Eleventh Arab Conference on the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy. Khartoum. Sudan. 16-20 December 2012 sterility technique for the ٨ Developing the management of the earob ceratoniae zeller (: ) in a o rc h a rd s Jouda Mediouni Ben Jemaa1 and Mohamed Habib Dhouibi Laboratory of Biotechnology Applied to Agriculture, National Institute of : ١ Agricultural Research of Tunisia, 49 Rue Hedi Karray, 2049, Tunis, Tunisia 2: National Institute of Agronomy of Tunisia, Rue Charles Nicoles, Cite Mahrajene, 2082, Tunis, Tunisia

ﺗ ﻀﻴ ﺮ ﺗﻘﺘﻬﺔ اﻟﻌﻘﻢ اﻟﻤﺮاﺛﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﻋﺜﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻘﻮل اﻟﺮﻣﺎن ﺟﻮدة اﻟﻤﺪﻳ ﻮﻧ ﻲ ﻳ ﻦ ﺟ ﻤﺎ ﻋ ﺔ ١ و ﻣ ﺼ ﺪ اﻟ ﺤﺒﻴ ﺐ اﻟﺬ وﻳﺒ ﻲ ١ ; ﻣ ﺨ ﺒ ﺮ اﻟﺒﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮوﺟﻴﺎ ا ﻟ ﺘ ﻄ ﺒ ﻴ ﻘ ﻴ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ا ﻟ ﻤ ﻴ ﺪ ا ن ا ﻟ ﺰ ر ا ﻋ ﻲ ، ا ﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻬ ﺪ ا ﻟ ﻮ ﻃ ﻨ ﻲ ﻟ ﻠ ﺒ ﺤ ﻮ ث ا ﻟ ﺰ ر ا ﻋ ﻴ ﺔ ﺑ ﺘ ﻮ ﻧ ﺲ، ﺷ ﺎ ر ع ا ﻟ ﻬ ﺎ د ي ا ﻟ ﻜ ﺮ ا ي ٢٠٤٩ ﺗﻮﻧﺲ ٢ ; ا ﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﻬ ﺪ ا ﻟ ﻮ ﻃ ﻨ ﻲ ﻟ ﻠ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮ م ا ﻟ ﻔ ال ﺣ ﻴ ﺔ ، ﺷ ﺎ ر ع ﺷ ﺎ ر د ﻧ ﻴ ﻜ ﻮ ل ، ﺣ ﻲ ا ﻟ ﻤ ﻬ ﺮ ﺟ ﺎ ن ٢٠٨٢ ﺗﻮﻧﺲ ﻣ ﻠ ﺨ ﺺ ﺗ ﻢ إ ﻧ ﺸ ﺎ ﺀ ﺑ ﺮ ﻧ ﺎ ﻣ ﺞ ﻧ ﻤ ﻮ ذ ﺟ ﻲ ﻟ ﻤ ﻜ ﺎ ﻓ ﺤ ﺔ ﻋ ﺜ ﺔ ا ﻟ ﺘ ﻤ ﺮ ﺑ ﺎ ﻋ ﺘ ﻤ ﺎ د ﺗ ﻘ ﻨ ﻴ ﺔ ﻧ ﺜ ﺮ ا ﻟ ﺤ ﺸ ﺮ ا ت ا ﻟ ﻌ ﻘ ﻴ ﻤ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺣ ﻘ ﻮ ل اﻟﺮﻣﺎن ﺑﺘﻮﻧ ﺲ ، وﻗﻊ ﺗ ﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻘﻢ اﻟﻤﻮر ث ﺿﺪ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺤﺸﺮة ﻟﻤﺪة أرﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻮاﺳﻢ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ . وﻗﻊ ﺗﺸﻌﻴﻊ اﻟﻔﺮا ﺷﺎ ت ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل أﺷﻌﺔ ﻏﺎﻣﺎ ﺑ ﺠﺮ ﻋﺔ ٠ ٠ ٤ ﻏﺮا ي ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺟﻬﺎز إ ﺷﻌﺎع ﻛﻮﺑﺎﻟ ﺖ ٠ ٦ رﻣﻌﺪل اﻟ ﺠﺮ ﻋﺔ ٦ ٤ ﻏﺮا ي/دﻗﻴﻘﺔام وﻗﻊ ﻧﺜﺮ اﻟ ﺤ ﺸﺮا ت ﺑﺪاﻳﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺟﻮا ن ا ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ﻛ ﻞ ﻣﻮﺳﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻧﺜﺮ ﺗﻘﺪر ب ١ ٥; رﻣﺸﻌﻊ : ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺜﺪﻋﻊ( م اﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻨﺜﺮ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺤﻘﻮل اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺣﺘ ﺴﺎ ب ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻧﺨﻔﺎ ض إ ﺻﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺜﻤﺎر و اﺣﺘ ﺴﺎ ب ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﻴﺮﻗﺎ ت ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺜﻤﺎر اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺠﻨﻲ، أﺑ ﺮ ز ت اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋ ﺞ أن اﻟﻌﻘﻢ اﻟﻤ ﻮ ر ث ﻳﻤ ﻜ ﻦ أ ن ﻳﻤﺜ ﻞ ﻃ ﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣ ﻬ ﻤﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣ ﻜ ﺎ ﻓ ﺤ ﺔ ﻋﺜﺔ ا ﻟ ﺘ ﻤ ﺮ ﻓ ﻲ ﺣﻘ ﻮ ل اﻟﺮﻣﺎن . ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺤﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ ، ﺗ ﺮا ﺟﻌ ﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ إ ﺻﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺜﻤﺎر ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺠﻨ ﻲ ﻣﻦ %YA ﻓ ﻲ ا ﻛ ﺔ ا أل و ﻟ ﻰ ﻟﻠﺘ ﺠ ﺮﺑ ﺔ ا ﻟ ﻰ \%0 ﺧ ال ل ا ﻟ ﻤ ﻨ ﺔ ا ﻟ ﺮ ا ﺑ ﻌ ﺔ ﻣ ﻘ ﺎ ﺑ ﻞ ٠٧٠٣٢ و ٣ ٣ ٠ ٧ < ﺑ ﺎ ﻟ ﺸ ﺒ ﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﺤ ﻘ ﻞ ا ﻟ ﺸ ﺎ ﻫ ﺪ . ﺑ ﻠ ﻐ ﺖ ﻧ ﺴ ﺒ ﺔ ا ﻟ ﺜ ﻤ ﺎ ر ا ﻟ ﺘ ﺎ ﻟ ﻔ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ا ﻟ ﺤ ﻘ ﻮ ل ا ﻟ ﻤ ﻌ ﺎ ﻟ ﺠ ﺔ ٦ ٢ >^؟