Evaluation Des Caractéristiques Biologiques D'ectomyelois Ceratoniae (Zeller, 1839) (Lepidoptera

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Evaluation Des Caractéristiques Biologiques D'ectomyelois Ceratoniae (Zeller, 1839) (Lepidoptera ﺭﻤﺠ ﺭﺋﺠ ﻁﺭﻗﻤﺪ ﻌﺸ République Algérienne Démocratique et Populaire ﺭ ﻢﻌﺘ ﻌ ﺚﺤ ﻤﻌ Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique Université Mohamed Khider Biskra Faculté des sciences exactes et sciences de la nature et de la vie Département des Sciences Agronomiques THÈSE Pour l’obtention du Diplôme de Doctorat En Sciences Agronomiques Evaluation des caractéristiques biologiques d'Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller, 1839) (Lepidoptera, pyralidae) dans les conditions naturelles et contrôlées. Stockage, conservation et lutte Présenté par : Mohamed Kamel BENSALAH Devant le jury composé de : Président Mr BELHAMRA M. Professeur Université Khider M. Biskra Promoteur Mr OUAKID M.L. Professeur Université Badji M. Annaba Examinateurs: Mme HABBACHI W. Maitre de conférences A Université Badji M. Annaba Mr TARAI N. Maitre de conférences A Université Khider M. Biskra Mr ADAMOU A. Maitre de conférences A Université Tledji A. Laghouat Année Universitaire : 2014 - 2015 REMERCIEMENTS REMERCIEMENTS Ces quelques lignes vont me permettre de remercier toutes les personnes qui m’ont beaucoup apporté au niveau scientifique mais aussi personnel, et sans qui, mon travail n’aurait pu aboutir. En tout premier lieu, je remercie, Monsieur BELHAMRA Mohamed Professeur à l’Université Mohamed KHIDER de m’avoir fait l’honneur de présider le jury de ma thèse. Malgré vos multiples occupations et responsabilités vous avez toujours su m'apporter les conseils scientifiques judicieux qui s'imposent. Vos conseils et remarques pertinents m'ont toujours poussé à faire mieux. A vrai dire je ne saurai assez vous exprimer ma reconnaissance et ma profonde gratitude. Je remercie vivement Madame HABBACHI Wafa maitre de conférences A à Université Badji Mokhtar. Annaba d’avoir accepté de juger ce travai et de faire partie de mon jury. Qu’elle trouve ici, l’expression de ma profonde gratitude. A vous, Monsieur TARAI Nacer maitre de conférences A à l’Université Mohamed KHIDER Biskra, je vous adresse mes sincères remerciements pour l'honneur que vous me faites en acceptant de participer à mon jury. Je tiens à remercier également Mr ADAMOU maitre de conférences A à l’Université TLEDJI Amar Laghouat, pour avoir accepté d’examiner mon travail et de faire partie de mon jury. Qu’il trouve ici, le témoignage de mon profond respect. Je tiens à exprimer mes plus vifs remerciements à Mr le professeur OUAKID Mohamed Laid qui fut pour moi un directeur de thèse attentif et disponible malgré ses nombreuses charges. Sa compétence, sa rigueur scientifique et son entendement m’ont beaucoup appris. Pour sa disponibilité à comprendre et à communiquer et sans oublier ses précieuses intuitions. Je tiens particulièrement à le remercier de la liberté d’action qu’il m’a donnée à chaque étape de cette aventure. Sincèrement, grâce à lui j’ai pu apprendre beaucoup de choses dont certaines sont fortes utiles pour mes travaux académiques bien sûr, mais aussi des choses importantes pour mon développement personnel. Grâce à lui aussi j’ai pu valoriser mes travaux en me mettant en relation avec plusieurs spécialistes de mon domaine de recherche. Je n’oublie la justesse de vos critiques a été très constructive et utile. Elles ont été et resteront des moteurs de mon REMERCIEMENTS travail de chercheur. J’espère avoir été digne de la confiance qu’il m’ait accordée et que ce travail est finalement à la hauteur de ses espérances. Quoi qu’il en soit, j’ai beaucoup appris à ses côtés et je suis très honoré de l’avoir eu pour encadrant. Je lui exprime ma très profonde gratitude. Mes sincères remerciements s'adressent à Mme Dr LAKHDARI F. directrice générale du C.R.S.T.R.A. Je remercie profondément Monsieur GUIMEUR Kamel chef du département des sciences agronomiques (U.M.K. Biskra), pour le soutien moral. Je remercie également mes amis enseignenants du département des sciences agronomiques de l’U.M.K. Biskra. Je remercie vivement Mrs CHAFAA Smail et SIBACHIR Abdelkarim pour leur soutien moral et leur encouragement. Je tiens à remercier également tous les ingénieurs et les techniciens de la station régionale de la protection des végétaux de Biskra (SRPV). Mes remerciements à Mme KAMELI M. Ingénieur en statitistique à la station expérimentale des Bioressources des Ziban El Outaya (CRSTRA) pour sa contribution très efficace à la réalisation des analyses statistiques. Ton aide et ton soutien m’ont été précieux. Je remercie vivement Melle FARHI Kamelia pour ses encouragements et son soutien pour la finalisation de ma thèse. Je tiens à remercier également tous les chercheurs, ingénieurs et techniciens de la station expérimentale des Bioressources des Ziban