Future of Stations

1 This report is a product of collaboration between Arup Foresight and Arup teams across the Contents world. We would like to thank all contributors for their input and advice.

Foresight is Arup’s internal think-tank and consultancy which focuses on the future of the built environment and society at large. We help organisations understand trends, explore new ideas, and radically rethink the future of their businesses. We developed the concept of ‘foresight by design’, which uses innovative design tools and techniques in order to bring new ideas to life, and INTRODUCTION to engage all stakeholders in meaningful conversations about change. 5 Foreword

For more information, please email [email protected] 6 Six principles 7 Executive summary 8 Drivers shaping the future of multi-modal transit hubs

CHAPTERS 10 Human-centred design 20 Digital experiences and value propositions 30 Diversification of spatial uses and facilities 40 Seamless mode and service integration 50 Catalysts for sustainability and resilience 60 Urban regeneration and (social) mobility

COVID-19 70 Adapting in times of a global pandemic 72 Implications for future stations October 2020

VISION 74 Welcome to the future station

13 Fitzroy Street 76 Future of stations illustration London W1T 4BQ 78 Future of stations vignettes arup.com foresight.arup.com © Arup 2020 82 References 85 Contributors 87 About Arup ‘HONG KONG STATION’ INTRODUCTION Chad McCail, 1998 Foreword Detail, Pencil on paper,

Collection Ove Arup and Partners, No COAP0117

NILLE JUUL-SORENSEN Global Architecture Business Leader, Arup

Stations are critical pieces of national and future? Advertising, ticketing and rental urban infrastructure. They are central nodes revenue? The sustainable movement of people for inter- and inner-city mobility, provide and goods? Efficient and low-cost operations? easy access to facilities and services, and are Or stations as an enabler for economic growth enablers of economic growth, regeneration and and social advancement? the development of new communities. Their potential for societal and environmental benefit This report explores the trends shaping new extends far beyond current epidemiological and existing station assets. It focuses on large concerns: stations can play a critical role in the inner-city transport interchanges that combine recovery from the Covid-19 pandemic towards long-distance travel, last mile mobility, and a more equitable and sustainable future. mixed-use commercial offerings, but there are lessons for stations at any scale. It explores As mixed-use hubs for people to move, work, what it may mean to deliver ‘value’ and a shop and meet, stations are a fascinating good ‘return on investment’ in the future. and fast-changing typology. Today, new And it proposes principles we should consider transport modes and business models, digital for the user experience, operation and design lifestyles, changing retail patterns, economic, of a station. environmental and health concerns are inviting the question of what a station can and should The future is never singular. As such, this is look like in the future. not a prediction of what all stations can and should look like. Instead, we offer a summary For owners of station assets, for city planners, of the trends, themes and concepts that will and for designers and developers of stations redefine transport hubs in the long-term, and the challenge is to create and maximise the recommendations to consider in the design, value of investment. This applies to new operation and experience of stations. I hope stations as well as the redesign of existing these stand as a point of departure from where ones. What will determine our understanding we can redefine what a station is, and where it of ‘value’ and ‘return on investment’ in the can take us.

4 5 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Six principles Executive summary

Station boundaries should Supported by digital technology and the removal of gate lines and ticketing be porous to support infrastructure, station buildings should dissolve, becoming part of the city to greater access and use ease interchange, reduce operating costs and improve sustainability.

Stations should diversify As thresholds blur, the station offer must reflect a wider community of users, Why and how we use transport is changing. how real-time data will improve the legibility beyond transport to with 24/7 operation and new retail and lifestyle trends supporting a variety of This is the result of global urbanisation, digital and efficiency of station spaces for both users embrace convenience amenities, from childcare to public services. lifestyles, and new modes. Global passenger use and operators. of public transport is expected to increase by up to 300% by 2050, while the transport sector as a Ideas for re-imagining and diversifying whole is already the fastest-growing contributor station space are addressed in the next section, Modes should be integrated, Diverse transport options – whether cycles, e-scooters or shared to climate emissions. Stations, as the gateway to accounting for future shifts in how we shop, not just accommodated autonomous vehicles – should be incorporated into, under and through mass transit, have a vital role to play in enabling work and live. This is followed by a focus buildings, prioritising active, shared and low-carbon transport. Charging the former and combating the latter. on mode and service integration, looking at points and the flexible allocation of kerbs will be key. how stations can act as a single simplified This report considers exactly this role, exploring system while also offering new mobility and a future in which station boundaries blur – logistics possibilities. The last two sections see between public and private, physical and digital, future stations as key actors within their wider Excellent user experiences Natural and intuitive wayfinding should make stations legible and efficient. A the building and the city – and where stations contexts, looking at energy and resilience, should be universal digital layer should combine with analogue, human-centred infrastructure to are an enabler for sustainability, well-being and economic vitality and social mobility work for all users, regardless of their needs. and opportunity. respectively.

Our research builds on Arup’s recent The key design features and implications of each Transformative Rail report to consider the section are brought together in an illustration, Adaptable buildings and Station design should enable adaptation as needs change. Data-driven impact of multiple trends on the future design, visualising how these factors might appear in an dynamic systems will maximise systems equipped with AI will inform real-time space and mode utilisation, role and experience of multi-modal stations. imagined future landscape. A concluding vision efficiency and resilience as well as efficient energy use and predictive maintenance. It looks first at the importance of creating an of a future station then draws together the key underlying basis of analogue, human-centred findings and themes, and lessons from global infrastructure that works hand-in hand with case studies. It highlights that future stations digital technologies to provide a positive have the potential to go beyond their traditional Station benefits will be Station value must be captured to promote long-term financial sustainability. experience for all. The report then considers the transport function to provide us with multiple environmental and social, By delivering them in partnership, their ability to catalyse local sustainability evolution of digital ticketing and its impact on new destinations – in terms of urban economies, not just economic and bring inclusive growth can be recognised and emphasised. station space, including barrier-free travel, and social inclusion and environmental sustainability.

6 7 INTRODUCTION Drivers shaping the future of multi-modal stations

human presenceuser-centricity neighbourhood integration

healthy streets inclusion This report is concerned with the future of inclusive growth multi-modal stations, i.e. mobility hubs and

big data and AI interchanges that combine multiple forms of digital ticketing sensing environments transport. These are referred to as ‘stations’ digital lifestyleswell-being digital twins T integrated wi- and 5G throughout, with the research and insights ech al n hyper-ef cient logistics relevant for various modal configurations. ci ol o og seamless transfers S ic a ef cient and exible systems l The modes considered by this report include those available now (walking, cycling, rail, light-rail, metro, ferry, bus), new and emerging cross-sector funding modes (scooters, and various electric, destination stations autonomous or shared modes), as well as future community cohesion regional connectivity

c P i capitalising on convenience and unproven modes (Hyperloop, passenger o m l i o district energy schemes t dynamic value creation drones). Consideration has also been given i n c a o new revenue streams to freight, including rail and other integrated personal data l c E freight, delivery drones and cargo bots. responsible business place-making strategic densi cation The trends illustrated on the next page also dynamic and on-demand services E l point to an increase in non-transport station connected network nvironmenta functions. As such, the research looks beyond renewable energy generation one governing body smart building controls resilient infrastructure

ing standards green infrastructure just passengers to include a broad spectrum of build future station users and utilisations.

reuse and repurpose

carbon neutrality

micro mobility infrastructure material and structural choices

8 9 CHAPTER 1 Human-centred design placemaking

accessible infrastructure The future of stations is a future of blurred boundaries. Advances in technology, demographic and socio-economic shifts, new business models and urban integration strategies will increasingly blur the divisions between the physical and the digital, the public and the private, the building and the city. Consequently, the ways in which humans interact with stations will continue to

evolve. Although technology adoption, digital green spaces transformation and automation will be intrinsic characteristics of the future station, it is important to establish an omnipresent, underlying layer of infrastructure that is human-centred and gives

station users the best possible experience. wayfinding

skylights for natural light

human presence

10 11 CASE STUDY DESIGN FOR USERS NOT FUNCTIONS Arnhem Central station, Netherlands Rapid global urbanisation and other factors have design and to better consider the needs of Arnhem Central Station features distinct led to a huge increase in the number of people parents and children navigating a structural and architectural design elements using public transport. Demand for passenger station environment.4 that facilitate the flow of passengers transport is projected to grow in all world and maintain a building scale that is not regions, increasing three-fold between 2015 and Beyond this, insight generated through advances intimidating. The station’s fluid design 2050, from 44 trillion to 122 trillion passenger- in data capture of mobility patterns and spatial focuses on people, their activities and flows. kilometres.2 To respond to this demand, it will use will also inform design decisions, shifting It manages to blend the boundaries between not be enough to just build more or bigger the focus from functionality to user experience- outdoor and indoor areas by merging the stations; intelligent design approaches will be driven design. In addition to an improved user urban landscape with the transfer hall itself. required to manage people flows, guide human experience this will also maximise operational As a result, the experience of moving from behaviour and increase operational capacity. and spatial performance.5 the city to the station becomes seamless. This will improve the station experience not Once in the main transfer hall of the station, only for passengers, but for a far wider set Enhancing users’ physical and mental well- the experience of transitioning between of users. being will be central in future station design. different modes of transport, platforms, levels To prevent disruptive shocks to passengers’ and and spaces becomes enjoyable, easy and Through broad consideration of users’ particular employees’ circadian rhythms, many airports efficient thanks to the ‘twist’ and ‘trumpet’ needs and use patterns, future stations will be implement circadian lighting approaches that features of the design. The architectural welcoming places for people of all ages, abilities adjust light colour temperature and intensity to thoroughfares connect ticketing halls, and backgrounds. This includes disabled match global time zones. Oslo Airport offers parking for cars and cycles, regional and people, multi-generational populations, different passengers nine differently-lit areas to provide local bus arrivals and departures, access to gender identities, different social and cultural ranging levels of stimulation or relaxation.6 train platforms, and retail and dining venues. backgrounds, and people travelling with loads Dynamically tuning (underground) station Passengers and visitors spiral up around (e.g. with pushchairs, luggage, etc.). lighting to stimulate the ideal circadian rhythm a thin, central column that allows them to could improve alertness, help sleeping patterns communicate with other people and have Singapore is already addressing inclusivity and put station users, especially employees, at clear sightlines across the station.1 issues. More than 80% of the city’s Mass Rapid less risk of chronic disorders associated with Transit stations have been made accessible reversed sleep-wake cycles.7 with at least two barrier-free access routes, while 40% are fitted with extra lifts to improve accessibility for passengers with reduced 3x mobility.3 In addition, lift doors stay open Global demand for passenger longer, communication is clearer for those using transport is projected to increase hearing aids, and Braille directions, tactile three-fold between 2015 and 2050 guidance and easy-to-read pictographs help to from 44 trillion to 122 trillion make spaces more legible and facilitate efficient navigation. In New York, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority is increasing the 80% number of women in its leadership to tackle of Singapore’s Mass Rapid Transit gender imbalance in the field of public transit stations have been made accessible © Ronald Tilleman. Ronald ©

