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TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER in MATING DISRUPTION Proceedings IOBC/WPRS Working Group "Use of Pheromones and Other Semiochemicals in Integrated Control" OILB/SROP Groupe de Travail "Utilisation des Pheromones et Autres Mediateurs Chimiques en Lutte lntegree" TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IN MATING DISRUPTION Proceedings liVorking Group Meeting Montpellier (France) 9-1 O September 1996 Edited by Peter Witzgall & Heinrich Arn IOBC wprs Bulletin Bulletin OtLB srop Vol. 20 (1) 1997 The IOBC/WPRS Bulletinis published by the International Organizationfor Biological and Integrated Control of Noxious Animals and Plants, West PalaearcticRegional Section (IOBC/WPRS) Le Bulletin OILB/SROP est publie par !'Organisation lnternationalede LutteBiologique et tntegree contre les Animaux et les Plantes Nuisibles, sectionRegionale Ouest Patearctique (OILB/SROP) Copyright IOBC/WPRS 1997 Address General Secretariat: INRA Station de Zoologie Domaine Saint-Paul Site Agroparc 84914 AVIGNON Cedex 9 France ISBN 92-9067-086-x Preface Insects use sex pheromones to communicate for mating. Pheromones elicit strong behav­ ioural reactions at minute amounts, they are species-specific and non-toxic. By permeating the atmosphere with synthetic pheromones, olfactory communication and m(lte-finding can be prevented. The mating disruption technique had a head start. Soon after the discovery of the first lepi­ dopteran sex pheromone in the late fifties, it was postulated that it should be possible to use synthetic pheromones for environmentally safe insect control - although virtually nothing was known about the chemistry and biology of pheromones at that time. Research techniques considered essential today, such as gas chromatography, electrophysiology or wind tunnel bioassays, were not available. The sex pheromones of economically important species and their behavioural effects had yet to be identified; synthesis, purification, and controlled re­ lease techniques had to be developed before practical applications came into reach. In Europe, the grape berry moth was the first species to be controlled by mating dis­ ruption on a commercial scale. To mark this event, an IOBC pheromone meeting was held at Neustadt Wstr., where the field development had been made. Ten years after, the Montpellier meeting gives evidence that the mating disruption technology has reached maturity. Pheromones have become an integral part of many pest control programs and, in some cases, may even become more effective than conventional insecticides. The Neustadt meeting of 1986 manifested the need for a better understanding of the "behaviour of moths and molecules". Since then, respectable progress has been made with the industrial synthesis of pheromones, controlled-release technology and the measurement of airborne pheromone. Growers and extension organisations have gained considerable know-how in applying the mating disruption technique. But even today, the lack of know­ ledge on aerial dispersal and mode of action of mating disruptant chemicals is the most serious obstacle for further developments. The 37 years of research since the synthesis of the first insect pheromone have laid the ground for practical applications. A concerted effort of the scientific community, industry and growers must now be made to consolidate these achievements and to establish mating disruption as a reliable and cost-efficient technique. Our success will determine the public interest in further research in the field of insect olfactory communication and chemical ecology. Alnarp, December 1996 11 Contributors Heinrich Arn Swiss Federal Horticultural Research Station, 8820 Wadenswil, Switzerland Henri Audemard Station de Zoologie, INRA, Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France Thomas C. Baker Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA Brian N. Barnes Stellenbosch Institute forFruit Technology, Private Bag X5013, Stellenbosch, 7599 South Africa Pierre Becid Union Nationale des Cooperatives Agricoles d'Approvisionne­ ment, 83-85 Avenue de la Grande Armee, 75782 Paris Cedex 16, France Anna-Carin Backman Department of Plant Protection Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 44, 23053 Alnarp, Sweden Ring T. Carde Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California92521, USA Enzo Casagrande AgriSense BCS Ltd, Treforest Industrial Estate, Pontypridd, Mid Glamorgan CF37 5SU, United Kingdom Pierre-Joseph Charrnillot Swiss Federal Research Station forPlant Production of Changins, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland Brigitte Frerot Unite de Phytopharmacie et des Mediateurs Chirniques,INRA, Route de St-Cyr, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France Michel Guillon CALLIOPE-NPP, Route d'Artix, B.P. 80, 64150 Nogueres, France Michael Hulme Canadian Forest Service, PacificForestry Centre, 506 West Burn­ side