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Developing the ٨ Sterility Technique For Eleventh Arab Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy. Khartoum. Sudan. 16-20 December 2012 sterility technique for the ٨ Developing the management of the earob moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in a pomegranate o rc h a rd s Jouda Mediouni Ben Jemaa1 and Mohamed Habib Dhouibi Laboratory of Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture, National Institute of : ١ Agricultural Research of Tunisia, 49 Rue Hedi Karray, 2049, Tunis, Tunisia 2: National Institute of Agronomy of Tunisia, Rue Charles Nicoles, Cite Mahrajene, 2082, Tunis, Tunisia ﺗ ﻀﻴ ﺮ ﺗﻘﺘﻬﺔ اﻟﻌﻘﻢ اﻟﻤﺮاﺛﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﻋﺜﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻘﻮل اﻟﺮﻣﺎن ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻤﺪﻳ ﻮﻧ ﻲ ﻳ ﻦ ﺟ ﻤﺎ ﻋ ﺔ ١ و ﻣ ﺼ ﺪ اﻟ ﺤﺒﻴ ﺐ اﻟﺬ وﻳﺒ ﻲ ١ ; ﻣ ﺨ ﺒ ﺮ اﻟﺒﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮوﺟﻴﺎ ا ﻟ ﺘ ﻄ ﺒ ﻴ ﻘ ﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ا ﻟ ﻤ ﻴ ﺪ ا ن ا ﻟ ﺰ ر ا ﻋ ﻲ، ا ﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻬ ﺪ ا ﻟ ﻮ ﻃ ﻨ ﻲ ﻟ ﻠ ﺒ ﺤ ﻮ ث ا ﻟ ﺰ ر ا ﻋ ﻴ ﺔ ﺑ ﺘ ﻮ ﻧ ﺲ، ﺷ ﺎ ر ع ا ﻟ ﻬ ﺎ د ي ا ﻟ ﻜ ﺮ ا ي ٢٠٤٩ ﺗﻮﻧﺲ ٢ ; ا ﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻬ ﺪ ا ﻟ ﻮ ﻃ ﻨ ﻲ ﻟ ﻠ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮ م ا ﻟ ﻔ ﻻ ﺣ ﻴ ﺔ، ﺷ ﺎ ر ع ﺷ ﺎ ر د ﻧ ﻴ ﻜ ﻮ ل، ﺣ ﻲ ا ﻟ ﻤ ﻬ ﺮ ﺟ ﺎ ن ٢٠٨٢ ﺗﻮﻧﺲ ﻣ ﻠ ﺨ ﺺ ﺗ ﻢ إ ﻧ ﺸ ﺎ ﺀ ﺑ ﺮ ﻧ ﺎ ﻣ ﺞ ﻧ ﻤ ﻮ ذ ﺟ ﻲ ﻟ ﻤ ﻜ ﺎ ﻓ ﺤ ﺔ ﻋ ﺜ ﺔ ا ﻟ ﺘ ﻤ ﺮ ﺑ ﺎ ﻋ ﺘ ﻤ ﺎ د ﺗ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ ﻧ ﺜ ﺮ ا ﻟ ﺤ ﺸ ﺮ ا ت ا ﻟ ﻌ ﻘ ﻴ ﻤ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺣ ﻘ ﻮ ل اﻟﺮﻣﺎن ﺑﺘﻮﻧ ﺲ، وﻗﻊ ﺗ ﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻘﻢ اﻟﻤﻮر ث ﺿﺪ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺸﺮة ﻟﻤﺪة أرﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻮاﺳﻢ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ . وﻗﻊ ﺗﺸﻌﻴﻊ اﻟﻔﺮا ﺷﺎ ت ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل أﺷﻌﺔ ﻏﺎﻣﺎ ﺑ ﺠﺮ ﻋﺔ ٠ ٠ ٤ ﻏﺮا ي ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺟﻬﺎز إ ﺷﻌﺎع ﻛﻮﺑﺎﻟ ﺖ ٠ ٦ رﻣﻌﺪل اﻟ ﺠﺮ ﻋﺔ ٦ ٤ ﻏﺮا ي/دﻗﻴﻘﺔام وﻗﻊ ﻧﺜﺮ اﻟ ﺤ ﺸﺮا ت ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺟﻮا ن ا ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ﻛ ﻞ ﻣﻮﺳﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻧﺜﺮ ﺗﻘﺪر ب ١ ; ٥ رﻣﺸﻌﻊ : ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺜﺪﻋﻊ( م اﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺤﻘﻮل اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺣﺘ ﺴﺎ ب ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻧﺨﻔﺎ ض إ ﺻﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺜﻤﺎر و اﺣﺘ ﺴﺎ ب ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻴﺮﻗﺎ ت ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺜﻤﺎر اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺠﻨﻲ، أﺑ ﺮ ز ت اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋ ﺞ أن اﻟﻌﻘﻢ اﻟﻤ ﻮ ر ث ﻳﻤ ﻜ ﻦ أ ن ﻳﻤﺜ ﻞ ﻃ ﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣ ﻬ ﻤﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﻜ ﺎ ﻓ ﺤ ﺔ ﻋﺜﺔ ا ﻟ ﺘ ﻤ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ ﺣﻘ ﻮ ل اﻟﺮﻣﺎن . ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺤﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ، ﺗ ﺮا ﺟﻌ ﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ إ ﺻﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺜﻤﺎر ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺠﻨ ﻲ ﻣﻦ YA % ﻓ ﻲ ا ﻛ ﺔ ا ﻷ و ﻟ ﻰ ﻟﻠﺘ ﺠ ﺮﺑ ﺔ ا ﻟ ﻰ 0 \ % ﺧ ﻻ ل ا ﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺔ ا ﻟ ﺮ ا ﺑ ﻌ ﺔ ﻣ ﻘ ﺎ ﺑ ﻞ ٠٧٠٣٢ و ٣ ٣ ٠ ٧ < ﺑ ﺎ ﻟ ﺸ ﺒ ﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﺤ ﻘ ﻞ ا ﻟ ﺸ ﺎ ﻫ ﺪ . ﺑ ﻠ ﻐ ﺖ ﻧ ﺴ ﺒ ﺔ ا ﻟ ﺜ ﻤ ﺎ ر ا ﻟ ﺘ ﺎ ﻟ ﻔ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ا ﻟ ﺤ ﻘ ﻮ ل ا ﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺎ ﻟ ﺠ ﺔ ٦ ٢>^؟، ﻫ ﻮ ه%، و ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ا ﻟ ﺘ ﻮ ا ﻟ ﻲ ﺧ ﻻ ل ا ﻟ ﻤ ﻮ ا ﺳ ﻢ ا ﻷ ر ﺑ ﻌ ﺔ ﻣ ﻘ ﺎ ﺑ ﻞ ٢ ٣ ٠ ٢، ٠٧٠٣٠,٥، ٠ ٣ # و ٥, ٠ ٣ ٠ ٧ < ﻓ ﻲ ا ﻟ ﺤ ﻘ ﻮ ا ا ﻟ ﻐ ﻴ ﺮ ﻣ ﻌ ﺎ ﻟ ﺠ ﺔ . ﻛ ﺎ ﻧ ﺖ ﻧ ﺴ ﺒ ﺔ ا ﻟ ﻴ ﺮ ﻗ ﺎ ت ﻓ ﻲ ا ﻟ ﺜ ﻤ ﺎ ر ا ﻟ ﺘ ﺎ ﻟ ﻔ ﺔ ﺧ ﻻ ل ا ﻟ ﻤ ﻮ ا ﺳ ﻢ ا ﻷ ر ﺑ ﻌ ﺔ : ٠ ٢ ٠ ٢، هﺀ ه%، ٥ ٢ ٦ ٦ و ٥ ٢, ١ ٠ ٣ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ا ﻟ ﺘ ﻮ ا ﻟ ﻲ ﻣ ﻘ ﺎ ﺑ ﻞ ٢ ٣ ٠ ٢، ه ﺀ ﻣ ﻢ / م ﻣ ﻢ/ ﻫ ﻮ 0 ﺀ ﻣ ﻢ / م ﻓ ﻲ ا ﻟ ﻤ ﻘ ﻮ ل ا ﻟ ﺸ ﺎ ﻫ ﺪ. A bstract A pilot Sterile Insect Release program was initiated for the control of the date moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera: ?yralidae) in a ^megranate orchard near Tunis, Tunisia. The FI sterility technique was tested against the pest for four successive seasons. Moth adults were irradiated with an effective gamma dose of 4©0 Gy using a 60Co irradiator (dose-rate of 46 Gy/min). Releases were done from June to September each year with a release ratio of 5 to 1 (irradiated to non-irradiated). The release assessment was measured in the treated field as the reduction of the percentage of fruit damage and the reduction of percentage of larvae in rotten fruits at harvest. Results showed that FI sterility could be a potential method for the control ofthe carob moth in pomegranate orchard. In the treated field, the percent damage of pomegranates at harvest declined from 28% in first year to 6.5% last year in the treated plot against 32% and 33% in the control plots. The percent of rotten fruit in the treated area was respectively 26%, 5.5%, 3.25% and 1.25% against 32%, 30.5%, 30% and 30.5% in the control area during 4 years. The percentage of larvae in rotten fruit was respectively 20%, 5.5%, 3.25% and 1.25% compared to 32%, 30.5%, 30% and 30.5% in the controls. 1. Introduction In Tunisia, the date moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller 1881 (Lepidoptra: Pyralidae), is a serious polyphagous fruit pest of both field crops and stored products. It is the most destructive insect pest It is .