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Territorios: Frontera, Migración Y Realidad Social Territorios: Frontera, migración y realidad social Editores Carolina Ramírez- Martínez Neida Albornoz-Arias Rina Mazuera- Arias Territorios: Frontera, migración y realidad social Editores Carolina Ramírez- Martínez Neida Albornoz-Arias Rina Mazuera-Arias Territorios: Frontera, migración y realidad social Editores Carolina Ramírez-Martínez Neida Albornoz-Arias Rina Mazuera-Arias Autores Magali Alba Niño Neida Albornoz-Arias Myriam-Teresa Carreño-Paredes Ana Laura Castillo Hernández Marvi Stefani Durán Suárez Karla Alejandra Maldonado Parada Rina Mazuera-Arias Esthefany Parra Díaz Carolina Ramírez-Martínez Akever-Karina Santafé-Rojas Laura Teresa Tuta Flor Urbina Barrera Pedro Miguel Uribe Guzmán Erika Yelitza Moreno López Yanine Paola Pérez Carrascal Territorios: Frontera, migración y realidad social Editores ©Carolina Ramírez-Martínez ©Neida Albornoz-Arias ©Rina Mazuera-Arias Territorios: frontera, migración y realidad social / editores Carolina Ramírez-Martínez, Neida Albornoz-Arias, Rina Mazuera-Arias; Magali Alba Niño [y otros 13] -- Autores Barranquilla: Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar, 2018. ©Magali Alba Niño 216 páginas; tablas; figuras a color ©Neida Albornoz-Arias ISBN:978-958-5533-42-4 (Versión electrónica) ©Myriam-Teresa Carreño-Paredes ©Ana Laura Castillo Hernández 1. Emigración e inmigración -- Aspectos sociales -- Investigaciones -- América Latina ©Marvi Stefani Durán Suárez 2. Emprendimiento social -- Investigaciones -- América Latina 3. Problemas sociales ©Karla Alejandra Maldonado Parada -- Resiliencia -- América Latina -- Siglo XXI I. Ramírez-Martínez, Carolina, editor- ©Rina Mazuera-Arias autor II. Albornoz-Arias, Neida, editor-autor III. Mazuera-Arias, Rina, editor-autor IV. ©Esthefany Parra Díaz Alba Niño, Magali V. Carreño-Paredes, Myriam-Teresa VI. Castillo Hernández, Ana ©Carolina Ramírez-Martínez LauraVII. Durán Suárez, Marvi Stefani VIII. Maldonado Parada, Karla Alejandra IX. ©Akever-Karina Santafé-Rojas Parra Díaz, Esthefany X. Santafé-Rojas, Akever-Karina XI. Tuta, Laura Teresa XII. Urbina Barrera, Flor XIII. Uribe Guzmán, Pedro Miguel XIV. Moreno López, Erika ©Laura Teresa Tuta YelitzaXV. Tít. ©Flor Urbina Barrera ©Pedro Miguel Uribe Guzmán 304.88T327 2018 Sistema de Clasificación Decimal Dewey 21ª edición ©Erika Yelitza Moreno López ©Yanine Paola Pérez Carrascal Grupos de investigación Altos Estudios de Frontera (ALEF), Universidad Simón Bolívar, Colombia Rina Mazuera Arias ISBN: 978-958-5533-42-4 Impreso en Barranquilla, Colombia. Depósito legal según el Decreto 460 de 1995. El Fondo Editorial Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar se adhiere a la filosofía del acceso abierto y permite libremente la consulta, descarga, reproducción o enlace para uso de sus contenidos, bajo una licencia Creative Commons Atribución 4.0 Internacional. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ © Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar Carrera 54 No. 59-102 http://publicaciones.unisimonbolivar.edu.co/edicionesUSB/ [email protected] Barranquilla y Cúcuta Producción Editorial Conocimiento Digital Accesible. Mary Barroso, Lisa Escobar Urb. San Benito vereda 19 casa 5. Municipio Santa Rita del Estado Zulia- Venezuela. Apartado postal 4020. Teléfono: +582645589485, +584246361167. Correo electrónico:[email protected], [email protected] Diciembre del 2018 Barranquilla Made in Colombia Como citar este libro Albornoz-Arias, N., Mazuera- Arias, R., y Ramírez- Martínez, C. (Ed.). (2018). Territorios: Frontera, migración y realidad social. Cúcuta, Colombia: Ediciones Universidad Simón Bolívar. DOI: Tabla de contenido Presentación............................................................................................................6 Prólogo.....................................................................................................................7 Introducción..........................................................................................................11 Capítulo 1 Una mirada de la crisis en Venezuela. La violencia..........................................14 Capítulo 2 Viajeros y migrantes desde la frontera sur de México. Jóvenes en busca del lugar del cambio....................................................................................58 Capítulo 3 El trabajo sexual una de las múltiples violencias a la mujer migrante..........87 Capítulo 4. La separación de la familia en la migración venezolana..................................110 Capítulo 5 El papel de los contextos locales en la adaptación de los migrantes............130 Capítulo 6 Emprendimiento: más que una salida económica una forma de resiliencia y adaptación cultural de los migrantes venezolanos.......................148 Capítulo 7 Emprendimiento social una mirada