12 13 INTUITIVE AND INCLUSIVE WAYFINDING DESIGN TO NUDGE USER BEHAVIOUR

For existing stations, space optimisation New digital services and Some stations use natural light in highly through visual design, signage and trafficked areas to aid navigation and avoid multi-sensory and personalised wayfinding interventions and the integration bottlenecks and crowds. Similarly, artificial light of an inclusive digital overlay will be a solutions, such as indoor can also be used to guide behaviours. priority; for new stations, user-centricity, positioning technology for blind and Operating on the theory that exposure to blue human-scale design, rightsizing and light has a calming effect on one’s mood, rail flexibility will be key design principles. partially-sighted users or navigation stations in Japan began installing blue LED

and information apps targeted panels as a suicide-prevention measure in 2009. © Ethan Kent at Project for Public Spaces New digital services and multi-sensory at international travellers, will Japanese stations have also been pioneering the and personalised solutions, such as indoor use of calming music during rush hour; the harsh positioning technology for blind and continue to improve inclusion and buzzer used to signal a train’s departure has been partially-sighted users or navigation and accessibility. Yet technology should replaced with short, pleasant departure melodies, CASE STUDY information apps targeted at international aiming to reduce anxiety and rushing incidents.9 complement rather than replace Lighting strategy, Bogota travellers, will continue to improve inclusion and accessibility. Yet technology should the inclusive design of the physical In contrast in Berlin, Deutsche Bahn is Lighting can play a key role in the delivery complement rather than replace the inclusive station space. experimenting with anxiety-inducing music to of effective and safe public transport. In design of the physical station space. deter criminal activity. By trialling atonal music 2000, the TransMilenio Bus Rapid Transit at different volumes in Hermannstrasse station, system (BRT) in Bogota, Colombia, was As stations diversify in their offerings to For Qatar Integrated Railway Project, Deutsche Bahn aims to drive away loiterers, launched. The aim was to increase the meet the demands of users, access to and UNStudio and wayfinding consultants reduce antisocial behaviour and prevent potential safety of the system in a city where public navigation through stations safely and Mijksenaar designed a wayfinding toolkit travel disruptions.10 Other operators have trialled transport would have not been considered quickly will become increasingly important based on three core tools that give direct classical music to achieve the same results. the safest transport option at the time. Today, for user satisfaction and to maintain the guidance but also trigger human reflex the TransMilenio is the world’s largest BRT operational effectiveness of the transport and emotion: material and colour, spatial Increasing the safety of stations and the public system with 12 lines covering a distance of system (see section 4).8 The redeveloped organisation and signage, and scale. transport network is critical in achieving truly 112km. The lighting strategy played a key Stratford station in London uses Each space has its own colour and material inclusive and accessible mobility for a diverse role in increasing the attractiveness and ‘super graphics’ for its new pedestrian theme, which varies in scale and texture, and population, including those who are under- accessibility of the scheme by ensuring that underpass; the graphics on a backdrop of extends from the exterior into the interior, represented or marginalised in current design large parts of the network were lit at night, bright colours make entry and exit more even to urban furniture. ‘Tools’ such as and provisions. Yet multi-sensory design nudges increasing safety for passengers and staff. intuitive and assist passenger flow and vegetation, pavement, and urban interventions, might not be effective enough in addressing movement, especially within a subterranean i.e. outdoor seating islands, large bollards, light criminal behaviours, harassment or violence in space. Other approaches to aid wayfinding poles and shading pavilions, are used at focal all contexts: to ensure safety, women in Brasilia, include the use of cladding or brightly points to further assist wayfinding. Brazil, for example, can request non-designated painted infrastructure and spatial elements In addition, all elements of signage aim to have bus stops anywhere along a route after 10pm. (i.e. lifts and escalators), and creating clear a literal meaning. This ensures a high degree Natural surveillance within stations is also sight lines to exits. of recognisability and ease of use. important: design that maximises visibility and social interaction helps not only to reduce anti-social behaviour, but also to increase the perception of safety by all users.

14 15 Changi Airport, Singapore Airport, Changi 16 glass roofs, canopies and walls to promote to promote walls and canopies roofs, glass and greenery inside, many stations are doing doing are stations many inside, greenery and thunderstorms frequent the of advantage Taking forest. indoor aclimate-controlled and shown to have a calming effect for people people for effect acalming to have shown per minute, cooling the temperature of the the of temperature the cooling minute, per waterfall indoor an with design multi-sensory materials, such as wood, has also been been also has wood, as such materials, Singapore’s demonstrates Changi Airport CASE STUDY with neurodiverse requirements. requirements. neurodiverse with the same with daylight. Recognising the the Recognising daylight. with same the funnel rainwater at a rate of 10,000 gallons gallons 10,000 of arate at rainwater funnel impacts during travel. The use of natural natural of use The travel. during impacts negative reduce and well-being in-station nature bringing from Apart forest. indoor can vortex rain acentral region, the in © ARUP featuring been have stations mind, and body human the on has light natural that benefits

to cater for people’s needs with greater greater with for people’s cater needs to automation adopt and transformation digital embrace increasingly will stations Future AUTOMATION WITH A TOUCH HUMAN their public transit journeys. transit public their on assistant an with passengers disabled or older pairs Lyon, for example, in Optiguide mobility. reduced with passengers assisting including experience, customer of exceptional provision the on focus then could staff Human robots. cleaning by automated maintenance predictive and alerts sensor-based into develop could this future the In attention. need facilities toilet that staff cleaning mobile alert to passengers allow that displays of touch-enabled use the through for example areality, already is feedback Realtime luggage. missing or card credit lost train, acancelled as such outcome, the in energy of emotional amount ahigh invest customers where of truth’, i.e. moments ‘moments with deal stations future way the in role important increasingly play an will them, to responses emotionally-driven provide to of humans ability the with incidents, predict to devices and systems of intelligent ability the pairing for example, service, customer In together. considered are both when predicted are results best the and required, still is involvement human but 2); (see section efficiency and speed our mobility future, the opposite trend can can trend opposite the future, mobility our arole have in likely will stations staff-less mass redundancies. Whilefully-automated of concern to rise given has Automation spontaneous, independent travel. enable to mobility reduced with of those autonomy continued the however, ensure to 12

It is essential, essential, is It

11

and service provision integrated with other apps. other with integrated provision service and anytime, anywhere, mechanisms assistance or booking chatbot-enabled or message to lead could connectivity multichannel and ubiquitous and technology assistant digital time. real in demand meet to network the across deployed be to of staff apool enable can operators while machine, of aticket speed and immediacy the with contact human offers approach this For passengers, times. queuing reduce and machines of ticket use the increase to service, immediate and personal quality, higher with customers provide to aims upgrade The fares. on advice and purchase ticket with – for help link video or audio an –via person areal to connect to passengers enable to machines, ticket its all across agents’ ticket ‘virtual out roll to England in operator train first the became Anglia 2018, Greater December In toilets. the cleaning be even may and coffee serving be also will a florist where shops, of multifunctional existence the from benefit also community surrounding the and stations These environment. safer afriendlier, CCTV, etc.) create and machines, complement automated systems (ticket supervision, of informal asense introduce to presence ahuman now use stations un-staffed traditionally smaller, Some observed. be also 1st across all its ticket machines in 2018 in machines ticket its all across train operator (Greater East Anglia) in in Anglia) East (Greater operator train England to roll out ‘virtual ticket agents’ ticket ‘virtual out to roll England 14

Advances in intelligent intelligent in Advances 13

17

STATIONS ON A HUMAN SCALE CHAPTER 1 The principles of human-centred design Key takeaways according to Jan Gehl in his book Cities for People also apply to stations. As an integral part of future city systems, stations will move away from designs that ignore the human dimension towards a more human-scale environment. This will include considerations of walking speeds, ranges, scales, dimensions and reach of different users, including older people, children and teenagers, and disabled people. Predicted increases in passenger numbers will require the expansion of transport hubs, but new developments should reflect the physical INCLUSION Spaces and facilities should be designed to accommodate or adapt limitations of the human body. Instead of single to an increasingly diverse set of users that will vary in terms of massive structures, a series of scalable and self- their language, physical and mental ability, digital knowledge, and contained nodes – similar to those proposed for cultural expectations. the expansion of the existing passenger airport terminal at Dubai World Central – that can be replicated to respond to increasing demand USER-CENTRICITY Stations should be designed around the user through diverse would be more manageable and user friendly. services, offerings and intuitive design. Simple, multi-sensory design solutions including colour, sound and lighting can inform Through thoughtful design and architecture, user behaviour to improve flow, efficiency and comfort. future stations can transform the human experience. Good station design – on a human scale – will affect people physically HUMAN PRESENCE The role of station staff should be reimagined to complement and emotionally at every moment of their automated and digital operations, with human presence and a focus journey. Plants, natural light, sounds and the on assistance helping to deliver exceptional customer experience. lack thereof, scents and textures will stimulate station users and positively affect their brain and 15 physiology. ANALOGUE Accessible and resilient physical infrastructure, including circulation INFRASTRUCTURE spaces, entry and exit points and wayfinding, should provide “If cities and buildings are going to a self-sufficient baseline for any digital overlay. Then aim for a invite people to come and stay, complementary mix of analogue and digital. the human scale will require new and consistent treatment.” HUMAN SCALE Station design should consider the movement, variety and limitations of the human body, with spaces that are scalable, Jan Gehl flexible or self-contained to support improved user experience Cities for People and greater efficiency.

18 19 inspection drones

CHAPTER 2 Digital experiences and value propositions

Innovative digital technologies will transform transport hubs, bringing new value propositions and changes to user behaviour. The Internet of Things (IoT) and machine learning (ML) will sensing environments support personalisation, sensing environments and seamless journeys, while a new digital layer will improve the permeability and legibility of station spaces – for both users and operators.

boundary-free ticketing

mobility as a service (MaaS)

digital twins

5G connectivity

20 21 within a public network. apublic within regions, and protecting critical infrastructure between differences availability spectrum overcoming stations, base new deploying networks, existing retrofitting include providers 5G and stations for Challenges cabling. additional without services 5G to operate 10 stations all allow will network 2021. in fibre A5G to open due route, Central to new Shatin its 17km futureproofing is second. 1.6GB per to up of speeds transmission data with the 440,000m covers that network wi-fi 5G area to alocal access free have Users station. 5G-enabled first world’s the became Shanghai station, 2019, In Hongqiao networks. sensor and station systems, autonomous vehicles passengers, by use in potentially devices of number large the given adoption, 5G of forefront the at to be need will Stations 5G China adoption, CASE STUDY 22 CC-BY-SA 2 concourse and 30 platforms, platforms, 30 and concourse 16 In Hong Kong, the MTR MTR the Kong, Hong In 18 17

in digital ticketing, for example QR codes sent sent QR codes for example ticketing, digital in station, the at purchased were 2016, as tickets rail 70% recently of UK As DISSOLVING BARRIERS recognition technology will need to be resolved. resolved. be to need will technology recognition of facial application inclusive and ethics emerge. may counterfeiting digital and vulnerabilities new although fraud, ticket reduce also will security payment enhanced and geo-fencing as such ticketing of digital features Additional example through facial recognition ticketing. ticketing, pre-approved or on-demand and checks identity require that stations in movement barrier-free enable could This blockchain. on data payment and identity biometric, individual’s an combines securely that ‘passport’ digital a develop to Airport Dubai with working is ObjectTech London-based hubs. transport gateless supporting further, even payment and ticketing simplify to promise speeds processing data faster and blockchain technology, Biometric travel. ticketless and congestion station day, reducing per 83,000 to 1,900 from grew Chennai in app UTS the sold via tickets of 2015 2018, number and Between average the app. smartphone aproprietary via tickets unreserved buy to passengers encouraging by problem this tackling is Railways National India’s inspectors. ticket on-board or line gate no is there where travel ticketless illegal and delays queues, to lead can and space station on impact an has however, still Self-service, so. do to continue will and effect asimilar had have automation and Self-service spaces. support staff associated and onsite, aticket buy to needed space and time the reducing are device, smart apassenger’s to 22

Likewise, concerns over the accuracy, accuracy, over the concerns Likewise, 19

but advances but advances 20 21

for for

1 – complemented by human assistance. by human 1 –complemented section in discussed –as and users low-income or people older e.g. to accessible, universally remain to need also will of technology use increased Any performance. safety improve to operations station of rethink awholesale suggests removal their measure, control a crowd as used sometimes are lines gate as Likewise, spatially. functions station differentiate to and wayfinding, and direction pace, walking including behaviour, user define to spaces platform and access of circulation, design improved for calls however, boundaries, hard defined of previously blurring This 4). (see section modes different between switching for passengers experience the improve and line gate the behind station the of areas underused to access open would This invisible. but all becomes beyond spaces public and amenity retail, and space station functional the between boundary the zero, to line) gate or validation collection, (ticket purchase, multiple from pinch-points conventional reducing By “…once a passenger starts to use self- to use starts “…once apassenger a high to propensity continue using self-service rather than returning to returning than rather self-service kiosks, as such technology, service websites or mobile devices, they have have they devices, mobile or websites to the air transport industry industry transport air to the Former CEO of SITA, IT service provider provider service SITA, of IT CEO Former Francesco Violante human contact for that step of the of the step that for contact human journey.” 23

