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UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title The Present Past : : Recovering Native American, Mexican- American, and Anglo Narratives of Territorial Arizona 1848 -1912 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9pf5q82j Author Huizar-Hernández, Anita E. Publication Date 2013 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO The Present Past: Recovering Native American, Mexican-American, and Anglo Narratives of Territorial Arizona 1848-1912 A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Literature by Anita E. Huizar-Hernández Committee in charge: Professor Rosaura Sánchez, Chair Professor Sara Johnson Professor Curtis Márez Professor Shelley Streeby Professor Nicole Tonkovich 2013 Copyright Anita E. Huizar-Hernandez, 2013 All rights reserved. The Dissertation of Anita E. Huizar-Hernandez is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Chair University of California, San Diego 2013 iii DEDICATION To Arizona— Its Past, People, and Possibilities iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page……………………………………………………………………. iii Dedication………………………………………………………………………... iv Table of Contents………………………………………………………………… v List of Figures…………………………………………………………………… vi Acknowledgments………………………………………………………………... vii Vita………………………………………………………………………………. viii Abstract of the Dissertation……………………………………………………… ix Introduction……………………………………………………………………… 1 Chapter 1………………………………………………………………………… 21 Chapter 2………………………………………………………………………… 70 Chapter 3………………………………………………………………………… 112 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………….. 166 Epilogue………………………………………………………………………….. 171 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………… 191 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: “Geronimo in business at the Louisiana Purchase Exhibition, St. Louis, 1904.” From Geronimo: His Own Story…………………………………………………47 Figure 1.2: “Geronimo (1829-1909). From a photograph by A. Frank Randall, 1886.” From Geronimo: His Own Story………………………………………………………………..55 Figure 3.1: “Photograph of an artist rendering of Sofia Peralta-Reavis, an alleged heir to the Reavis Land Claim in Arizona” (1890). From the Arizona State University Archives, Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records, Historical Photographs………...130 Figure 3.2: Magazine Advertisment for The Baron of Arizona, Dir. Samuel Fuller…...156 Figure 3.3: “Carmelita” from “The Red Baron of Arizona,” The Saturday Evening Post 220.15 (1947)…………………………………………………………………………...164 Figure 4.1: Immigration Reform Now (Man). Ernesto Yerena. From altoarizona.com..176 Figure 4.2: Immigration Reform Now (Boy). Ernesto Yerena. From altoarizona.com...178 Figure 4.3: Alto Arizona Anthony Molina. From altoarizona.com…………………….180 Figure 4.4: Stop Juan Crow Now! Favianna Rodríguez. From altoarizona.com……….181 Figure 4.5: Todos Somos Arizona. Joel García. From altoarizona.com………………..182 Figure 4.6: Knowledge is Power. Ernesto Yerena. From altoarizona.com……………..184 vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge my committee for their invaluable ideas, suggestions, and feedback, all of which helped to shape this project. I would like to especially acknowledge my chair, Professor Rosaura Sánchez, for her tireless commitment to my graduate education. This project would not be possible without her insights, edits, and encouragement. I would like to acknowledge the many archivists whose generous guidance introduced me to the materials in this study. I would like to thank all of the archivists at the Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley as well as the archivists at the Arizona Historical Society in Tucson, AZ. I would like to especially thank Archivist Emeritus Dr. Christine Marin at the Arizona State University Archives and Special Collections for introducing me to the Chicano Research Collection, as well as providing me with an incredible context for the study of nineteenth century Arizona. This project would not have been possible without funding from various sources. I would like to acknowledge the UCSD Department of Literature, which awarded me a Yearlong Dissertation Writing Fellowship, as well as a teaching position in the Spanish program for four years. I would also like to acknowledge the Bancroft Library, which awarded me a Summer Study Grant that made possible the archival research that formed the basis for this study. Finally, I would like to acknowledge my family, who supported me through many drafts, research trips, and moments of panic. I would like to especially acknowledge my parents who, though they may not agree with all my conclusions, have always supported me in saying, researching, and writing them. vii VITA 2004-2008 Bachelor of Arts in Spanish and