desde el conflicto armado en México, Guatemala, Perú y Colombia..............................................................186 Presentación La dinámica de la sociedad exige el estudio de los fenómenos que desde la realidad se construyen, que emerge de decisiones macro sociales vinculadas generalmente a las disposiciones políticas y económicas, pero que repercuten y se complejiza con la realidad cultural, aquella que encierra imaginarios y costumbres de subsistencia, de miradas particulares, grupales y sociales, las mismas que unen o construyen puentes para separar, segregar y marginar a los más necesitados. Es con estas miradas que el presente libro analiza el fenómeno de las migraciones, una realidad mundial que se particulariza en algunos aspectos locales asociados a las costumbres, grupos armados y formas de vida particular, pero que también muestra generalizaciones en problemas como la violación de derechos humanos, el dolor del desarraigo, la violencia de género y las luchas por subsistir en medio de las dificultades de la adaptación. El grupo de investigación altos estudios de frontera ha venido generando sucesivas investigaciones que permiten comprender aspectos particulares del fenómeno migratorio como perfil migrante, situaciones familiares, duelos, transformaciones familiares y sucesos negativos y positivos que le permiten entregar esta publicación que recoge una visión teórica y vivencial de que enriquece la intervención con población local y migrante a fin de promover elementos de resiliencia, emprenderismo y abordaje legal a un fenómeno de magnitudes globales, por ello convergen en el presente libro aspectos de la migración y adaptación en otros países . Carolina Ramírez Martínez1 1 Trabajadora social (Universidad Simón Bolívar), Doctorando en educación (Universidad Baja California), Magíster en práctica pedagógica (Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander). Especialista en práctica pedagógica universitaria (Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander). Especialista en gerencia social (Universidad Simón Bolívar). Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Cúcuta, Colombia. E-mail: [email protected] Grupo de investigación altos estudios de frontera. OrcidID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2627-159X Prólogo Este texto, presenta la complejidad social de algunos territorios de América Latina, con énfasis en Colombia, Venezuela y México, aunque no se limita a ellos. La violencia -tanto estructural como interpersonal- y la migración aparecen como constantes de la vida fronteriza. Aunque también se abordan las violencias, la violación a los derechos humanos, la impunidad y la migración fuera de las franjas fronterizas de los territorios. Los artículos que integran este libro, están escritos desde distintas miradas. Dependiendo de la adscripción epistémica de los autores, se hacen nítidas las improntas disciplinares que ponen el acento en lo singular o en lo estructural, en la defensa de los derechos humanos y sociales, en los análisis del contexto o del régimen de bienestar. Se trata entonces, de una obra en la que confluyen los análisis de abogados, antropólogas, trabajadoras sociales, educadoras, administradores y contadores públicos. Lo que permite comprender a la violencia, la migración, la violación a los derechos humanos y la impunidad desde ángulos y posiciones que muestran la fineza de su expresión singular, pero también las condiciones estructurales y contextuales que les determinan y les explican. Si bien el título del libro resalta la migración como eje nodal, no es posible abstraerse de la presencia de la violencia en el estudio de dicho fenómeno. A menudo forma parte de las complejas realidades que impulsan el deseo de cambiar de lugar de residencia, pero también, es una compañera de viaje indeseable durante ese proceso. De los siete capítulos que integran este texto, seis de ellos presentan realidades atravesadas por la violencia. En algunos casos la violencia aparece de manera central y en otros se expresa de manera tangencial e intersectada con procesos migratorios. En el primer capítulo se analiza la violencia interpersonal en Venezuela, expresada en delitos (linchamientos, saqueos, robos, presencia de grupos armados organizados y represión de la protesta por parte del Estado) como parte de la crisis socio económica y política que atraviesa dicho país, concluyéndose que esa violencia interpersonal está articulada a la violencia 8 Prólogo sistémica que se expresa en impunidad, corrupción, cohecho y violación de los derechos humanos. En el capítulo dos, se analiza la migración en clave de proceso, desde que esta es pensada, planeada o bien, cuando representa la única alternativa de cambiar trayectorias biográficas de jóvenes mexicanos pertenecientes a pueblos originarios,
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