، ﻫ ﻮ ه %، و ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ا ﻟ ﺘ ﻮ ا ﻟ ﻲ ﺧ ال ل ا ﻟ ﻤ ﻮ ا ﺳ ﻢ ا أل ر ﺑ ﻌ ﺔ ﻣ ﻘ ﺎ ﺑ ﻞ ٢ ٣ ٠ ٢ ، ٠٧٠٣٠,٥ ، ٠ ٣ # و ٥, ٠ ٣ ٠ ٧ < ﻓ ﻲ ا ﻟ ﺤ ﻘ ﻮ ا ا ﻟ ﻐ ﻴ ﺮ ﻣ ﻌ ﺎ ﻟ ﺠ ﺔ . ﻛ ﺎ ﻧ ﺖ ﻧ ﺴ ﺒ ﺔ ا ﻟ ﻴ ﺮ ﻗ ﺎ ت ﻓ ﻲ ا ﻟ ﺜ ﻤ ﺎ ر ا ﻟ ﺘ ﺎ ﻟ ﻔ ﺔ ﺧ ال ل ا ﻟ ﻤ ﻮ ا ﺳ ﻢ ا أل ر ﺑ ﻌ ﺔ : ٠ ٢ ٠ ٢ ، هﺀ ه %، ٥ ٢ ٦ ٦ و ٥ ٢, ١ ٠ ٣ ﻋ ﻠ ﻰ ا ﻟ ﺘ ﻮ ا ﻟ ﻲ ﻣ ﻘ ﺎ ﺑ ﻞ ٢ ٣ ٠ ٢ ، ه ﺀ ﻣ ﻢ / م ﻣ ﻢ/ ﻫ ﻮ 0 ﺀ ﻣ ﻢ / م ﻓ ﻲ ا ﻟ ﻤ ﻘ ﻮ ل ا ﻟ ﺸ ﺎ ﻫ ﺪ. A bstract A pilot Sterile Release program was initiated for the control of the date moth Zeller (Lepidoptera: ?yralidae) in a ^megranate orchard near Tunis, Tunisia. The FI sterility technique was tested against the pest for four successive seasons. Moth adults were irradiated with an effective gamma dose of 4©0 Gy using a 60Co irradiator (dose-rate of 46 Gy/min). Releases were done from June to September each year with a release ratio of 5 to 1 (irradiated to non-irradiated). The release assessment was measured in the treated field as the reduction of the percentage of fruit damage and the reduction of percentage of larvae in rotten fruits at harvest. Results showed that FI sterility could be a potential method for the control ofthe moth in pomegranate orchard. In the treated field, the percent damage of at harvest declined from 28% in first year to 6.5% last year in the treated plot against 32% and 33% in the control plots. The percent of rotten fruit in the treated area was respectively 26%, 5.5%, 3.25% and 1.25% against 32%, 30.5%, 30% and 30.5% in the control area during 4 years. The percentage of larvae in rotten fruit was respectively 20%, 5.5%, 3.25% and 1.25% compared to 32%, 30.5%, 30% and 30.5% in the controls.

1. Introduction In Tunisia, the date moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller 1881 (Lepidoptra: Pyralidae), is a serious polyphagous fruit pest of both field crops and stored products. It is the most destructive insect pest It is .(؛ attacking dates, pomegranates, and nut ( 1 2 also known as a pest of , fig, carob, grapefruit and several other host plants in the Mediterranean basin and Near East regions (3, 4; 5). Several control methods were tried against this pest. The chemical control using the synthetic is not efficient because larvae feed and develop inside the fruit, where they are protected from the chemicals (6). The harmful effects of broad-spectrum insecticides on the environment and the risk of the development of resistance fiirther restrict the use of this control method. Other control alternatives were then developed against the pest. These tactics Bagging (8, 9), use of natural enemies like ,(؛ include sanitation (7 2 Habrobracon hebetor (Say), Phanerotoma flavitestacea (Kohl) and Trichogramma cacoeciae (Marchal) (10, 11, 12; 13), Bacillus thuringiensis spraying (ifr-spraying) (14) and mass-trapping (15). Furthermore, the spectacular success achieved for the suppression of many lepidopteran pest species through the releases of irradiated sterile or sub-sterile (16, 17; 18; 19; 20; 21; 22; 23) encouraged suppression of the carob moth populations with this ' إ ه the possibility genetic method. 