23

DYNAMIC AND ON-DEMAND SERVICES

The increasing shift from provision of Lyft, with higher ‘surge’ prices used ‘mobility as a means’ to ‘mobility as a to affect customer demand and driver service’ (MaaS)24 will further reduce supply.25 Highways apply the same logic: barriers between modes. MaaS providers in Tel Aviv, a high-occupancy toll lane is combine different mobility options – public informed by real-time data on how many and private – into a single digital platform drivers are using it, with a lower price that integrates payment, booking and attracting more vehicles and vice versa.26 © CC-BY-ND © routing. MaaS apps put the user in control Unsplash Haaja, Tapio © of their journey, agnostic to their choice of The lever of price, if applied to station mode and focusing instead on their travel congestion, could help to even out preferences, such as route, duration, access passenger flows and reduce overcrowding, CASE STUDY needs or cost. As part of digitally-enabled with dynamic fares based on real-time CASE STUDY Informing spatial configuration integrated transport networks more broadly, data ‘nudging’ passengers to travel at MaaS app, Helsinki with AI MaaS can also encourage a shift away from less busy times. Used ethically and private car ownership, reducing congestion, transparently, integration with MaaS Helsinki tech company MaaS Global has Companies including Steelcase and Willow pollution and resource use. platforms would amplify this effect, partnered with local transport providers to are using sensing networks to inform the moving beyond simple rush-hour or off- offer a multi-modal transport subscription design and utilisation of commercial office The benefit of MaaS for transport systems peak distinctions to offer the user precise service that is cheaper, easier and more space. Combined with artificially intelligent is the potential to better match supply and gradations in cost and routes. environmentally-friendly than private car applications, the data can be used to demand and deliver services that are led ownership. The Whim app offers unlimited or determine user satisfaction and optimal spatial by the customer; its success relies on real- Automation is a vital component of discounted access to several transport modes configuration, as well as inform the real-time time data sharing and the interoperability transport systems if they are to respond for a monthly fee, including bus, taxi, cycle, adaptation of workplaces. Approaches like of different systems. Stations will have to real-time demand. The automation metro and car hire. Unlike other ride-sharing these can be used to determine station layout, to ensure their data is not only open, but of Paris Metro line 1, for example, has apps it encourages rather than usurps public helping to maximise space for commercial usable and comprehensive; managing the enabled schedules to adapt dynamically transport options. As of 2018, Whim had opportunities as well as planning for major transition from current systems will be to increased usage, improving capacity by 70,000 registered users in Helsinki. Data events or station evacuations. a significant financial hurdle, along with 20%.27 (The effect of automation on freight shows that use of the service encourages a improved approaches to data governance is explored in section 4.) shift away from reliance on private vehicles to and data security. more sustainable shared or public modes. Demand dynamics could even form part An increase in MaaS – and real-time of wider strategies to manage the urban data generally – offers stations further environment, with transport systems advantages in terms of new data-informed responding to live or predicted conditions, revenue opportunities and in managing such as air pollution or extreme weather people flows, the latter particularly events. Stations’ operations and transport significant in the absence of gate lines. capacity could respond autonomously to move people away from certain districts, Dynamic pricing is a common feature of e.g. by increasing the availability of on-demand taxi apps such as Uber and shared modes.

24 25 CASE STUDY SENSING, MODELLING, PREDICTING Predictive pollution-combating model, Beijing Demands for personalisation and seamless journeys are driving changes to customer US$100bn Green Horizons is a 10-year collaboration experiences and people flow, yet station added value to the global economy by adopting between computer manufacturer IBM and operators are also under pressure to maximise best practice of IoT-related opportunities Beijing’s Environmental Protection Bureau. revenue and improve efficiency. This is The project is part of China’s clean air action leading to new approaches to monitoring and plan, using pollution forecasting to advise on automating station operations. Predicting maintenance needs and preventing pollution reduction priorities, plus relevant failure will reduce accidents and unplanned policies and restrictions. Green Horizons Siemens estimates that, with significant closures, as well as helping to maintain barrier- monitors urban space in real time, using investment, the adoption of best-practice free access. Intelligent robots and drones are optical sensors, air-quality sensors and IoT-related opportunities could add nearly already being used for the remote inspection information from satellites, alongside data US$100bn to the global economy through of transport infrastructure including tunnels from environmental monitoring stations, traffic increased throughput, availability and and bridges. As autonomous robotics develop, cameras, weather stations and social media. improved customer experiences.28 maintenance drones will be able to both The system can predict where pollution will identify and repair damage, mitigating more occur, where it will spread to and respond Advances in sensor technology, processing substantial problems. Station networks can accordingly. Responses involve enforcing power and connectivity are making sensors amplify this effect by combining real-time and restrictions or air-quality control measures cheaper and easier to install, and capable of historic performance data across multiple sites on traffic, industry and construction. The providing rich data on all aspects of station to accurately predict when a component needs data can also inform an alert system warning performance, such as air quality, structural to be cleaned, repaired or replaced. residents of harmful pollution levels. movement and maintenance requirements. Anonymous data ‘crowd-sensed’ from people’s smart devices adds another Advances in sensor technology, dimension to this real-time sensing layer. processing power and connectivity are making sensors cheaper and Digital twins could help stations to realise the benefits of these various data sources easier to install, and capable of and make sense of how different factors providing rich data on all aspects interact. A digital twin is an accessible digital model of a physical asset that can of station performance, such as incorporate BIM models as well as real-time air quality, structural movement data on the performance of physical spaces and maintenance requirements. and systems.29 The predictive ability of AI with machine learning offers the most radical Anonymous data ‘crowd-sensed’ benefits of such a tool, using the data to from people’s smart devices adds determine how spaces should be configured another dimension to this real-time with predictions on passenger flow, retail revenue, modal capacity and maintenance. sensing layer. © NASA MODIS Rapid Response Team

26 27 SEAMLESS USER EXPERIENCES CHAPTER 2 An integrated digital layer also offers Data collected on an individual’s preferences as Key takeaways opportunities for improved customer they move through a station can help retailers and traveller experiences, supported by to personalise their offer, and integration with uninterrupted wi-fi networks and 5G. MaaS apps could allow recommendations even In rural areas, stations have a role as before a user arrives at the station. To support digital hotspots, compensating for poor this, station operators, public and private connectivity and providing a significant transport providers and MaaS platforms will community asset. A trend towards need to cooperate on sharing – and protecting – personalised advertising could also improve user data; the security and resilience of digital retail spend and advertising revenue, systems will remain a fundamental concern.30 enabled by Bluetooth, NFC and GPS. The promise of data sharing for individual DIGITAL TICKETING Advances in digital ticketing will free-up space currently used for Between wayfinding, live travel passengers is a set of station experiences that fits onsite ticket sales and help reduce station congestion. Stations information, station signage and advertising to a user’s unique needs. Such personalisation should continue to push ticket transactions beyond the station itself, however, the competition for passenger and could mean specific routes through the station including via digital passports or integrated with MaaS providers. visitor attention is significant; operators depending on your onward journey, autonomous will need to develop strategies that deliver mobility support for older passengers, or more effective communication and increased recommendations for which carriage or shared SENSING ENVIRONMENTS Operators should use sensor networks and real-time data to inform commercial value to avoid overwhelming autonomous vehicle matches your temperature and predict station requirements and wider travel dynamics. This the station visitor. New digital technology is preferences. The challenges will be around data will require significant long-term investment, as well as the right already supporting greater synchronisation privacy, building a commercial or funding model command and control systems. of advertising screens, with personalisation that supports such advances and, crucially, a key emerging feature. Virtual and augmented developing effective governance models. reality will also facilitate new forms of DIGITAL TWINS Digital twins that combine BIM, live data and AI can improve experience-led advertising, crucial for some operational and spatial efficiency, supporting predictive maintenance, stations to supplement fare-box recovery. the dynamic re-configuration of station space, and real-time modal capacity.

INTEGRATED WI-FI Integrated wi-fi and 5G networks should combine multiple digital touchpoints into a single seamless digital experience. This will improve the station experience for all station users, supporting personalised retail and live travel data.

DATA Owners and operators should explore the data opportunity, partnering with other providers (including apps, services and city authorities) in order to guide people flows in real time and optimise services. Data must remain private and secure.

28 29 CHAPTER 3 Diversification of spatial uses and facilities

Competition for space in cities is making station land more valuable and useful. At the same time, ridership and footfall is increasing. This provides climbing wall opportunities to rethink how station space is used, and how stations relate to their context – both physically (i.e. above, below and around) and in terms of the breadth of uses and users they are designed for. By following a citizen-focused culture hub approach, stations can better share the benefits of their unique combination of location, fabric and function for the benefit of all. dynamic mixed-use offer

housing

adaptable modules

repurposed structure childcare facilities

30 31 Canary Wharf Elizabeth Line station, station, Line Elizabeth Wharf Canary 32 London London An adaptable approach was used by Arup Arup by used was approach adaptable An operations improves their and durability adaptation to the four levels of shopping and and shopping of levels four to the adaptation station line Elizabeth Wharf Canary the at spaces, mezzanine floors, stairs and lifts. Any Any lifts. and stairs floors, mezzanine spaces, reduces the cost of future adaptation. future of cost the reduces due were services before years for revenue retail component to open early, generating of operation the affect not will units restaurant double-height accommodate to reconfigured CASE STUDY when designing the commercial spaces spaces commercial the designing when to be flexible and independent of transport transport of independent and flexible to be spaces station ancillary Designing to begin. and leisure foot 115,000 station’s the square allowed also approach This below. station the © Paul Carstairs/Arup be can units retail Individual London. in ‘DESTINATION’ STATIONS weekly visitors to London’s St Pancras station station London’s to St Pancras visitors weekly footprint will need to create and maintain maintain and create to need will footprint in spend potential the and stations in footfall coffee incorporating retailers e.g. fashion another driver for increased revenue and tenant tenant and revenue for increased driver another city’s largest shopping centre. shopping city’s largest a take than rather shop and drink eat, to come is shops of station location handy the contexts, demand for experience-led retail 1million of the aquarter than More demand. Stores generally are starting to respond to to respond to starting are generally Stores increased by 21% 1997, since increased is not just for passengers: in dense urban urban dense in for passengers: just not is UK, rail passenger numbers have doubled in in doubled have numbers passenger rail UK, Public transport ridership in the US has US has the in ridership transport Public shops. ‘Destination’ stations with a large retail retail alarge with stations ‘Destination’ shops. retail station Crucially, spaces. retail station train, while Leipzig’s main station is also the the also is station Leipzig’s main while train, years. 20 past the merging of traditionally discrete sectors, sectors, discrete of traditionally merging broader retail trends, including consumer consumer including trends, retail broader rather than take atrain take than rather shop and drink to eat, come who station Pancras St to London’s visitors weekly 250,000+ years in the United Kingdom have doubled 20 past the in numbers passenger Rail 2x 1997 since America of States United the in ridership transport public in increase 21% 32 This growth is increasing increasing is growth This 31 33 and in the the in and 34 and the the and floors on spaces retail stacking include Tactics visual and spatial distinction is needed to to needed is distinction spatial and visual exciting and dynamic retail mix. Pop-up Pop-up mix. retail dynamic and exciting Centre transportation hub in New York, New in hub or transportation Centre above the platforms, as at the World the at Trade as platforms, the above flows. people competing and avoid congestion abroader to approach a passenger-oriented an with environment safe and a welcoming clustering and colour-coding areas that have have that areas colour-coding and clustering uses. different integration into the surrounding context will will context surrounding the into integration In attracting more and diverse groups into into groups diverse and more attracting In Porous station design that maximises maximises that design station Porous stands on station concourses. on station stands in play apart can uses temporary and spaces philosophy that embraces all potential users. users. potential all embraces that philosophy the station, however, designers and operators operators and however, designers station, the activation brand of simple evolution –an this help to drive footfall, as stations move from move from stations as footfall, drive to help need to consider the impact on transport transport on impact the consider to need users and maintain accessibility; both a both accessibility; maintain and users 33 CAPITALISING ON CONVENIENCE CONNECTING PEOPLE CASE STUDY Soccer in the streets, Atlanta Clearly, stations should be more than The need to create value from footfall should just shopping centres: they can capitalise be balanced with providing amenities and The Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit on the convenience that makes retail an services that add social value to the local Authority has worked with grassroots attractive proposition to diversify their offer community, regardless of station scale or football organisation ‘Soccer in the Streets’ and income, supporting mixed-use places location. Infrastructure projects are facing to convert unused spaces near its stations with amenities that benefit users and local increased scrutiny for the level of public good into artificial football pitches. The scheme is communities. they deliver, with expectations in terms of hugely popular, benefiting not only the health public benefit and value for money.35 of young people, but providing a safe space for different social groups to meet within Growth in flexible and mobile working and the city’s downtown area. Given the ease the rise of the ‘gig’ economy have spurred Expanding the role of voluntary groups, of travelling to the facilities by mass transit, demand for subscription-based co-working community activists and arts organisations the pitches also reduce the need to drive to spaces. With their convenient locations and can help to sustain these non-commercial conventional facilities in the suburbs. 24-hour amenities, transport hubs are well- actions and ensure local needs are met.36 The suited to host these spaces, either partnering Incredible Edible movement in the UK has with existing providers or creating their seen multiple stations incorporate areas for own proprietary networks. food cultivation – from planters full of herbs on platforms, to raised beds on surrounding In Tokyo, railway operator Tokyu station land; in Bristol this is accompanied by Corporation has opened a network of a #PickYourOwnOnTheWayHome campaign, co-working office spaces in or close to encouraging healthy eating. 20 of its metro stations; these NewWork offices operate on a membership basis, with Redundant station functions also provide users taking advantage of their convenient creative opportunities. At the world’s oldest locations to reduce commuting stress and active passenger railway station (Edge Hill improve productivity. On a smaller scale, in Liverpool), a local arts organisation has Tokyo Metro Co. operates a Satellite Office converted a disused engine house and boiler Service, a suite of one-person work booths room into a studio and performance space in subway stations intended for forming a creative hub for the area. short sessions. Stations can provide affordable space in For stations, the opportunity will be in desirable and convenient locations; they can accommodating an ever more diverse also provide new audiences with greater access ‘convenience layer’ of work or hospitality to organisations that support community spaces far beyond the conventional offer, cohesion and improved health and well-being.37 including 24-hour gyms with virtual classes, There is a role, too, for local public services – childcare and educational facilities, maker such as libraries or health clinics – benefiting spaces and logistics services. from a station’s location to maximise access. © Soccer in the Streets