(؛ attacking dates, pomegranates, almond and pistachio nut ( 1 2 also known as a pest of citrus, fig, carob, grapefruit and several other host plants in the Mediterranean basin and Near East regions (3, 4; 5). Several control methods were tried against this pest. The chemical control using the synthetic insecticides is not efficient because larvae feed and develop inside the fruit, where they are protected from the chemicals (6). The harmful effects of broad-spectrum insecticides on the environment and the risk of the development of insecticide resistance fiirther restrict the use of this control method. Other control alternatives were then developed against the pest. These tactics Bagging (8, 9), use of natural enemies like ,(؛ include sanitation (7 2 Habrobracon hebetor (Say), Phanerotoma flavitestacea (Kohl) and Trichogramma cacoeciae (Marchal) (10, 11, 12; 13), Bacillus thuringiensis spraying (ifr-spraying) (14) and mass-trapping (15). Furthermore, the spectacular success achieved for the suppression of many lepidopteran pest species through the releases of irradiated sterile or sub-sterile moths (16, 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23) encouraged suppression of the carob moth populations with this ' إ ه the possibility genetic method. 2. Material and methods 2.1. Inseets: Insects u$ed for these trials were taken from the date moth mass-rearing colony that was initiated from a field collection of infested dates. Larvae were reared on an artificial diet based on wheat ,o/؛؛bran 60%, sucrose 12%, salt mixture 2%, yeast 1.3%, lysine 1.23 vitamin € 0.67%, aureomycinc 0.67%, methyl parabcn 0.13%, glycerin and distilled water (24). The rearing, cultures were kept in a rearing room at 28± 1C, 75± 5 % R.H and a photoperiod of 15L: 9D. 2.2. Radiation: Irradiation was carried out using a Co irradiator at a dose-rate of 46 Gy/min (National Center for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Thabet, Tunis, Tunisia). 0-24-h old adult moths were put in Plexiglas circular boxes (0= 8cm) and surrounded by an ice layer to be immobilized. Each box contains 50 g of insects (« 2500 moths). The irradiator has an automatic piloting system with a Cobalt-60 point source centrally located in a diameter. Treatment samples were placed on two of ﻃ ﺄ أ ا turntable 1 four small turntables, each 200 mm in diameter and situated equidistant at 400 mm on the periphery of the main turntable. The smaller turntables counter rotated at 12 turns/min to enable 360 treatment of the treatment samples. The radiation dose impinging on each sample was measured using two dosimeters (dosimeter MKS-05 TERRA, ECOT£ST®). 2.3. Experimental Eields: Releases were undertaken in an isolated pomegranate orchard near Tunis, Tunisia. A large block of 5 hectares was chosen to receive the releases (3125 trees in this plot). A second plot of one hectare was let without releases and serve as control (625 trees in this plot). Trees spacing was 4 by 4 m with a density of 625 trees per hectare and an average tree height of3m. Treated and control orchards were managed conventionally using one to two annual cover sprays for the control of aphids. Simultaneously, a sanitation program was conducted in these orchards. All infested, dried and rotten fruits were removed in order to suppress the infestation sources. 2.4. Releases: The program consists on the releases of partially sterile males and fully sterile females at a ratio of 5 to 1.
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