2. Material and methods 2.1. Inseets: u$ed for these trials were taken from the date moth mass-rearing colony that was initiated from a field collection of infested dates. Larvae were reared on an artificial diet based on wheat ,o/؛؛bran 60%, sucrose 12%, salt mixture 2%, yeast 1.3%, lysine 1.23 vitamin € 0.67%, aureomycinc 0.67%, methyl parabcn 0.13%, glycerin and distilled water (24). The rearing, cultures were kept in a rearing room at 28± 1C, 75± 5 % R.H and a photoperiod of 15L: 9D. 2.2. Radiation: Irradiation was carried out using a Co irradiator at a dose-rate of 46 Gy/min (National Center for Nuclear Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Thabet, Tunis, Tunisia). 0-24-h old adult moths were put in Plexiglas circular boxes (0= 8cm) and surrounded by an ice layer to be immobilized. Each box contains 50 g of insects (« 2500 moths). The irradiator has an automatic piloting system with a Cobalt-60 point source centrally located in a diameter. Treatment samples were placed on two of ﻃ ﺄ أ ا turntable 1 four small turntables, each 200 mm in diameter and situated equidistant at 400 mm on the periphery of the main turntable. The smaller turntables counter rotated at 12 turns/min to enable 360 treatment of the treatment samples. The radiation dose impinging on each sample was measured using two dosimeters (dosimeter MKS-05 TERRA, ECOT£ST®). 2.3. Experimental Eields: Releases were undertaken in an isolated pomegranate orchard near Tunis, Tunisia. A large block of 5 hectares was chosen to receive the releases (3125 trees in this plot). A second plot of one hectare was let without releases and serve as control (625 trees in this plot). Trees spacing was 4 by 4 m with a density of 625 trees per hectare and an average tree height of3m. Treated and control orchards were managed conventionally using one to two annual cover sprays for the control of aphids. Simultaneously, a sanitation program was conducted in these orchards. All infested, dried and rotten fruits were removed in order to suppress the infestation sources. 2.4. Releases: The program consists on the releases of partially sterile males and fully sterile females at a ratio of 5 to 1. Mark-release- recapture tests (25) were used to estimate the absolute density of wild males in order to determine the number of partially sterile males that were to be released eaeh week. Releases were carried out once a week during the entire season from June to September which corresponded to the period of annual activity of the insect. In order to get an adequate distribution and homogeneous dispersal of the irradiated insects, releases were done along marked-lines separated by 40 m. Releases were made in early morning in order to avoid the excessive summer temperatures. Releases were done using a dispensing unit mounted on the front of a tractor (modified system adapted from the one developed by (26). Moths were gently ejected underneath the trees- 2.5. Monitoring: Adults monitoring was accomplished using 50 Delta traps (Biological Control System Ltd. Treforest. Mid Glamogan. CF37 5SU UK) baited with virgin females. Traps were spaced evenly through the field at a density often per hectare and hung to trees at a height of 1.5 m. Traps were checked weekly and sticky inserts were replaced. 2.6. Percentage of fruit damage: Date moth caused significant Infested fruits were usually rotten, split .