34 35 BLURRING THE ‘RED LINE’ THE CAPACITY CHALLENGE

We have seen how new technologies will Expanding a station’s spatial capacity to break down the thresholds between the accommodate diverse uses is a challenge for neighbourhood, station, and transport modes existing stations. Automation, digital ticketing (section 2). Spatially, this would allow and payment, and cloud computing will release transport interchanges to become smaller, underutilised areas for adaptive reuse, for more physically integrated with the existing example ticket halls, back offices and server urban fabric and dissolve the ‘red line’ of rooms, but other approaches may be required AndyLeungHK, Pixabay AndyLeungHK,

© station space, supporting a more symbiotic to significantly expand station capacity in the © Rasmus Hjortshoj - COAST relationship with the surrounding context. context of urban densification and increasing This may increasingly become a necessity as competition for space. station ownership rights are often very close to

CASE STUDY existing boundaries. Building above stations is expensive and CASE STUDY The ‘Rail plus Property’ model, technically challenging but in certain locations Cityringen, Copenhagen Hong Kong Copenhagen’s Cityringen metro line already can be a major value generator. Factors embodies aspects of this approach. Each of restricting upward growth include vibration and With 17 new stations and 16km of metro The ‘Rail plus Property’ model adopted by the 17 new stations reduces requirements to a noise from vehicle or train movement, as well lines, Copenhagen’s Cityringen is the largest Hong Kong’s MTR Corporation demonstrates minimum, with no amenities or shops within as ensuring access for maintenance and repair. construction project to take place in the city the potential for mixed-use over-station the ‘red line’. Instead, passengers make use of Weight restrictions can also limit the number of in 400 years, one that redefines how people development on a large scale. New stations existing urban assets, whether a shop or café. storeys permitted. Subterranean expansion is move around the city. Features include and the developments on or around them The stations have also provided the city with also possible, with notable examples in Canada, skylights that bring natural light down into comprise residential, commercial, retail and 17 new public spaces at ground level further Singapore, South Korea, China and Japan, the station, while distinctive internal facades local amenity uses. More than half of the benefiting the local neighbourhoods.39 although again the engineering challenge and reflect the local identity of the areas they network’s stations feature above-station costs are a limitation. connect to. Various design strategies also developments, totalling more than 13 million As conventional thresholds blur, porous stations helped to reduce the overall footprint of m2 of floor area.38 MTR also benefits from should in effect ‘borrow’ and incorporate assets Another approach is to future-proof new the underground stations to roughly 64m x increases in property values that accompany and spaces that are external to them, both developments by covering the station and 20m. The new line ensures that a majority of new stations, using revenue to fund network at street level and below grade. The Umeda adjacent tracks with a station ‘box’ or with Copenhagen’s residents will be within 600 operations and future developments as well underground mall complex in central Osaka decking.41 Estimates show that at Clapham metres of a train or metro station. as sharing profits with developers. MTR has connects two metro lines, a commuter station Junction in London, one of Europe’s busiest also applied this approach in Shenzhen, China, and a mainline hub; its combined 1,200 retail stations, decking over the station and tracks providing 1,700 apartments and 10,000m2 of stores and restaurants service an average of could create 41 acres of land for development.42 retail space above and around a rail depot. 400,000 users every day.40 On a smaller scale, the inclusion of digital departure boards or In future, data on spatial utilisation across the ticketing services in nearby shops can extend day or week will allow station operators to the functional reach of a station. Redundant understand user flow in real time. This could transport land will also provide an opportunity enable a flexible approach to station space if for station operators to work with development combined with adaptable design. Existing retail partners to create a beneficial precinct that tenants, for example, could ‘open’ their shop integrates with and complements the station.

36 37 CHAPTER 3 Data on spatial utilisation across the day or week will allow station Key takeaways operators to understand user flow in real time. This could enable a flexible approach to station space if combined with adaptable design.

fronts and claim available space, supporting variety in the station offer and increasing retail density. A flexible design strategy DESTINATION Spaces and amenities should create a sense of destination with a is evident at Elizabeth de Portzamparc’s dynamic offer and strong local relevance attracting more and diverse scheme for the new LeBourget metro station user groups. Use spatial distinctions including separate floors and in Paris, which embeds a concept of ‘total circulation routes to avoid competing people flows. flex’, including platforms that can expand in height and length, and partially in width.43 NEW USES Owners and operators should think beyond conventional station The adaptation of existing but underused uses to incorporate convenient amenities and non-commercial or spaces can provide further areas for stations civic functions. These can benefit from a station’s strategic location to expand their offer. Viaduct undercrofts, and add social value. for example, are often neglected and can attract antisocial behaviour and vandalism. An Arup research project, Under the CONTEXT Design that explores a more symbiotic and permeable relationship Viaduct, found alternative uses for these with a station’s context will help to maximise value, healthy choices spaces to turn them into places of value, and incorporate or complement existing local assets. including community or pop-up uses, planting schemes to improve biodiversity, and climbing walls. A project in Moscow FLEXIBLE SPACE Flexible spaces can serve multiple programmes over time, and by Snøhetta and Strelka Architects has seen designers should embed adaptability from the start. This will reduce the Krymsky Overpass transformed from the cost of future station adaptation and accommodate a changing an abandoned car park into a colourful all- transport offer. weather skate park.44 These approaches can also be applied on a short-term ‘meanwhile’ basis, for example during construction REUSE AND REPURPOSE Owners should maximise the reuse of redundant station spaces, phasing, or as a permanently flexible space including viaducts, ticket offices and server rooms, providing for experimentation and adaptation. capacity for a more diverse, relevant and valuable offer.

38 39 CHAPTER 4

Seamless mode and © Arup service integration

The future success of stations and their ability to attract passengers will depend on stations operating as one simplified system – keeping people, freight, deliveries and waste moving – in

a coordinated and seamless way. An increasingly flexible kerbs diverse and continually evolving mix of uses, services, modes and operators will need to be flexible and adaptable in the face of change. But priorities will remain: transit in all its forms must be enabled to perform well, and the user experience optimised to make transferring easy airport check-in and enjoyable for all.

dispersed station access

healthy streets

adaptable space

delivery collection point micro-mobility infrastructure integrated waste management

integrated freight

40 41 CASE STUDY STATION ACCESS FlexKerb Facilitating access to stations by locating space and prioritising modes. This will enable Arup’s FlexKerb concept could transform them within the heart of communities dynamic and real-time allocation of finite fixed kerbsides into dynamic, technologically rather than on the periphery will be vital street space and kerbs. In addition, as private sophisticated spaces that change function to encourage the uptake of sustainable car ownership falls, so will the need for throughout the day and week in response to transport modes. Those accessing city vehicle parking provision; therefore, parking local policy and user demand. They would stations will benefit from the redistribution facilities can be repurposed as pick-up points. directly support the introduction of connected of street space to people, shorter first- and and autonomous vehicles on to urban road last-leg connections, safe journeys for Acceleration in the uptake of shared and networks by maintaining an optimal supply active modes and a high-quality public low-emission mobility, such as e-bikes of kerb space for the loading and unloading realm. Establishing safe connections to the and e-scooters, together with the need to of people and goods, while prioritising the station for walking and cycling – whether de-clutter spaces for pedestrians and maintain human scale and place-making function of underground, via the forecourt, at grade or security, will require stations to incorporate city streets. elevated above and through buildings – is innovative parking, docking and charging important, particularly as new modes infrastructure. Underground facilities are developed, such as e-scooters and integrated into the station and neighbourhood autonomous vehicles. This could be achieved fabric – such as Utrecht Centraal station’s through design interventions that link 12,500-space cycle garage45 and Tokyo’s existing infrastructure, or requirements for Kasai metro station’s 9,400-space automated private developers to provide high-quality subterranean parking facility46 – could be pedestrian links in return for bonus floor area. powered via renewable energy and supported by induction- or solar-powered ReCharge As new modes of transport, such as Parklets47 and designated geo-fenced autonomous vehicles, increase in variety zones. As the number of shared mobility and number, the application of emerging providers expands, stations will need to technology to streets and places promises an work with them to manage and monitor integrated network approach to managing their fleets to operate as a unified system.

12,500 cycle spaces integrated into Ultrecht Central Station’s underground.

9,400 cycle space automated subterranean parking facility at Tokyo Kasai metro station. © ARUP

42 43 MOVEMENT THROUGH THE STATION

Flexible design and planning of the core multiple modes and operators. Supported area layout of stations – informed by by personalised navigation features, and real-time data responding to demand (see live data, passengers will be able to section 2) – can facilitate seamless traffic compare prices, travel times and options movement. Separation of routes based on for shared mobility. Over time, through speed, convenient spatial links between the application of artificial intelligence modes, and synchronisation of service with machine learning linked into real- LinedPhoto, Unsplash LinedPhoto, Antonio Barroro, Unsplash Barroro, Antonio © delivery will all enhance ease of use. The time data affecting trips, personalised © removal of gate lines will also support suggestions will be possible for the best faster and easier interchange, and spatial option available at the time of travel. permeability more broadly. Here, passenger CASE STUDY screen doors could work to demarcate EFFICIENT AND FLEXIBLE SYSTEMS CASE STUDY PATH, Toronto platform space, in addition to keeping station In-town check-in, Hong Kong users safe. At one extreme, platforms could Future stations will embrace emerging PATH is the world’s largest underground be integrated directly into the public realm, data-driven technologies to make transport The service allows passengers to use an pedestrian walkway network, comprising dissolving the station boundary altogether. systems more efficient and flexible and Octopus smart card or Airport Express ticket 30km of walkways that link 1,200 shops, improve the passenger experience. This to check-in for their flights at the train station, restaurants and services, and ten subway Where appropriate, stations need to work includes sensing systems, feedback loops and between 90 minutes and sometimes up to and LRT stations. Complete with its own with mobility providers to ensure ease of machine-learning engines that respond to a day in advance. Passengers can check-in wayfinding system, it is used by over transfer on to cycle-friendly public transport, transport demand. Coupling these technologies bags at either of the centrally located stations 200,000 commuters on an average business designing circulation routes that allow with autonomous systems promises for no additional fee. More than 60 airlines day, providing direct access to more than 50 people to cycle or scoot straight on to the significant time saving and convenience offer the service. office buildings. onward mode. Cyclists can already do this in for customers through reduced waiting and Amsterdam when catching the ferry across disembarkation times, and more personalised the IJ river to Amsterdam Noord48, and in services; a hierarchy of users can also be Copenhagen where commuter trains have built in, i.e. prioritising buses at peak times. dedicated cycle carriages equipped with storage racks. Similarly, priority boarding Automated systems and flexible routing together with step-free access will assist can also offer enhanced station capacity pushchair and wheelchair users. In the case and optimisation of assets. Riccarton Bus of new electric modes, innovative design Terminal in Christchurch, New Zealand approaches will be needed to make sure for example, allocates platforms in real- people are aware of vehicle proximity, given time enabling a more compact design a reduction in conventional acoustic cues. and reduced walk times for passengers, while optimising platform utilisation. The launch of ‘mobility as a service’ (MaaS) platforms, bringing together all Despite increased efficiency, stations mobility providers on to one subscription- will still need to integrate spaces and based payment and booking platform, will facilities for people to wait and linger, allow users to easily change between combining functionality and comfort.

