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View the Report Final Report Managing Carob Moth in almonds David Madge The Dept of Economic Development, Jobs,Transport & Resources Project Number: AL12004 AL12004 This project has been funded by Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited using funds from the Australian Government and the following sources: Almond Board of Australia (ABA) Olam Orchards Australia Pty Ltd Almond (R&D Levy) Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited (HIA Ltd) makes no representations and expressly disclaims all warranties (to the extent permitted by law) about the accuracy, completeness, or currency of information in Managing Carob Moth in almonds. Reliance on any information provided by HIA Ltd is entirely at your own risk. HIA Ltd is not responsible for, and will not be liable for, any loss, damage, claim, expense, cost (including legal costs) or other liability arising in any way (including from HIA Ltd or any other person’s negligence or otherwise) from your use or non-use of Managing Carob Moth in almonds, or from reliance on information contained in the material or that HIA Ltd provides to you by any other means. ISBN 0 7341 3562 9 Published and distributed by: Horticulture Innovation Australia Limited Level 8, 1 Chifley Square Sydney NSW 2000 Tel: (02) 8295 2300 Fax: (02) 8295 2399 © Copyright 2015 Contents Media Summary ................................................................................................................................................ 3 Technical Summary ........................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 Background.................................................................................................................................................... 5 Industry response ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Aims of the research ...................................................................................................................................... 5 Implications for industry & likely impacts of results .................................................................................... 6 Literature review ........................................................................................................................................... 7 Materials & Methods ....................................................................................................................................... 42 Seasonal phenology and distribution of carob moth in almonds. ................................................................ 43 Investigating applied control of carob moth in almonds. ............................................................................ 62 Relationships between almond mummies and carob moth development and activity. ............................... 80 Kernel damage and the timing of carob moth oviposition in almonds. ....................................................... 91 A review of the impact of Altacor® (Rynaxypyr®; chlorantraniliprole) on beneficial invertebrates......... 98 Active radius and optimum number of pheromone traps for reliable monitoring of carob moth populations ................................................................................................................................................................... 109 Investigating potential female attractants. ................................................................................................. 112 Carob moth laboratory culture ................................................................................................................... 120 Other almond pests of concern .................................................................................................................. 122 Visiting scientist ........................................................................................................................................ 124 Discussion...................................................................................................................................................... 126 Technology Transfer ..................................................................................................................................... 127 Recommendations (scientific & industry) ..................................................................................................... 130 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 131 Additional bibliography ................................................................................................................................. 132 Appendix A Technology transfer .................................................................................................................. 133 2 Media Summary After three years of field and laboratory research preceded by a year of population monitoring, we have gained a good understanding of carob moth as a pest of Australia’s multi-million dollar almond crops. Almond growers from Griffith to Adelaide contributed to the effort by maintaining traps for the project in their orchards. Carob moth breeds in old (mummy) nuts and lays eggs on new nuts when their hull splits, resulting in significant economic loss in some seasons from chewing damage to the kernels. While monitoring carob moth to track its distribution and seasonal behaviour, we also investigated: Options for applied controls. We confirmed that insecticide application at hull split reduces the level of kernel damage but that this may not be cost-effective in all seasons. The optimum timing and application rates of insecticide need to be clarified as current use is based on USA recommendations for control of a related almond pest, the navel orangeworm. We also demonstrated the potential for pheromone-based mating disruption of carob moth in almonds but more work is required to clarify the efficacy and relative cost-effectiveness of this approach. Associations between carob moth and mummy nuts. We found a relationship between mummy nut populations and levels of crop damage, and continually reinforced the message that orchard sanitation is likely to always be the key to carob moth management. We believe that a serious effort needs to be made to understand the mechanism of mummy nut development and develop options to prevent or effectively remove those nuts. Timing of egg laying and kernel damage. Almonds require protection from infestation for almost the entire hull split-harvest period which is beyond the scope of single applications of the pesticides currently available for use in the crop. Wherever possible, producers and processors should consider options for improving the timeliness of their critical operations between hull split and processing, as the risk of damage by carob moth increases with every delay. Female attractants. No lure for female carob moth is currently available. We screened potential baits and found one more attractive than almond mummy nuts. This deserves more detailed investigation. Fact sheets describing carob moth, its seasonal behaviour in almond orchards, monitoring guidelines and current management options are available from the Almond Board of Australia web site. A pocket guide to carob moth is also being produced for almond growers. 3 Technical Summary Carob moth Apomyelois (=Ectomyelois) ceratoniae breeds in old (mummy) almond nuts and oviposits on new nuts when their hull splits. In some seasons and districts, carob moth causes significant economic loss from chewing damage to the kernels. To address the issue of carob moth, the almond industry commissioned a monitoring program in 2011/12 and a research project from 2012/13-2014/15. Delta traps with a carob moth sex pheromone mimic lure (ISCAlure-Ceratoniae™, ISCA Technologies Inc., Riverside, California USA) were used to monitor male moth activity in orchards between the Adelaide Plains and NSW Riverina. Carob moth was recorded in most districts except the Adelaide Plains and most heavy infestations were located in large orchards in the S.A. Riverland and Sunraysia region of Victoria. Smaller orchards tended to show very little or no sign of carob moth activity, possibly because of the absence or very low numbers of mummy nuts in those orchards, due anecdotally to removal by birds. Three generations of moth activity tend to occur each season. The spring emergence typically begins in early to mid-September and lasts about three months. The second generation peaks soon after almond hull split – the point at which nuts become susceptible to oviposition by carob moth. We used replicated field trials with 2-10 ha plots to investigate mating disruption with the sex pheromone mimic (SPLAT-EC®, ISCA Technologies Inc., Riverside, California USA), and hull split insecticide application (Altacor®, 350 g/kg chlorantraniliprole; Du Pont™) as applied controls for carob moth. We confirmed that insecticide application at hull split reduces the level of kernel damage but showed that this may not be cost-effective in all seasons. We used manual infestation of nuts to show that oviposition as late as three weeks before harvest can lead to a significant level of kernel damage. Almonds
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