evansi , Tetranychus urticae , tomate, Phytoseiulus longipes , traits d’histoire de vie, attraction, sécheresse, coévolution ABSTRACT The tomato spider mites pests Tetranychus evansi and T. urticae are difficult to control in tomato greenhouses. Their abilities to quickly develop resistances to acaricides, along with the exudation of toxic compounds from hairy solanaceous plants such as tomato and the drought occurring in tomato greenhouses, are important factors that hinder the control of tetranychids in tomato. A predaceous mite of the family Phytoseiidae, Phytoseiulus longipes , is a potential candidate for controlling spider mites outbreaks in these crops. Among the four known populations of this predator, two (from Argentina and Brazil) are able to develop and reproduce well fed on T. evansi on tomato, while the two others (from Chile and Sout Africa) cannot. After having shown that all those populations actually belong to the same species, studies about the life history and attractiveness of several of those populations depending on prey species/ plant supports allowed to characterize the relationships in the tritrophic system tomato – spider mites – P. longipes and to confirm that there are two distincts feeding behaviours in this predatory mite species. This phenomena is probably due to a host-plant mediated specialisation for the prey, itself coming from a coevolution between the predator and the complex tomato - T. urticae and/ or tomato - T. evansi . Study about the egg hatching response to humidity of P. longipes showed that this predator is among the four most drought tolerant species studied to date. Furthermore, an analysis of the indirect ecological effects of a possible introduction of P. longipes, along with the confirmation from semi-field trials that this predator is able to control spider mite pests in tomato greenhouses, lead to the conclusion that P. longipes is an excellent candidate for the biological control of T. evansi and T. urticae in tomato protected crops in Europe. KEY WORDS : biological control, Tetranychus evansi , Tetranychus urticae , tomato, Phytoseiulus longipes , life history traits, attractiveness, drought, coevolution. I REMERCIEMENTS Je voudrais tout d’abord remercier chaleureusement les personnes qui m’ont permis de faire cette thèse, qui ont participé à ma formation, m’ont aidé et soutenu dans la création et le suivi de ce projet: Marie-Stéphane Tixier , Serge Kreiter et Karel Bolckmans . Merci à ceux qui ont participé à la création de ce projet et qui m’ont aidé à me former : Markus Knapp , Gilberto José de Moraes , Francisco Ferragut , et encore merci mille fois à Marie-Stéphane et Serge qui m’ont continuellement poussé et soutenu depuis plusieurs années sans jamais arrêter de croire que j’y arriverai. Je remercie sincèrement Eric Wajnberg et Francisco Ferragut d’avoir accepté d’être les rapporteurs de cette thèse et j’espère que la lecture ne sera pas trop difficile. Un merci particulier à Paco pour sa gentillesse, pour s’être déplacé de loin lors de tous mes comités de thèse et pour avoir toujours été là lorsque j’avais besoin d’informations quelconques. Merci à Isabelle Olivieri d’avoir accepté de faire partie de mon jury, et de m’avoir aidé à poursuivre mes réflexions sur la spécialisation. Merci également à Anne-Marie Cortesero d’avoir accepté de juger mon travail. Je remercie Michel Allene , Yvette Foray et les personnes travaillant à Koppert Cavaillon grâce à qui j’ai pu travailler dans de bonnes conditions. Je remercie également toutes les personnes de Koppert Águilas grâce à qui j’ai pu passé d’excellents moments professionnels et personnel, en particulier José Eduardo Belda pour son enthousiasme et son soutien, et bien évidemment Javier Calvo , compagnon de collecte sur les routes d’Argentine, chez Super Pancho Siete et en Murcie, qui a subit les désagréments d’un changement brutal d’alimentation avec philosophie et sans qui beaucoup de ce qui figure dans cette thèse n’aurait pas été pareil. Merci également à toutes les personnes de Koppert Berkel en Rodenrijs , et en particulier Marion Munneke qui m’a fait découvrir Rotterdam et qui m’a énormément aidé, Yvonne van Houten pour ses conseils et son aide, encore une fois Markus Knapp , Julietta Rothe , Clarice Teunissen pour sa bonne humeur, son organisation et pour m’avoir conseillé quand je me débattais avec les lois Hollandaises sur les excès de vitesse, et enfin Christophe Gigot et Damien Morel , mes compagnons Franco-Hollandais de travail et de colocation. Je remercie du fond du cœur toutes les personnes du bâtiment 16 (dont je suis le dernier thésard il me semble), qui m’ont tous aidé de multiples façons pendant ces trois années, et en particulier Sabine Guichou qui s’est donné à fond dans la dernière ligne droite pour qu’il y ait le moins possible de bêtises et de coquilles, Philippe Auger pour son sens de l’humour inimitable, son soutien et ses conseils (parfois bons), Brigitte Cheval pour sa bonne humeur et son aide précieuse et constante, Martial Douin pour sa connaissance sans faille des affres de la mise en page sous Word, son calme et son aide. Merci également à Mireille Okassa II pour son aide dans mes recherches et pour nos discussions rafraîchissantes, et à Mohammad Kanouh d’avoir été là comme compagnon de thèse et voisin de bureau tout ce temps. Un grand merci à Mubashir Saeed et Timeri Atuahiva , qui m’ont aidé dans mon apprentissage de maître de stage, Mubashir pour sa détermination sans faille et sa gentillesse, Timéri pour avoir tout donné sous les serres pendant des dizaines d’heures lorsqu’il fallait compter des acariens à la loupe et pour m’avoir accompagné en Espagne. Merci à Adrien Liénard pour sa disponibilité et pour avoir réalisé l’illustration de la couverture de cette thèse en un temps record la veille de l’impression. Merci à Christophe Abraham et à Rachid Senoussi pour leurs conseils en statistiques, et également à Adeline Fayolle et Grégoire Talbot
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