44 45 CASE STUDY PERSONAL DELIVERY SERVICES AND OPERATIONS AND LOGISTICS SYSTEMS Strawinskylaan cycle park, AIRPORT CHECK-IN FACILITIES To meet increasing demand for convenience, Previous attempts to integrate freight and Netherlands stations will need to integrate new services other services into existing stations and Designed by wUrck Architects, the to attract, accommodate and retain their networks – through trials of night- Strawinskylaan cycle park provides 3,750 users and meet demand from the station time deliveries or freight carriages added spaces with direct access to Amsterdam neighbourhood. The proliferation of to passenger trains – have compromised Zuid station. It is the largest underground click-and-collect services and lockers in passenger journeys or been commercially cycle park in the city. In line with municipal stations indicates that they are already non-viable for reasons of scale. Indeed, strategy objectives, the parking provides becoming hubs for personal deliveries. cities including Houston and Chicago are sustainable and easy access to the public The 2018 decision to install Amazon actively working to remove the legacy of rail transport node while increasing the quality Lockers in nearly 1,000 French train stations freight from city centres, de-coupling them of the public space. The parking is part is perhaps the largest single roll-out to from passenger networks and roadways to of a redevelopment of the former Vifhoek date.49 Retailers are also now offering to improve safety and reduce congestion.54 Park, under which it is located. Pedestrians receive packages on behalf of individuals, access the cycle park via a short tunnel with substantially reducing failed delivery rates However, with the development of a wide staircase, located opposite the station for logistics companies. Developments in autonomous, real-time and dynamic entrance, avoiding having to the cross the additive manufacturing and the availability systems, combined with the impetus for busy cycle path. of 3D printers at stations will enable cities to look for innovative solutions to some components to be produced onsite, the exponential growth in e-commerce removing the need for transportation. activity, there is the potential to engage future stations and new modes in reducing As well as offering more services for the land-based congestion. For high-speed rail receipt of goods, stations of the future will or commuter services, advanced robotics provide services to free people of goods – and tray technology could transfer goods and support the uptake of public transport from transit to station during the wait time in the process. To relieve customers of at platforms. Thereafter, predictive analytics, carrying luggage on public transport IoT and smart-tracking technology could be or opting for a taxi to avoid the trouble, employed to transport the goods through the more stations will have airport check-in station and on to the last leg of their journey. facilities, as already available in Hong Kong,50 Abu Dhabi,51 Taipei 52 and Seoul.53 All emerging Hyperloop designs also include provision for light urban freight, Stations might also offer automated or whether in separate pods using the same human concierge services, providing network as passengers, integrated in the delivery of a personal item – such as a belly of trains as in aircraft, or as separate pushchair or sports gear – to a designated carriages. (There is debate, however, as location at a selected time, enabling to whether Hyperloop presents a genuine passengers to enjoy easier onward journeys. alternative to mass air travel or merely a new mode of expensive, luxury transport). © Jan de Vries

46 47 WASTE AND RECYCLING SYSTEMS CHAPTER 4 In committing to carbon neutral station Pressure from increasingly environmentally Key takeaways environments, priority will be given to last-leg aware citizens, combined with potentially deliveries by foot, cargo/e-cargo cycles, and greater waste production within stations, models that leverage existing movements, means that stations need to embrace networks and spaces, i.e. freight-on-transport circular economy principles and consider and informal logistics models enabling peer-to- waste as a resource. Sophisticated smart 55 peer deliveries. Stations will need to actively waste systems will reduce waste going to HEALTHY STREETS City authorities and station owners should invest in high-quality manage the integration of land-based droids landfill by using localised recycling and active travel links and public realm improvements in and around such as the Starship Delivery Bot, as well as composting systems, together with smart the station precinct, making it part of a porous walkable urban 56 protecting air rights for the use of drones. hold systems that reduce the number of environment. waste pick-up trips where relevant. With logistics centres being squeezed out of many cities because of high rents, some stations could Smart monitoring and use of data will MICROMOBILITY Station design should aim to integrate parking, charging and docking use existing networks and evolve into micro- enable station managers to understand and INFRASTRUCTURE infrastructure and end of trip facilities, supporting the uptake of low- consolidation centres. For example, the Chapelle manage tenant and customer requirements, carbon and active modes. International logistics hotels project in Paris and procurement strategies will promote offers a combination of railway shuttle and road integrated delivery and waste management transport to move goods into the city centre in systems to limit trip activity, including FLEXIBLE KERBS Integration of dynamic kerbside systems and flexible charging with 57 an efficient and environmentally friendly way. throughout construction periods. In London, local mobility-as-a-service platforms will help operators prioritise, However, any considered approach to passenger- the Bond Street Waste Consolidation Project manage and optimise value from pick-up and drop-off zones. freight integration will need to be made on a reduced waste service providers operating city-by-city basis, determined by legacy systems in the street from 47 to five, cutting vehicle 58 and the extent of the congestion challenge. movements from 144 to nine trips a day. SEAMLESS TRANSFERS Improvements to the transfer experience through circulation design, service synchronisation and mobility-as-a-service platforms, will encourage (faster) interchange and an optimal journey.

EFFICIENT AND FLEXIBLE Investment in automated transit systems, flexible routing and SYSTEMS dynamic platform allocation will enhance station and modal capacity.

PERSONAL ITEMS AND Station design should integrate new personal pick-up and drop-off GOODS services including drone and robot delivery and airport check-in facilities to meet demand for convenience and baggage-free travel.

INTEGRATED SOLUTIONS The coordinated (automated) and relevant movement of freight, waste and people into station environments and via existing transport networks could alleviate land-based congestion.

48 49 CHAPTER 5 Catalysts for sustainability and resilience

transparent solar panels

The transport sector is the fastest-growing contributor to climate emissions,59 the result of increased energy use by land transport globally, including cars, and by growth in freight transport. Mass and shared transit have a considerable role to play in providing a sustainable mobility future through renewable, electric or hydrogen- powered vehicles, greater energy efficiency and lower resource use. The contribution of stations to prefabricated timber last mile e-mobility structures hydrogen train achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals is also significant: their scale, strategic locations and high throughput make them valuable sites to help improve the environmental sustainability of the urban realm and add to its resilience.

integrated green spaces

storm water park

regenerative braking systems

50 51 Fulton Centre, New York New Centre, Fulton of a similar type. asimilar of arrangement ofarrangement hundreds of aluminium storeys below ground. More than 50% of of 50% than More ground. below storeys building abaseline with compared savings weekdays. on passengers 300,000 serving first Metropolitan Transit Authority station station Authority Transit Metropolitan first renewable sources. renewable four up to light natural reflect that mirrors underground stations and 11 subway lines, 11 lines, and subway stations underground 2014, was one of the first transit centres in centres transit first 2014, the of one was CASE STUDY water savings (through tactics such as as such tactics (through savings water the electricity used in the station is from from is station the in used electricity the six combines complex The it. to achieve the is and certification, LEED to seek US the from the ‘sky reflector net’, a suspended net’, suspended a reflector ‘sky the from Its LEED Silver status is the result of 40% 40% of result the is status Silver LEED Its 52 New York’s Fulton Centre, completed in in completed Centre, York’sNew Fulton low-flow plumbing fixtures) and 25% energy energy and 25% fixtures) plumbing low-flow by the increased daylight levels resulting resulting levels daylight increased the by CC-BY Metropolitan Transportation Authority of the State of New York 60 Energy savings are helped energy reduce to be should goal first The ventilation. while allowing cool breezes into the station. the into breezes cool allowing while from intelligent AHU and HVAC and systems AHU intelligent from in Advances projects. station retrofitted and new both to applicable are and lighting, and demands. energy future stations’ to add around expectations consumer growing and can support demand reduction, with tactics tactics with reduction, demand support can to likely also are accessibility and comfort transportation internal and lighting control, of climate terms in energy considerable controls could help reduce energy use in in use energy reduce help could controls of Casablanca’s Casa Port station achieves achieves station Port of Casablanca’s Casa design Passive use. resource and demand optimise the performance of multiple building building of multiple performance the optimise Stations’ spatial qualities make them prone to to prone them make qualities spatial Stations’ including building orientation, thermal thermal orientation, building including fluctuations climate global footprint, station in lighting. Research suggests that intelligent intelligent that suggests Research lighting. Intelligent building control systems can help to to help can systems control building Intelligent space, porous building envelope, high ceilings, ceilings, high envelope, building porous space, station buildings by as much as 40%. as much by as buildings station intelligence artificial and technology sensor HVAC, distribution power including systems, Increases escalators). and (such lifts as systems gains, efficiency further deliver to promise this by providing shade from direct sunlight sunlight direct from shade by providing this mashrabiya, the permeable west-facing façade façade west-facing permeable the mashrabiya, natural and of daylight use the and mass, high energy use. energy high high occupancy and 24/7 operation requires requires operation 24/7 and occupancy high based on real-time occupancy to adaptive adaptive to occupancy real-time on based IMPROVED ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE 62

Inspired by traditional by traditional Inspired 61

floor large Typically, their 64 63 ‘linear’ take-make-use-dispose pattern, towards York’s Fulton Centre contained recycled recycled York’s contained Centre Fulton The circular economy challenges this this challenges economy circular The viable material options, with innovations innovations with options, material viable (sustainable consumption and production). and consumption (sustainable future material recovery encourages the the encourages recovery material future and recovery the supports for disassembly’ generated. 25-30% waste offor about all enhanced. This approach is also a key tenet tenet akey also is approach This enhanced. absorbing concrete additives increasing increasing additives concrete absorbing and designed are assets where a system content and were sourced locally. sourced were and content account waste demolition and construction and pollution ecosystem emissions, carbon by high characterised are construction of UN Sustainable Development Goal 12 Goal Development Sustainable of UN Station design that reduces total material use use material total reduces that design Station Innovations in construction methods and and methods construction in Innovations Recycled concrete, steel and plastic are also also are plastic and steel concrete, Recycled such as recycled plastic bricks and CO and bricks plastic recycled as such of second-hand use appropriate and safe for potential the station’s Designing-in life. ‘design this, Alongside paramount. be should to approaches Current sustainability. paradigm, proposing a shift from our current current our from ashift proposing paradigm, the construction materials used on New New on used materials construction the of 20% than More effectiveness. their materials in construction more broadly. more construction in materials station improve to help will materials reuse of building materials at the end of the of the end the at materials of building reuse and preserved capital natural and recycled, unsustainable water extraction; in the EU, the in extraction; water unsustainable built to be more durable, materials reused or or reused materials durable, more be to built MATERIAL CHOICES AND STRUCTURAL 2

65

66 53 CASE STUDY Flood prevention, New York Depending on the end-of-life disposal scenario, timber can result in a net-zero After Hurricane Sandy in 2012, New York’s carbon impact, while its lighter weight Metropolitan Transit Authority installed also provides opportunities to build with flood-prevention systems across its network, reduced foundations, for example, on top supported by Arup. Surface-level subway of station buildings.67 It can also be reused entrances and stairwells are one of the most and remanufactured as part of a circular vulnerable points, allowing stormwater and 68