Rd., Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 1M5, Canada Juan Isart LEAAM-Agroecology. CID, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientfficas,08034 Barcelona, Spain Philipp Kirsch IPM Technologies Inc., 4134 N. Vancouver Ave., #305, Portland, Oregon 97217, USA Job W. Klijnstra TNO Institute of Industrial Technology, 2600 JA Delft, The Netherlands Alan L. Knight Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, Washington 98951, USA Uwe T. Koch Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany Friedrich Louis Staatliche Lehr- und Forschungsanstalt fiir Landwirtschaft, Weinbau und Gartenbau, Fachbereich Phytomedizin, Breitenweg 71, 67435 Neustadt/WeinstraBe, Germany Basilis E. Mazomenos Institute of Biology NCSR "Demokritos", P.O. Box 60228, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Greece Ill Zvi Mendel Institute for Plant Protection, Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, P.O.Box 6, Bet-Dagan, 50250 Israel Jocelyn G. Millar Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA Albert K. Minks Research Institute forPlant Protection (IPO-DLO), P.O.B. 9060, 6700 GW Wageningen, The Netherlands Ulrich Neumann Landwirtschaftliche Versuchsstation der BASF, 67114 Limburgerhof, Germany Kinya Ogawa Shin-Etsu Chemical Co. Ltd., 2-6-1 Ohtemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan Edison Pasqualini Institute of Entomology "G. Grandi", University of Bologna, Via Filippo Re 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy Franco Rama Isagro Ricercas.r.l., Via G. Fauser 4, 28100 Novara, Italy Richard E. Rice Kearney Agricultural Center, University of California, 9240 S. Riverbend Ave., Parlier, California 93648, USA loan Rosca Department of Plant Protection, Research Institute for Cereals and Industrial Crops, 8264 Fundulea, Romania Chris J. Sanders Canadian Forest Service, P.O. Box 490, Sault Ste Marie, Ontario P6A 5M7, Canada Benoit Sauphanor Station de Zoologie, INRA, Agroparc, 84914 Avignon, France Jacques P. Stockel Unite de Recherches de Zoologie, INRA, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France Max Suckling HortResearch, PO Box 51, Lincoln, New Zealand Don Thomson Pacific Biocontrol Corp., 400 East Evergreen Blvd., Suite 205, Vancouver, Washington 98660, USA R. M. Trimble Pest Management Research Centre, Vineland Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, P.O. Box 6000, Vineland Station, Ontario LOR 2EO, Canada Jan J. de Vlieger TNO Institute oflndustrial Teclmology,2600 JA Delft, The Netherlands Walther Waldner South Tyrolean Advisory Service for Fruit- and Winegrowing, 39011 Lana, Italy Peter Witzgall Department of Plant Protection, Swedish.University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 44, 23053 Alnarp, Sweden iv Contents Preface Contributors 11 Technological and commercial aspects The key to success in mating disruption Oga:waK Commercial exploitation of mating disruption technology: difficulties encountered and keys to success ll CasagrandeE, Jones OT Technological problems associated with use of insect pheromones in insect management 19 Millar JG, McElfresh JS, Rice RE The need for standards in pheromone technology 27 ArnH, Brauchli J, Koch UT, Pop L, Rauscher S Mating disruption in orchards Three years of large-scale control of codling moth by mating disruption in the South Tyrol, Italy 35 Waldner W Goading growers towards mating disruption: the South African experience with Grapholita molesta and Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) 45 BarnesBN, Blomefield TL Confusion amongst codling moth fellows continues: a commercial perspective on the implementation of codling moth mating disruption in North America 57 ThomsonD Ecopom dispensers for mating disruption in apple orchards 65 RamaF Successful employment of pheromones in apple: exemplary results from Europe 73 Neumann U Mating disruption of codling moth, Cydia pomonella: experiences from the the U.N.C.A.A. Arbotech Pool 79 Becid P V Mating disruption in vineyards Adoption of mating disruption forcontrolling the grape berry moth, Endopiza viteana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) in Ontario, Canada 83 Trimble RM Effets de Ja confusion sexuelle contre l'Eudemis Lobesia botrana sur les populations d'autres ravageurs et d'auxiliaires dans le vignoble Bordelais 89 Stuckel IP, Lecharpentier P, Fas A, Delbac L Mating disruption in vineyards: determination of population densities and effects on beneficials 95 Louis F, Schirra Kl, Feldhege M Other control applications of pheromones Confusion sexuelle des males de Zeuzera pyrina (Lepidoptera, Cossidae) en vergers de pommiers 101 Audemard H, Sauphanor B, Armand E Use of pheromones in biological control against Zeuzera pyrina L. on hazel-nuts in Spain: mass trapping efficiency for differentpheromone dispensers 107 Isa rt J, Valle N, Llerena 11, Mateu F, Olmo MA, Rodriguez-Paino E, Vii'iolas A The use of sex pheromones
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