El Outaya (C.R.S.T.R.A.). Mes sincères remerciements à mes chers amis : Mme SALHI A., Mme CHIKH Y., MEHAOUA M.S., TABIB R., BOUBAKEUR N., SANA A., MAATALLAH S., MAATALAH A. et MENACER S., DROUAI H., HADJEB A., MESAK M.R., ROUMANI M. BENGUAGA Z. DJOUDI A.M., et BERDJOUH D. REMERCIEMENTS Mes chaleureux remerciements vont également à tous mes étudiants que j’ai encadrés durant mon parcours de recherche. Mes sincères remerciements vont aussi à Mr GHOLAM Atia propriètaire du site d’étude pour sa gentiellesse et sa coopération sans limite. Je remercie vivement Mr BENSALAH Nabil Directeur de la station de la métérologie de Biskra de nous avoir fourni des données climatiques de la région de Biskra. Je remercie vivement Mrs DUCOM Patrick et CIESELA Yann pour leur acceuil chaleureux et fructueux au niveau du laboratoire du LNDS Bordeaux. A tous ceux qui ont contribué de près ou de loins à la réalisation de ma thèse je leur dis merci infiniment. SOMMAIRE SOMMAIRE Page 1-INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 1 2-MATERIEL ET METHODES…………………………………………………………. 8 2.1- Présentation de la région de Tolga…………………………………………………….. 8 2.1.1- Présentation du site d’étude de Magtoufa…………………………………………. 8 2.2- Elevage de la pyrale……………………………………………………………………… 9 2.3- Etude du développement………………………………………………………………… 13 2.3.1- Stades larvaires…………………………………………………………………………. 13 2.3.2- Biométrie des stades larvaires……………………………………………………….. 14 2.3.3- Cycle de vie……………………………………………………………………………… 15 2.3.4- La durée de vie du mâle et de la femelle…………………………………………... 16 2.3.5- Sex-ratio………………………………………………………………………………….. 16 2.4- Etude de la reproduction………………………………………………………………… 16 2.4.1- Durée d’accouplement………………………………………………………………… 17 2.4.2- Nombre de ponte………………………………………………………………………. 17 2.4.3- Œufs pondu par femelle………………………………………………………………. 18 2.4.4- Incubation des œufs……………………………………………………………………. 18 2.4.5- Fertilité des œufs……………………………………………………………………….. 18 2.5- Dynamique des populations en fonction des paramètres écologiques…………. 19 2.6- Lutte…………………………………………………………………………………………. 22 2.6.1- Microbiologique………………………………………………………………………... 22 2.6.1.1- Bacillus thuringiensis Var. kurstaki……………………………………………… 22 2.6.2- Biologique……………………………………………………………………………….. 26 2.6.2.1- Présentation des auxiliaires autochtones………………………………………... 26 2.6.2.1.1- Bracon hebetor Say………………………………………………………………. 26 2.6.2.1.2- Phanerotoma flavitestacea Nees……………………………………………….. 31 2.6.3- Physique………………………………………………………………………………….. 34 2.6.3.1- Présentation des gaz…………………………………………………………………. 34 2.6.3.1.1- Bromure de Methyle………………………………………………………………. 34 2.6.3.1.2- Phosphure d’aluminium (PH3)…………………………………………………. 36 2.6.3.1.3- La chaleur…………………………………………………………………………… 42 2.7- Analyse statistique………………………………………………………………………... 45 3- RESULTATS.......................................................................................................................... 46 SOMMAIRE 3.1- Bio-écologie de la pyrale………………………………………………………………... 46 3.1.1- Dynamique des populations en fonction des paramètres écologiques………. 46 3.1.2- Analyse statistique……………………………………………………………………... 48 3.1.2.1- Corrélation…………………………………………………………………………….. 48 3.1.2.2- Analyse de la variance………………………………………………………………. 49 3.2- Etude du développement de la pyrale………………………………………………… 50 3.2.1- Stades larvaires…………………………………………………………………………. 50 3.2.2- Biométrie des stades larvaires……………………………………………………….. 50 3.2.3- Cycle de vie……………………………………………………………………………… 50 3.2.4- Durée de vie des femelles…………………………………………………………….. 51 3.2.5- Durée de vie des mâles………………………………………………………………... 51 3.2.6- Sex-ratio de la pyrale………………………………………………………………….. 51 3.3- Etude de la reproduction de la pyrale………………………………………………… 52 3.3.1- Durée d’accouplement………………………………………………………………… 52 3.3.2- Nombre de pontes………………………………………………………………………. 52 3.3.3- Œufs pondus par femelle……………………………………………………………… 52 3.3.4- Incubation des œufs……………………………………………………………………. 52 3.3.5- Fertilité des œufs……………………………………………………………………….. 52 3.4- Analyse statistique des paramètres biologiques de la pyrale……………………. 52 3.5- Techniques de lutte……………………………………………………………………….. 56 3.5.1- Microbiologique………………………………………………………………………... 56 3.5.1.1- Bacillus thuringiensis Var. kurstaki……………………………………………… 56 3.5.2- Biologique……………………………………………………………………………….. 59 3.5.2.1- Bracon hebetor……………………………………………………………………….. 59 3.5.2.1.1- Activité parasitaire de Bracon sur les larves de la pyrale…………………. 59 3.5.2.2- Phanerotoma flavitestacea…………………………………………………………. 60 3.5.2.2.1- Activité parasitaire de Phanerotoma sur les œufs de la pyrale………… 60 3.5.3- Physique………………………………………………………………………………….. 62 3.5.3.1- Gaz……………………………………………………………………………………… 62 3.5.3.1.1- Bromure de Méthyle (Ch3Br)…………………………………………………… 62 3.5.3.1.2- PH3…………………………………………………………………………………… 62 SOMMAIRE 3.5.3.1.2.1- Phosphine avec ammoniac
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