CC-BY-SA Smiley.toerist CC-BY-SA component-based construction system. debris to flood into the network. Traditional flood-prevention techniques utilise sandbags A new generation of experimental or aluminium flood logs; however, these biomaterials also promises reduced require multiple components and are CASE STUDY environmental impact, including textiles labour intensive to assemble. Engineering Nuevo Norte, Madrid from banana fibres, mycelium-bound manufacturer ILC Dover designed a flexible construction materials, and peanut- flood-proof stairwell barrier from layers The Madrid Nuevo Norte project is revitalising based particle board. As with timber, of coated fabric and Kevlar webbing. The a 300-hectare district in the Spanish capital. novel materials such as these will need Flex-Gate sits permanently above subway At the heart of the scheme is Chamartín to satisfy stringent durability and fire entrances and can be deployed in 5-10 station – an integrated public transport and performance requirements for use in minutes. Unlike other solutions, structural high-speed rail hub. Local and regional stations, increasing the R&D challenge. reinforcement is not needed, helping to authorities, the ministry of public works, minimise costs. the national railway body, private investors, Beyond the materials themselves, modular developers and residents have collaborated construction and the use of standardised on the development, with sustainability a and prefabricated components across central tenet. The site connects to the rest a network of stations could reduce of the city by a 450,000m² ‘green corridor’ construction waste and support reuse that includes parkland, playgrounds and and repurposing. UNStudio’s Hardt Hub green spaces. Here, developers have sought concept for a proposed Hyperloop route to restore the area’s natural hydrological between Amsterdam and Frankfurt uses processes as part of a resilience approach, a modular design to organise and link including natural drainage and multiple station spaces and adapt to different stormwater management. contexts.69 The triangular modules can contain different functions – including baggage check-in, cycle parking or pocket parks – while their configuration adapts to each site, for example a small town airport or a new city-scale development. The interchangeability enabled by modular construction also supports the easier adaptation of station functions over time. © Lerone Pieters Lerone ©

54 55 HUBS OF ENERGY GENERATION AND RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE DISTRIBUTION The unique characteristics of station Beyond the building itself, transport Stations should play a central role in typologies provide multiple opportunities interchanges have the capacity to work as combating the effects of urban densification for clean energy generation. These include central nodes in district-wide energy systems, and pollution. Reducing the introduction solar power (on roofs or platform canopies), supporting new sustainable neighbourhoods. of pollutants should be the first goal, for waste heat recovery (from electric motors Multiple stations have already pioneered example by limiting onsite combustion and brakes) and near-surface geothermal district heat systems, for example, where (vehicle emissions, gas boilers, and a geotechnics (in underground tunnels).70 excess heat from various sources (i.e. transport switch to battery electric and hydrogen Albert Koch, Flickr Albert Koch,

networks, factories and data centres) is fuel cell trains), followed by measures to © Waste energy was the target of Transport combined into a single network and reused to tackle local pollution and climate effects for London’s 2015 trial of a regenerative heat local homes and businesses. In London, more generally. Green walls and roofs braking system on the Victoria Underground businesses and 1,450 homes are currently can absorb noise, provide insulation, line. Within the first seven days of the trial, powered by waste heat from the Northern reduce the urban heat island effect and, in CASE STUDY the inverter technology – which recovers Line, and the scheme could cover up to 63% of some cases, improve local air quality. Adaptive lighting, Netherlands energy from braking trains as they approach the city’s heating demand by 2050.74 Vienna a station platform – had recovered enough Hauptbahnhof in Austria successfully initiated Beyond the station building envelope, Beilen, Hoogeveen and Meppel stations electricity to power a large underground a district cooling system in 2015, locating forecourts or boundaries that feature large have installed an adaptive lighting solution station for more than two days a week.71 a refrigeration centre beneath the station’s areas of tarmac, concrete or paving provide to reduce energy consumption and address In addition to reclaiming energy, the platforms. When fully operational, the system an opportunity for multi-functional urban local concerns about light pollution. technology also reduces the amount of heat will have an output of 25MW, with the capacity spaces that are part of city-wide resilience Lighting on station platforms dims to 40% produced by braking trains, in turn reducing to cool approximately 500,000m2 GFA.75 strategies, such as stormwater management, during off-peak hours; when motion sensors demands on station climate controls.72 rainwater collection and adaptable are activated, the relevant lighting returns to Circular systems such as these are part of infrastructure. Enghave Park in Copenhagen, full brightness. Above ground, platform canopies provide a broader view of stations as key actors in Denmark, combines climate resilient city an ideal surface for solar power generation. district- or city-level systems, using their infrastructure with a multi-functional public Many station solar roofs are already in strategic locations to add value beyond their space: a tiered amphitheatre, football and operation, including at Nanjing South station transport function. This is another facet of hockey pitches are all built below grade in China, where integrated photovoltaics stations’ increased permeability and connection and can transform into surface water have an estimated 7.17MW capacity. to their context. This role will become more tanks in the event of extreme rainfall. significant given the pressures of population Station energy demands will also grow and growth on space and energy demands, and Spaces such as these provide opportunities become more complex as diverse forms of the need to radically reduce global carbon to restore natural processes and improve e-mobility become commonplace. Clean emissions. Their related function in terms of biodiversity. Plans for the public realm energy generated at the station could be transit-oriented development, regeneration around a ferry terminal in Auckland, New used to charge shared autonomous vehicles, and social mobility is discussed in section 6. Zealand, aim to reconnect people with the e-scooters and delivery drones onsite. harbour as well as supporting coastal and Microgrids and new forms of energy storage marine habitats. Here, floating pontoons that will also help to support these increased 7.17M W support kelp growth and mussel ropes will loads and distributed sources, supported capacity of the integrated help to filter and improve water quality.76 by accurate demand predictions.73 photovoltaics at Nanjing South Railway Station in China

56 57 It will be crucial for stations to remain CHAPTER 5 operational in the face of natural Key takeaways disasters or sudden shocks. This includes the integration of hostile vehicle mitigation into landscape design, and evacuation strategies that reflect more permeable station boundaries. In addition, city authorities and transport operators will want to avoid the economic

impact of closure and costs to repair ENVIRONMENTAL Station spaces can improve environmental performance with any damage from extreme weather. PERFORMANCE intelligent building control systems, low-energy lighting and renewable energy sources. Demand reduction for both energy and materials will have the biggest positive impact. As people move away from private vehicle ownership and become more reliant on shared and public systems, it will be crucial CARBON NEGATIVE Owners and operators should demonstrate a clear path towards for stations to remain operational in the face achieving carbon negative stations, including opportunities for of natural disasters or sudden shocks. This onsite renewable energy generation, including regenerative braking includes the integration of hostile vehicle systems and solar power. mitigation into landscape design, and evacuation strategies that reflect more permeable station MODULARITY boundaries. In addition, city authorities and Designs that use modular, recycled and reusable components can transport operators will want to avoid the reduce a station’s carbon footprint and limit material waste, with economic impact of closure and costs to standardised and prefabricated elements applicable across a repair any damage from extreme weather. It network of sites and spaces. is estimated that the effects of Hurricane Sandy on New York City’s transportation DISTRICT ENERGY 77 system in 2012 cost US$4.8bn to repair. SCHEMES Larger stations should consider using excess power as part of district energy schemes, providing heating, cooling or electricity Climate change will lead to an increase in locally as key actors within sustainable neighbourhoods. extreme weather events and the associated damage and disruption. Retrofitting existing transport interchanges and designing-in GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE Station perimeters should integrate green infrastructure including adequate protection and mitigation – both stormwater management, green walls and porous pavements in stations and the surrounding urban to combat the effects of pollution and urban densification and landscape – is the shared responsibility of contribute to city-wide resilience. designers, asset owners and city authorities.

58 59 CHAPTER 6 Urban regeneration and (social) mobility

integrated office and retail

Stations can act as nodes within the greater urban and mobility ecosystem by facilitating regeneration, economic vitality and social mobility. They can be drivers for inclusive and sustainable growth, and stimulate the development of vibrant, mixed-use communities.

connected hubs

high street regeneration affordable housing

estate manager’s office

60 61

CASE STUDY STRATEGIC DENSIFICATION King’s Cross and St Pancras, London Worsening congestion worldwide is costing cities The redevelopment of King’s Cross and St in terms of wasted time, increased pollution, Pancras stations together with the planned challenges with transporting goods, higher redevelopment of Euston station sought incidents of accidents, reduced productivity to move beyond a pure transit investment and increasing social inequality. In 2018, towards an integrated transport and land-use road congestion in London is estimated to approach to catalyse economic development. have cost the UK economy nearly £8bn.78 The benefits quantified included traditional © Urban Land Conservancy transport-related and economic benefits, as Stations can help to tackle urban congestion well as wider socio-economic ones. This included the capacity for future growth and promote regeneration by providing good beyond a 30-year appraisal framework, a access to public transport and by facilitating gateway for London as an attractive place transit-oriented developments (TODs), which CASE STUDY to live, work and invest, and improved can unlock housing potential alongside other Urban land conservancy, Denver connections to elsewhere in the city to uses. There are worldwide housing shortages generate future demand. The improvement to – England, for example, is forecast to need The Urban Land Conservancy (ULC) is a the pedestrian environment has been hailed 240,000-340,000 new homes a year to meet not-for-profit community land trust that as a major factor in the station becoming a population growth79 – so governments are provides affordable rental homes and destination in its own right. increasingly looking to stations as anchors for the ongoing maintenance of community facilities next generation of urban housing developments. and schools. It ensures an affordable lifestyle as well as an affordable place of residence. Previously underused areas of land can also be More than US$15m from public, private and released for development by integrating multiple not-for-profit partners has enabled the ULC transport modes at stations. For example, in to buy land near existing and planned transit Greater Mumbai, the many job centres within stations and sell building rights to partners satellite towns are connected by numerous who commit to using the land for community transport modes – suburban rail, metro, monorail, benefit. The close proximity of these to public buses, auto-rickshaws and pedestrians transport nodes also ensures services, – which all feed into suburban rail stations. facilities, education and employment opportunities are accessible to residents. As stations support the shift towards public transport in cities by investing in mass transit systems, cities need to make an effort to redevelop station areas and neighbourhoods along these mobility spines. To achieve this, land use, transport planning and investment need to be aligned. Delhi and Ahmedabad are currently doing this by introducing policies to support higher- density TODs around stations and their environs, offering good access to the mobility corridors. © Andy Gardner/Arup Andy ©

62 63 ENABLERS OF INCLUSIVE GROWTH CASE STUDY New Street Station, Birmingham The high land values around stations attract lifestyles. Land immediately outside stations investors and if station owners take on the that is less commercially attractive but still Completed in September 2015, the mantle of estate managers and developers, easily accessible can be used to support a redevelopment of Birmingham New Street they can maximise the economic and thriving community, with integrated public Station and the delivery of a new retail centre commercial value of their assets. This unlocks services such as well-being centres, training within it has revitalised that part of the city development potential and long-term value hubs or police stations. Enabled through centre, stimulated regeneration and created creation through a dynamic mix of uses and public ownership and/or public-private new jobs. Led by Birmingham City Council, multi-functional spaces, establishing synergies partnerships, these hubs could promote the station was intended to maximise wider with adjoining sites and developments cross-sector collaboration for enhanced economic development and regeneration that benefit from station connectivity. community well-being (see section 3). arising from investment in High Speed 2 in Stations can provide many employment the nearby Curzon Station. The changes to Stations can also catalyse outward investment, prospects: from construction and development, the layout of the station have transformed it where surrounding communities can benefit to operation and service provision. And, of into a regenerative marketplace and gateway from investment in utilities, infrastructure and course, as transport hubs, they offer access for the city, unlocking neighbourhood services in the stations’ precincts. King’s Cross to opportunities beyond the neighbourhood. connectivity and enhancing and St Pancras in London and Birmingham Stations also have a role in enabling pedestrian permeability. New Street are good examples of station businesses of all sizes to flourish. For developments as epicentres of growth. example, in the UK, stations work with local Business Improvement Districts to Measures need to be in place to ensure that create thriving mixed-use communities, existing communities do not get pushed out where small innovators can succeed from redevelopment projects around stations, alongside larger more established firms, but benefit from them. The goal should go and existing local businesses with high beyond affordable housing to affordable social value are given the chance to thrive.