English Literature, Arizona State University 2008-2012 Teaching Assistant, Department of Literature, University of California, San Diego 2008-2011 Master of Arts in Literature, University of California, San Diego 2011-2013 Doctor of Philosophy in Literature, University of California, San Diego FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Literature (Cultural Studies) Studies in Literatures and Cultures of the U.S. Southwest Studies in Archival Research and Methodology Studies in Film and Visual Culture viii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Present Past: Recovering Native American, Mexican-American, and Anglo Narratives of Territorial Arizona 1848-1912 by Anita E. Huizar-Hernández Doctor of Philosophy in Literature University of California, San Diego, 2013 Professor Rosaura Sánchez, Chair In this dissertation, I recover and examine Native American, Mexican-American, and Anglo narratives about Arizona’s earliest days, its territorial period, in order to confront and challenge the state’s controversial contemporary immigration and education reform. I examine these erased or ignored histories from the late-nineteenth and early- twentieth century in order to expose the long historical roots of Arizona’s current discriminatory policies and undermine the exclusionary logic that upholds them. Contrary to the rhetoric bolstering both Senate Bill 1070 and House Bill 2281, each of the ix microhistories I study here looks back to the territorial period, when Arizona experienced intense transformation with respect to its economy, infrastructure, and population, and recovers the fundamental contributions Native Americans, Mexican-Americans, and Anglos made to the establishment of the state. Though I focus my study on Arizona, the conclusions I draw about the consequences of historical forgetting as well as the impact of creating, maintaining, and disseminating counter-narratives have significant ramifications beyond the state’s borders. Thanks to its recent legislation, Arizona has become the epicenter of national debates about immigration, knowledge production, and cultural belonging. Though some have painted the state as exceptional, I argue that the widespread popularity of its policies demonstrates that Arizona is not exceptional but rather a bellwether for national trends, registering broader anxieties about the malleable physical and cultural borders of the United States. Because of the central role it now plays in the national imagination, in this dissertation I use Arizona as a flashpoint from which to examine the conditions and consequences of U.S. expansion, not only in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, but also today. x Introduction: No Place for Amateurs: The Far-Reaching Historical Roots of SB 1070 and HB 2281 “The legislature finds that there is a compelling interest in the cooperative enforcement of federal immigration laws throughout all of Arizona. The legislature declares that the intent of this act is to make attrition through enforcement the public policy of all state and local government agencies in Arizona. The provisions of this act are intended to work together to discourage and deter the unlawful entry and presence of aliens and economic activity by persons unlawfully present in the United States.” --Section 1, Arizona Senate Bill 1070 “Well, Arizona’s no place for amateurs.” --Owen Wister The Virginian Since Arizona became a territory of the United States at the end of the U.S.- Mexico War, it has been a flashpoint for national debates about defining the physical and cultural borders of the country. On the one hand, as the state’s tourist brochures suggest, Arizona has always been a consciously multiethnic space, incorporating and emphasizing its Native American and Mexican-American heritage into its identity. On the other hand, the displacement and dispossession of Native Americans and Mexican-Americans in Arizona has been foundational to the state since its creation; the Arizona territory’s bid for statehood was built around the fact that it was more Anglo than neighboring New Mexico and therefore better suited to become a part of the United States. As a result, Native Americans and Mexican-Americans have long been on the borders of legal and cultural citizenship within the state. Despite this historic tension between inclusion and exclusion, Arizona has only recently garnered national attention for the purportedly exceptional passage of two controversial laws, Senate Bill 1070 and House Bill 2281, which deal with immigration and education reform, respectively. Media outlets on both the right and the left endlessly 1 2 reported on the laws, which toughen immigration enforcement and prohibit ethnic studies in the state, either denouncing or championing