،؛ ﻟ ﻪ damage to pomegranate and covered with black mycelium fungi. To determine the percentage of fruit damage, a sampling was conducted throughout in the treated plot during the second, third, fourth annual generations and at the harvest. One thousand fruit taken randomly throughout from 500 trees were examined under binocular. Fruit sampling was also conducted throughout in the control plot by examining two hundred fruits chosen randomly throughout from 100 trees. The percent of fruit damage was calculated by dividing the number of damaged fruit found per plot by the total number sampled. 2.7. Pereentage of iarvae in rotten fruit: One thousand rotten fruit was taken from 500 hundred trees in the treated field at harvest- Rotten fruits were recognized by a brown supple spot that could be invading by black mycelium fungi. Fruits were dissected in the laboratory under binocular and the number of larvae was recorded. The percent of larvae in rotten fruits was calculated by dividing the number of larvae found by the total number of rotten fruit sampled. Similar sampling is conducted throughout the control plot. 2.8. Statistieal Analyses: Means traps captures from treated and control field, the percent of fruit damage, the percentage of rotten fruit larvae in rotten fruits were compared between 'ل ه and the percentage the treated and control field each year u$ing the SPSS program (version 10.0) (Duncan Test at P < 0.05). discussions !، ٨ ١؛ Results .3 3.1. Percentage of fruit damage: Results were reported in Figure 1. In the treated orchard, the mean percent damage of pomegranates was 28% and 6.5% at harvest respectively during first and last year ofthe experimentation. Pereas, in the control area, we obtained respectively 32% and 33% of damage. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between treated and control areas. Moreover, this assessment showed a visible decrease in fruit damage between the first and the fourth year of releases. This decrease could be attributed to the effect of the continuous releases undertaken in the same field for four successive seasons. The percent reduction of fruit damage during the four years was about 21.5%. Similar wok conducted throughout on the codling moth Cydia pomonella showed that the percent fruit damage at harvest was greater than that detected at any ofthe other insect release treatment (22). □ G3 Fn،itdama£e% IG4 □ Harvest

2001 Control 1 2005 Control 2 Pigure 1: Evolution of fruit damage percentage 3.2. Percentage of larvae in rotten fruit: A visible reduction of the percent larvae in rotten fruit was observed in the treated field compared to the control plot (Figure 2). A rapid decline ofthe percent larvae in rotten fruit was obtained in the treated field since we pass from 20% during first year to 1.25% during last year. In contrast, in the control field mean percentages of larvae in rotten fruit were respectively 32% and 30.5%. The most remarkable decline was observed between the first and the second year of releases since a reduction of 14.5% of larvae in rotten fruits was achieved. This may ص be attributed to the large number of released insects 106000 individuals). Indeed, this is considered as an iundative release .(individuals ﺀﺀcompared to the wild population ( ( 2 1200 In addition, a significant difference in percent larvae in rotten fruit was found between the treated and the control plot during the four years. Statistical differences were detected in percent larvae in rotten fruit at harvest. This result may be explained by the effeetiveness of the long-season releases to decrease wild populations in the field and consequently the reduction ofthe number of larvae in rotten fruit.

Treated ؤ larvae in % rotten fruit □ Control