£8bn cost to the UK economy from road congestion in London

340,000 new homes a year need to be built a year in England to meet population growth CC-BY Paul Hudson Paul CC-BY

64 65 STATION IDENTITY REGIONAL AND SOCIAL CONNECTIVITY

Stations are often the first and last impression of Stations have a growing role in promoting local a place; they serve a central role in developing urban mobility and meeting the needs of urban the identity, and shaping the perceptions, centres, by connecting previously disjointed of the city. Emphasis may be placed on districts and improving access to opportunities. architectural value, such as New York’s Leeds station in the UK, for example, developed striking World Trade Centre transportation a growth strategy as part of a requirement for hub, designed by architect Santiago Calatrava. all High Speed 2 stations. This looked first at Code83, Pixabay Code83, © Baycrest, Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Baycrest, © the needs of the city to determine its function © Alternatively, the life cycle of stations can be and typology that, in turn, would unlock and used to instil local and cultural identity through optimise economic and social mobility.81 design to generate a stronger sense of place, as CASE STUDY seen in the Metroselskabet’s Cool Construction Long-term growth plans for cities and regions CASE STUDY Transit Oriented Development, initiative in Copenhagen, that turns construction necessitate locally-specific but regionally- Free public transport, Luxembourg Guangdong site hoardings into temporary public spaces for integrated development, and for that, they the benefit of neighbours and passers-by.80 need to be physically well connected. This will Luxembourg is set to become the first To remain globally competitive, while meeting It may be more appropriate for some stations become more important as inter-regional travel country to make public transport free. Initially regional and local needs, Guangdong’s to embed themselves into their locality, promises to become faster with the expansion of it was free for children and young people Foshan City is using 104km of metro links to taking account of context and local issues. high speed rail globally, or even the introduction under the age of 20, but by 2020 it will be string together its townships and urban areas Martin Place in Sydney, for example, has been of new modes such as Hyperloop. Models such free to all. Fares on trains, trams and buses through the development of 52 stations. Five designed to integrate with the historic heritage as those used in the Foshan Transit Oriented will be lifted in an effort to curb some of the different models and associated land uses of its environments, as well as providing Development project in China could be worst congestion in the world. More than have been developed with the intention that new commercial and public spaces, and adopted and adapted for different locations. 180,000 people living in France, Belgium these can be adapted in accordance with the opening up new pathways across the city. and Germany cross the border to work local needs of each place: new city model; in Luxembourg, increasing the country’s industrial/community integrated model; TODs may take the form of decking over population by almost a third. synergistic model; interchange hub model; stations, building alongside a transit line, or and connection enhancement model. throughout a broader neighbourhood. But in By developing in a radial, open all cases, the design chosen to unite the station manner, stations become permeable with its surroundings should create vibrancy environments that people walk during the day and a sense of safety at night. through into the urban fabric and By developing in a radial, open manner, network of green spaces further stations become permeable environments that people walk through into the urban fabric and afield. As extensions of city streets, network of green spaces further afield. As guides such as the Healthy Streets extensions of city streets, guides such as the indicators could be equally applied to Healthy Streets indicators could be equally applied to stations, with a focus on elevating stations, with a focus on elevating the the pedestrian experience for all users. pedestrian experience for all users.

66 67 NON-FARE FUNDING AND FINANCING CHAPTER 6 MECHANISMS The benefits of stations go well beyond the tool used in the Hudson Yards TOD in Key takeaways provision of transport. Initiatives such as New York – to forward-fund investment the UK Rail Safety and Standards Board’s and stimulate economic activity. Common Social Impact Framework for Alternative non-fare revenue streams Rail measures its social impact value can also be pursued through different as a system. As these wider social, development models, such as the Station economic and environmental benefits Redevelopment Programme adopted are recognised, governments and local by India Railways that uses a ‘hybrid authorities may rethink their budget model’ where stations are developed, but planning and benefits appraisals and seek commercial land is monetised separately. NEIGHBOURHOOD Station environments should integrate with the personalities of the opportunities for cross-sector financing. INTEGRATION cities in which they are located; public spaces should seek ways to Stations could capture financial returns as express the local identity and adapt to changes over time. Station developments stimulate a rise in the uses and functions of stations evolve. property values, and stations will capture With the integration of space-as-a-service and redistribute land value uplift for the models, stations could develop innovative INCLUSIVE GROWTH City authorities should adopt inclusive growth strategies and social benefit of the community. Stations can usage-based charges, licensing and fees, equity tools to ensure urban regeneration potential is optimised, and look to alternative financing models such and cross-subsidisation through targeted that the existing community is the primary benefactor. as tax increment financing – the primary premium offers from both people and goods.

DYNAMIC VALUE Stations should seek ways to dynamically capture and create value CREATION from their assets and from adjoining sites to promote long-term financial sustainability – whether as developers, estate managers or as catalysts for investment.

NEW REVENUE STREAMS The evolution of the mobility landscape, new station uses and the ability to quantify savings through investment provides opportunities for new revenue streams and cross-sector funding.

CONNECTED NETWORK Stations should be viewed as part of an integrated and connected network of hubs, where the core objectives and functions of each station are identified to optimise investment.

ONE GOVERNING BODY All strategic functions – including social, economic and environmental factors as well as mobility – should be streamlined into one governing body coordinating decisions across a consistent geography.

68 69 COVID-19 Adapting in times of a global pandemic

While public transport has been hailed as “Our current situation offers us a the most environmentally and economically chance to explore the most significant sustainable mobility solution, COVID-19 nearly brought the system to a halt. Yet, transport behaviour change since the throughout the pandemic and even during mass-produced private car became a stringent lockdowns, public transport remained reality. It’s time for an informed debate, an essential piece of civic infrastructure for many. This has led to the rapid adoption of new to review our priorities and develop a hygiene and safety measures and innovations shared vision for the future of our public to keep the network operational and safe. Meanwhile, many transitioned to personal transit networks.’’ cars or active and micro-mobility options Richard de Cani including cycling and walking. As restrictions Global Planning Leader reduced passenger numbers the amount of goods being transported increased, challenging existing freight and logistics networks. network beyond immediate emergency responses and solutions. Similarly, mitigation responses As we transition into a world where life can play an important part in a green recovery amidst a pandemic may be the new normal, and a longer-term shift towards more sustainable, we ask ourselves how our society and the integrated and inclusive transport systems. systems we depend upon can adapt and build Every disruption, while challenging, brings the resilience to future shocks. It will be essential opportunity to rethink the status quo and make to find solutions that strike a balance between the necessary changes towards a better future. human, economic and planetary health. In some ways the specific COVID-19 responses The following interactive illustration in transport can be seen as a reflection outlines the specific implications of and a fast-forward to the visions of future the pandemic for station environments, stations described in the previous chapters. ranging from temporary interventions to long-term adaptation. It addresses crowd Pandemic induced lifestyle changes and management, hygiene and sanitation, active technological advances will create longer term mobility and logistics and finally the shifts that will shape stations and the transport emergence of new uses and adaptations. Photo by Victor He

70 71

74 © Luca Bravo Welcome the future to

Those not travelling are attracted by a quiet, by aquiet, attracted are travelling not Those evolving adiverse, is station future The for all ages and abilities where needed. needed. where abilities and ages for all Pedestrian hubs. and networks multiple from movement of continuous aplace It is fabric. amenities city and services for public appear when and where needed, before before needed, where and when appear and demand, to responding autonomously aday. hours 24 interaction, and city. of aplace It is the part porous and convenient and accessible environment. and into move freely and e-bikes charged flow. two-way acontinuous in city ofout the fully- on hop Cyclists realm. public of the another, one around of, and above out location astrategic and of interchange, in a location that best suits their onward onward their suits best that alocation in journey, whether next to an underground underground an to next whether journey, station Interchange between transport modes is is modes transport between Interchange Pick-up points for autonomous vehicles vehicles for autonomous Pick-up points into, circulate modes transport Multiple seamless. High-speed passengers arrive arrive passengers High-speed seamless. data real-time combines that layer sensing people. Travellers are guided by a digital by adigital guided are Travellers people. that dissolve into the surrounding urban urban surrounding the into dissolve that metro or among the green spaces and shops shops and spaces green the among or metro of experience flow and the maximising reverting to a walkable streetscape. streetscape. awalkable to reverting support personalised with intuitive, are routes VISION

economy the environment, the benefits This owners, station operators, city, transport The of because succeeds station future The of its heart the is station future The with diverse, is of users community The well as commuters, while a community arts arts acommunity while commuters, as well for travel, the future station is a catalyst for acatalyst is station future the for travel, a resilient, sustainable and inclusive city. inclusive and sustainable a resilient, aplatform just than Rather people. local and and amenities of complementary advantage developers and local communities work work communities local and developers are that materials sustainable of modular, into out extending arteries with district, throughout contracting and expanding demand, integration, investment and partnership. partnership. and investment integration, space for people to explore, innovate and and innovate explore, to for people space provides and audiences new attracts space and desire to responds space Retail services. part of a continuous cycle of use and reuse. reuse. and cycle of use of acontinuous part together to design, assemble and evolve a and assemble design, to together made-up is fabric its and it produces, than Acircular neighbourhood. surrounding the experiences. for local guides to plans travel as locals to caters centre day.the Ahealth make. A human presence supports all station station all supports presence Ahuman make. reciprocal relationship of uses and functions. functions. and of uses relationship reciprocal energy less It consumes goods. and heat power, renewable distributes network resource taking visitors and students workers, residents, users, from the provision of personalised of personalised provision the from users,

75

TICKETLESS AND BARRIER FREE INCLUSIVE WAYFINDING Vanishing boundaries Accomodating different uses

5G connectivity, facial recognition, Wayfinding through the station secure digital passports and will combine digital and analogue faster data processing speeds layers to support navigation by a will simplify ticketing and payment broad spectrum of users. This will even further, supporting gateless range from intuitive graphics and transport hubs. This will enable colour zoning to embedded digital seamless connectivity between signage. Circulation spaces will modes and blur the boundaries vary to benefit different groups, between the city and the station. including children and wheelchair users.

DIGITAL TWIN SPACES FOR WELLBEING Real-time demand management Active design

Digital twins of transport networks Stations will integrate spaces will enable greater efficiency by that support users’ mental and combining multiple digital models physical wellbeing, including into a single integrated system. safe and convenient cycling A control centre will help to and pedestrian routes. Nature monitor, predict and alert station will be brought into the station, operators to any issues, as well while redundant spaces will be as autonomously responding – repurposed for community use, whether deploying cleanbots, including climbing walls, medical increasing metro frequency or centres and creative hubs. balancing energy consumption.

78 79 PERSONAL ASSSISTANCE INTEGRATED MICRO-MOBILITY Automation and human touch Seamless cycle transfers

A human presence will combine Active modes will be prioritised with digital systems to provide in and around station spaces the best of both: emotional and and transport networks. Cycle physical support when needed, routes will extend from the city to and monitoring and efficiency the platform, with the integration optimisation at the whole-station of bike storage within carriages level. This will support individual standardised across networks to autonomy and customer ease transfer. experiences.

FLEXIBLE STATIONS RENEWABLE CHARGING Spaces that evolve over time On-site energy generation

Flexible spaces will allow the fast Stations will integrate renewable adaptation of station environments energy generation where informed by predictive systems. relevant. This will help to power Cafes could expand to make use their own operations, connect of underutilised concourse space to on-site charging points for during quieter periods, while electric cars, scooters and adaptable platforms could be bicycles, and form part of remodelled over time as ridership district-wide energy networks. numbers change.