40-

30

20--

2001 2003 2004 2005 Figure 2: Evolution of larvae in rotten fruit (%) in treated and control orchards 4. Conclusion: The release of completely sterile females and partially sterile males could be an appropriate strategy for the eontrol of the date moth in Tunisia. The FI sterility technique may offer a viable, efficient and economic alternative and could be incorporated with some of these existing methods in an IFM approach. As reported in this paper, important reduction of the insect population and a visible decrease of the percentage of fruit damage werc found after four season-long releases in a pomegranate orchard. More work is needed to further improve the suppressive potential of the FI sterility technique against the carob moth. 5. References etude de‘ف J^aya, A. & G. Vinson. 1980. Contribution 1 • ل l’entomofaune du pistachier .IV. Observations biologiques et .cologiques sur Ectomyelois ceratoniae z. (?yralidae). Ann. Inst. Nat؛، Rech. Agron. Tunis 55 :42. 2. Dhouibi, MH. 1989. Biologie et ecologie d'Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zell. (Lepidoptera: ?yralidae) dans deux biotopes differents au sud de la Tunisie et recherches de methodes alternatives de lutte. These de rooctorat d’Etat en Sciences Naturelles. Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, France 176pp. 3. Gothilf, S. 1969. The biology of the carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zell, in Israel. II. Effect of food, temperature and humidity on development. Isr. j. Entomol 4:107-116. 4. Gothilf, S. 1984. Biology of Spectrobates ceratoniae on in Israel. Phytoparasitica 12: 77-87. .ragriculture ف Balachowsky, A.S. 1972. Entomologie appliquee .5 Tome I I : Lepidoptere. Vol. 2: 1199-1205. 6. Dhouibi, MH. 1987. Effets des traitements chimiques sur les populations d’Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zell. (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) vivant sur grenades. Ann. Inst. Nat. Rech. Agron. Tunis 92:1-21. 7. Gothilf, S. 1970. The biology of the carob moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zell, in Israel. III. Phenology on various hosts. Isr. j. Entomol 5:161-173. 8. Dhouibi, MH. 1982. Bioecologie d,Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) dans les zones pr^sahariennes de la Tunisie. Tl^se de Docteur Ingenieur en Biologie Animale. Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI, France 145p. ration؛>retude de rimpact de l’op ف Gharbi, N. 1999. Contribution .9 de l’ensachage sur l’infestation par la pyrale des dates {Ectomyelois ceratoniae, Zeller 1881) et sur la qualite des dates. Diplome des Etudes Approfondies d’Ecologie Generale. Faculte des Sciences de Tunis, Tunisia 95pp. 10. Jemmazi, A. 1994. Contribution a retude de la bioecologique d 'Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) et de lutte biologique par utilisation de l’ectoparasite ؛)possibilit Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptere: Braconidae). Memoire de Fin d’Etude du Cycle de Socialisation. Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, Tunis, Tunisia 165pp. -Fetude d’un parasitoide OVO ف Charni, M. 1995. Contribution .11 larvaire Phanerotoma ocularis (Kohl) (Hymenoptere : Braconidae) et essais de lutte biologique contre la pyrale des dattes Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidopteres: Pyralidae) dans les oasis de Tozeur. Diplome des Etudes Approfondies en Ecologie Animale. Faculte des Sciences de Tunis, Tunisia 84pp. 12. Losy, JE. & DD. Calvin. 1995. Quality assessment of four commercially available species of Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). j. Econ Entomol 88:1243-1250. 13. Khoualdia, 0., A. R’Houma, JP. Marro & j. Burn. 1996. Release of Phanerotoma ocuralis Kohl to combat the earob moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller on dates in an experimental parcel at Tozeur in Tunisia. Fruits 51:129-132. 14. Dhouibi, MH. 1992. Effet de la Bactospeine XLV sur la pyrale des dattes, Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zell. (Lepidoptera : Fyrahdae). Meddelingen van de Faculteit Landbouw-wetenschappen van de Universiteit Gent 57:505-514. 15. Mediouni, j. 2005. Lutte genetique contre la pyrale des caroubes Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller 1881(Lepidopteres: Fyralidae) par le biais de la Technique des Insectes Steriles. These de Doctorat en Sciences Agronomiques. Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, Tunis, Tunisia 153 pp. 16. Ahmed, M.Y.Y, E.W. Tilton & JH. Brower. 1976. Competitiveness of irradiated adults of the Indian meal moth. j. Econ. Entomol 69: 349-352. 17. Proverbs, MD., JR. Newton & CJ. Campbell. 1982. Codling moth: a pilot program of control by sterile insect release in British Columbia. Can Entomol 114: 363-376. 18) Miller, TA., E. Miller, RT. Staten & K Middleham. 1994. Mating response behavior of sterile pink bollworms (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) compared with natives, j. Econ Entomol 87:680-686. 19. Staten, RT., HM. Flint, RC. Weddle, E. Quintero, RE. Zarate, CM. Finnel, M. Hernandes & A. Yamamoto. 1987. Pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): Large-scale field trials with a high rate gossyplure formulation, j. Econ Entomol 80: 1267-1271. 20. Carpenter, JE. & HR. Gross. 1993. Suppression of feral Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) populations following the infusion of inherited sterility from released substerile males. Environ. Entomol 22: 1084-1091. 21. Mastro, VC. 1993. Gyp$y moth Fi sterility program: current status. In Radiation indueed Fi sterility in Lepidoptera for area-wide control. IAEA-STI PUB/929:125-129. .CO. Calkins. 2001 ه Bloem, s., KA. Bloem, JE. Carpenter .22 Season-long releases of partially sterile males for control of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in Washington apples. Environ. Entomol 30: 763-769. 23. Bloem, s. & JE. Carpenter. 2001. Evaluation of population suppression by irradiated Lepidoptera and their progeny. Florida. Entomol 84: 165-171. 24. Mediouni, j. and M.H. Dhouibi. 2007. Mass-Rearing and Field Performance of Irradiated Carob Moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae in Tunisia, p: 265-273 In Vreysen, A.s. Robinson, and j. Hendrichs (Eds.), Area-Wide Control of Insect Pests: From Research to Field Implementation. Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 789pp. 25. Proverbs, MD. 1971■ Orchard assessment of radiation-sterilized moths for control of Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) in British Columbia. Pp. 117-133. In IAEA Panel on application of induced sterility for control of Lepidopterous populations, Vienna, June 1-5 1970. Panel Proceedings Series. International Atomic Energy Agency, STI/PUB/281. 26. McMechan, AD. & MD. Proverbs. 1972. Equipment and procedures for release of sterile codling moths. Can Agr Eng 14: 42- 45.