80 81 REFERENCES REFERENCES

1. Arup (2019) Designing an elegant and efficient transport hub around the intuition of its users [Online]. Available at: https://www.arup. 27. Ibid. p23 com/projects/arnhem-central-station 28. Ibid. p44 2. ITF (2019) ITF Transport Outlook 2019, OECD Publishing, Paris. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1787/transp_outlook-en-2019-en 29. Cambridge Centre for Smart Infrastructure and Construction (2016) Integration of sensing technologies in the London Bridge Station 3. Land Transport Authority (2017) Enhancing physical accessibility for all [Online]. Available at: https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltaweb/ redevelopment project [Online]. Available at: https://www-smartinfrastructure.eng.cam.ac.uk/whatwedo/projects/phse-1-project-archive en/public-transport/system-design/enhancing-physical-accessibility-for-all.html 30. Rail Delivery Group (2018) Rail industry seeks ‘root and branch reform’ of rail fares regulation [Online]. Available at: https://www. 4. Martinez, J (2018) Increase in Female Leadership Within MTA, Spectrum news, New York. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ny1.com/ raildeliverygroup.com/media-centre/press-releases/2018/469773920-2018-05-08.html nyc/all-boroughs/news/2018/10/05/female-leadership-in-mta 31. APTA (2019) 2019 Public Transportation Fact Book, American Public Transportation Association, Washington. [Report]. Available at: 5. AV Technology Europe (2019) Smart Building Conference calls for ‘human-centric’ approach. [Online] Available at: https://www. https://www.apta.com/wp-content/uploads/APTA_Fact-Book-2019_FINAL.pdf installation-international.com/ise-daily/smart-building-conference-calls-for-human-centric-approach 32. Berti, A. (2018) Train stations: the new shopping Meccas? Railway Technology [Online]. Available at: https://www.railway-technology. 6. Halper, M (2017) Jet-lagged? Stop by the circadian lighting lounge at Oslo Airport, LEDs Magazine. [Online]. Available at: https://www. com/features/train-stations-new-shopping-meccas/ ledsmagazine.com/articles/2017/12/jet-lagged-stop-by-the-circadian-lighting-lounge-at-oslo-airport.html 33. Ibid. 7. Difurio, G., Schmidt, B. (2018) Lighting as a Human-Centric Design, Aviation Pros [Online]. Available at: https://www.aviationpros. 34. PwC (2018) Global Consumer Insights Survey 2018 [Report]. Available online at: https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/industries/ com/airports/article/12413803/lighting-as-a-humancentric-design consumermarkets/consumer-insights-survey/2018/survey.html. p6 8. Railway Technology (2013) Ergonomic design: how behavioural science is changing London Bridge Station [Online]. Available at: 35. Arup (2017) Under the Viaduct: Neglected spaces no longer [Report]. Available at: https://www.arup.com/perspectives/publications/ https://www.railway-technology.com/features/featurelondon-bridge-station-ergonomics-wayfinding-ccd-design/ research/section/under-the-viaduct. p7 9. Richarz, A. (2018) The Amazing Psychology of Japanese Train Stations, CityLab. [Online]. Available at: https://www.citylab.com/ 36. Francis, R., Salveson, P. (2018) Community Stations: Innovative community uses for railway stations and land, Rail Delivery Group transportation/2018/05/the-amazing-psychology-of-japanese-train-stations/560822/ [Report]. Available at: https://communityrail.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/ACoRP-Community-Stations-Document-web.pdf 10. Block, A. (2018) Berlin’s Hermannstrasse station to trial anxiety-inducing music in bid to reduce crime, Dezeen. [Online]. Available at: 37. Ibid https://www.dezeen.com/2018/08/21/hermannstrasse-station-berlin-music-reduce-crime/ 38. Leong, L. (2016) The ‘Rail plus Property’ model: Hong Kong’s successful self-financing formula, McKinsey & Company [Online].Available 11. Beaujean, M., Davidson, J., Madge, S. (2006) The ‘moment of truth’ in customer service, McKinsey & Company. [Online]. Available at: at: https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our-insights/the-rail-plus-property-model https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/organization/our-insights/the-moment-of-truth-in-customer-service 39. Copenhagen Metro [Website] Available at: https://intl.m.dk/travel-information/m3-cityringen/ 12. Optibus (2019) Le service optiguide, [Online]. Available at: https://www.optibus.fr/8-Le-service-Optiguide.html 40. Whity Umeda [Website] Available at: https://osaka-info.jp/en/page/whity-umeda 13. Bannenberg, P., van Dijk, W., Klaasse, K (2013) Barneveld Noord / NL Architects, ArchDaily [Online]. Available at: https://www. 41. Hanna, K., Bosetti, N. (2017) Ideas above your station: Exploring the potential for developments at London’s stations, Centre for Cities, archdaily.com/442757/barneveld-noord-nl-architects London [Report]. Available at: https://www.centreforlondon.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Centre-for-London_Over-Station- 14. Upton, L. (2014) Innovations shaping the future of rail and metro, SmartRail World [Online]. Available at: https://www.smartrailworld. Development-2017-.pdf com/it-and-wifi/the-top-10-innovations-that-are-shaping-the-future-of-rail-and-metro 42. Ibid. p71 15. Hitti, N. (2019) Google offers “scientific proof that design is important” with A Space for Being, Dezeen [Online]. Available at: https:// 43. Elizabeth de Portzamparc, Railway Station of Le Bourget [Website] Available at: http://www.elizabethdeportzamparc.com/en/project/ www.dezeen.com/2019/04/10/google-milan-design-week-a-space-for-being-installation-neuroaesthetic-design/ railway-station-of-le-bourget/snøhetta/strelka KB (2018) snøhetta + strelka KB convert abandoned passage under moscow bridge 16. Asia Times (2019) Full speed to 5G in Shanghai’s giant rail hub [Online] Available at: https://www.asiatimes.com/2019/02/article/full- into skate park, Designboom [Online]. Available at: https://www.designboom.com/architecture/snohetta-strelka-kb-skate-park- speed-to-5g-in-shanghais-giant-rail-hub/ moscow-11-01-2018/ 17. Waring, J. (2018) HKT, Huawei prepare HK train line for 5G, Mobile World Live [Online]. Available at: https://www.mobileworldlive.com/ 44. snøhetta/strelka KB (2018) snøhetta + strelka KB convert abandoned passage under moscow bridge into skate park, Designboom featured-content/asia-home-banner/hkt-huawei-prepare-hk-train-line-for-5g/ [Online]. Available at: https://www.designboom.com/architecture/snohetta-strelka-kb-skate-park-moscow-11-01-2018/ 18. Dobush, G. (2018) Is Germany actually ahead of the game on 5G?, Handelsblatt [Online]. Available at: https://www.handelsblatt. 45. City of Utrecht, Bicycle parking Stationsplein [Website]. Available at: https://www.utrecht.nl/city-of-utrecht/mobility/cycling/ com/today/companies/connectivity-is-germany-actually-ahead-of-the-game-on-5g/23583706.html?ticket=ST-64301- bicycleparking/bicycle-parking-stationsplein/ 14SYVaNp6WZaoIcG6f4U-ap3 46. O’Donoghue, J. (2017) Going electric: Celebrating Japan’s powerful e-bikes, Japan Times, Tokyo. [Online]. Available at: https://www. 19. Vivion, N. (2016) Massive growth ahead as travelers consider international rail travel in Europe, Sabre [Online]. Available at: https:// japantimes.co.jp/life/2017/11/18/lifestyle/going-electric-celebrating-japans-powerful-e-bikes/#.XHQRYej7RaQ www.sabre.com/insights/massive-growth-ahead-as-travelers-consider-international-rail-travel-in-europe/ 47. Arup (2018) ‘ReCharge Parklets’ ensure electric car points don’t obstruct city walkers, Arup, London [Online]. Available at: https://www. 20. Railway Technology (2018) Indian Railways introduces unreserved mobile ticketing facility [Online]. Available at: https://www.railway- arup.com/news-and-events/arups-recharge-parklets-ensure-electric-car-points-dont-obstruct-city-walkers technology.com/news/indian-railways-introduces-unreserved-mobile-ticketing-facility/ 48. Benthem Crouwel Architects (2015) Slow Traffic Passage Amsterdam CS, Dutch Design Daily, Amsterdam [Online]. Available at: http:// 21. FTE (2017) Biometrics and blockchain technology to bring ‘gate-less border’ to Dubai Airport [Online]. Available at: https://www. dutchdesigndaily.com/new/slow-traffic-passage-amsterdam-cs/ futuretravelexperience.com/on-the-ground/immigration-arrivals/ 49. Global Railway Review (2018) Over 980 French train stations to have Amazon Lockers installed [Online] Available at: https://www. 22. Railway Technology (2017) Fake train tickets in the age of the dark web and ‘smart’ payments [Online]. 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(2018) quoted in Mobility as a Service (MaaS) in the UK: change and its implications, Government Office for 53. Visit Korea, From Seoul to Incheon Airport [Website]. Available at: https://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/TRP/TP_ENG_2_2.jsp Science, London [Report]. Available online at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/ 54. Association of American Railroads (2019) Chicago Region Environmental & Transportation Efficiency (CREATE) Program [Online]. attachment_data/file/766759/Mobilityasaservice.pdf Available at: https://www.aar.org/article/chicago-region-environmental-transportation-efficiency-program 25. Dholakia, U. (2016) Uber’s Surge Pricing: 4 Reasons Why Everyone Hates It, Government Technology [Online]. Available at: http:// 55. Ozturk, O., Patrick, J. 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57. Cherrett, T., Allen, J. (2019) Last mile urban freight in the UK: how and why is it changing? Government Office for Science [Report]. Available online: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/777682/ Rana Alakus PROJECT DIRECTOR fom_last_mile_road_freight.pdf. p10 Mel Allwood Josef Hargrave 58. TfL (2018) Waste consolidation: Streamlining your waste and recycling collections [Report]. Available at: http://content.tfl.gov.uk/ Tim Ashwin Global Foresight Leader wasteconsolidation.pdf 59. World Health Organization, Health and sustainable development, Climate impacts [Website] https://www.who.int/sustainable- Nick Bec development/transport/health-risks/climate-impacts/en/ Richard Boyd PROJECT MANAGERS 60. MTA (2016) MTA’s Fulton Center Awarded LEED® Silver Rating [Online]. Available at: http://www.mta.info/press-release/nyc-transit/ TC Chew mtas-fulton-center-awarded-leed%C2%AE-silver-rating Felicitas zu Dohna 61. 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84 85 PUBLICATIONS ABOUT ARUP

Transformative Rail Arup is the creative force at the heart of many of the world’s most prominent projects in the built The issues shaping the future of the industry Future of Labs provides an overview of the key trends shaping the environment and across industry. We offer a broad range of professional services that combine to future of scientific research that will be of use to planners, designers make a real difference to our clients and the communities in which we work. and administrators involved in laboratory design projects. Science and research are key to addressing humanity’s biggest challenges, now and We are truly global. From 80 offices in 35 countries our 15,000 planners, designers, engineers in the future. Creating the right spaces and environments for research to and consultants deliver innovative projects across the world with creativity and passion. thrive is essential. Founded in 1946 with an enduring set of values, our unique trust ownership fosters a distinctive culture and an intellectual independence that encourages collaborative working. This is reflected in everything we do, allowing us to develop meaningful ideas, help shape agendas and deliver results that frequently surpass the expectations of our clients. There is a huge opportunity for stations to become bustling, multi-modal Tomorrow’s The people at Arup are driven to find a better way and to deliver better solutions Living Station hubs that are at the centre of movement for people, support inclusive, for our clients. sustainable and economic growth, and improve the wellbeing of the communities they serve. Tomorrow’s Living Station, a report created by We shape a better world. Network Rail and Arup, explores and identifies the future role stations will play in our towns and cities

SECOND ISSUE | OCTOBER 2019

Designing for Ageing Communities identifies the specific needs of older people and proposes strategies and actions that cities can take to make Designing for ageing communities communities more age-friendly. The vision shows how communities around the word can achieve this vision and empower their older residents to live happy and fulfilling lives.

Future of Schools examines the key trends changing our understanding of learning and shaping schools of the future. The findings are a synthesis of research and trends across the education sector, with global examples of best practice and insight from industry experts.

86 Stations are critical pieces of national and urban infrastructure. They are central nodes for inter- and inner-city mobility, provide easy access to facilities and services, and are enablers of economic growth, regeneration and the development of new communities.

The transport ecosystem goes far beyond the physical spaces of stations. This report considers a future in which station boundaries blur – between public and private, physical and digital, the building and the city – and where stations are an enabler for sustainability, well-being and opportunity. Only by recognising the extent of this ecosystem can we begin to understand the complex interactions between its people, spaces and contexts, and how the spaces we create can respond meaningfully to these diverse requirements and desires.

This report provides a review of key trends shaping the future of station design that will be of use to planners, designers, administrators and developers of stations. Our research builds on Arup’s recent Transformative Rail report to consider the impact of multiple trends on the future design, role and experience of multi-modal stations, informed by conversations with experts across industry and academia.

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