Cambridge University Press 052179269X - The Emergence of the Eastern Powers, 1756-1775 H. M. Scott Index More information
Index
Single entries and passing mentions of places or persons are not generally indexed.For rulers, regnal years are given; for other individuals, dates of birth and death are provided where these can be estab- lished.For foreign ministers and diplomats, dates and places of service for the period covered by this study are also included.
Adolf Frederik, King of Sweden (–) , and Poland , – , , , , population of Ahmed Resmi (–), Ottoman statesman rapprochement with Prussia in Russo-Ottoman and diplomat in Vienna and Berlin war – passim ––, , relations with Bourbon powers alliances relations with Prussia –, , –, , Franco-Austrian (–) –, , , , , , , , , –, , , –, relations with Russia , , , , , – passim, , , –, –, – Franco-Spanish (–) , , ; see also rise of – Third Bourbon Family Compact Seven Years War and , – passim, –, Prusso-British (–) ; impact of – passim; upon finances, Russo-Austrian (–) , , , –, , –, , ; upon international Russo-Austrian (–) , position, Russo-Danish (–) , –, , , treaty with Ottoman Empire () – , –, –, mentioned , , , , , , , , , , , Russo-French (–) , , , , , , , , , , , Russo-Prussian () , , , Russo-Prussian (–): conclusion of, see also Joseph II; Kaunitz-Rietberg; Maria –; terms of, ; operation of, –, Theresa –, , , , , –, , , Austrian (‘Southern’) Netherlands , , , –, , –, –, –, , , Anna, Empress of Russia (–) , Azov, Sea of , Apraksin, S.F.(–), Russian general , ‘Army of Observation’, British, in Westphalia , Balta Baltic Sea , , , , , , , , , Augustus III, King of Poland and Elector of , –, Saxony (–), final illness and death of Russia and, – , –, , , , , , Bar, Confederation of , , Austria Bartenstein, Johann Christoph Freiherr von army of, –, , , , –, (–), known as ‘Bartenstein the fear of Russia , –; anxiety at Russian elder’, Austrian official advance , Bavaria, electorate of , , , , , foreign policy before –, see also wars: Bavarian Succession foreign policy after , chapters , – Benoît, Gédéon de, Prussian resident in Poland passim – importance of breach with Russia , Berlin , , , , , –, , , , , , , – passim, , , , loss of Silesia , – see also Prussia
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 052179269X - The Emergence of the Eastern Powers, 1756-1775 H. M. Scott Index More information
Index
Bernis, François-Joachim de Pierre, Cardinal de Bukovina, Austrian annexation of (–) , (–), French clerical statesman and –, foreign minister –, quoted , Buturlin, A.B., Count (–), Russian Bernstorff, Andreas Peter von (–), Danish general , , diplomat and foreign minister – and Byelorussia – enters office Calais, siege of (–) policy of, – Callières, François de (–), official in Bernstorff, Johan Hartvig Ernst von (–), French foreign ministry and diplomatic Danish foreign minister – theorist , , foreign policy of, –, , , , , cameralism, influence on international relations , Canale, Gerolamo Luigi Malabaila di, Count fall of, , (–), diplomat from Savoy-Piedmont Bestuzhev-Riumin, Alexis P., Count in Vienna –, quoted , (–), Russian statesman and leading Cantonal System, in Prussia , , , , minister of Elizabeth – , , , Cap party, in Sweden –, , , , , , , , , –, , – Bezborodko, A.A., Prince (–), secretary to Caroline Mathilda (–), Queen of Catherine II – and responsible for Denmark (–) and sister of George III the administration of Russian foreign policy , , , Carpathian Mountains Bielfeld, Jakob Friedrich Freiherr von (–), Catherine II (‘the Great’), wife of Peter III and Prussian official and cameralist , , Russian Empress (–) Binder von Kriegelstein, Friedrich Freiherr von difficulties in early s –, (–), Kaunitz’s deputy in foreign policy of in early reign , –, Staatskanzlei – chapters and passim Black Sea , , , , , , , , on personality of Panin , policy in Poland , , – passim, Bohemia, Habsburg territory of , , , , chapters – passim , and Prussian alliance – passim Brandenburg, Hohenzollern province of , , reign of , – , , , , , , , relations with prince Henry –, Breteuil, Louis Auguste le Tonnelier, baron de role in making of foreign policy , (–), French diplomat in Russia and Russia’s political integration in Europe –, Sweden –, the Dutch – passim Republic – and Naples –, and Russo-Ottoman war chapters – passim , see also Russia Britain Charles III, king of Spain (–), , , decline of as a European power , , –, Charles VI, Emperor and ruler of the Habsburg – Monarchy (–) and first partition of Poland , , – death of, , relations with Russia –, , –, Charles XII, King of Sweden (–) , , –, , , , –, –, , , Chernyshev, I.G., Count (–), Russian and Seven Years War –, –, , naval commander, mentioned , , , , , , , , , , Chernyshev, Zachar G., Count (–), , , , , , , , , , , , Russian soldier and military administrator , , , , , Broglie, Charles-François, comte de (–), Chesma, battle of () , , , director of the secret du roi China Bucharest Russian détente with, peace conference at (Nov. –Mar. ) Choiseul, Etienne-François, comte de Stainville, , , duc de (–), France’s leading minister Buckinghamshire, John Hobart, Earl of, British – diplomat in Russia – , attitude towards Russia ; anti-Russian policy Bug, river , of, –, , , ,
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 052179269X - The Emergence of the Eastern Powers, 1756-1775 H. M. Scott Index More information
Index
diplomatic strategy of , –, , , , diplomacy , –, , , , Austrian – dismissal of () , French on international system Prussian –, , – and Polish election of , Russian, – and rebuilding of French navy , diplomatic network in Europe , and Seven Years War , –, – Russia and , ‘Southern System’ of , , ‘Diplomatic Revolution’ of –, , , mentioned, , , see also alliances: Franco-Austrian, Franco- Dnieper, river , , Spanish Dniester, river , , Christian VII, King of Denmark (–) Dolgorukov, V.S., Prince (–), Russian , , diplomat in Prussia – , College of Foreign Affairs, in Russia –, , Dresden , , Dutch Republic , , , , , Ceremonial Department in, Dvina, river confederates, in Poland , see also Bar; Radom East Friesland, annexed by Prussia in , Corsica, French annexation of island of , East Prussia, Kingdom of and Hohenzollern province , , , , , –, , , , Council of State (Staatsrat), in Habsburg , , , , , , , , Monarchy eastern Europe, creation of idea of Courland, Duchy of, in eastern Baltic , , Eichel, August Friedrich (–), head of , Prussian Kabinett , , , Crimea, Khanate of –, , , , , Elbe, river , , , Elizabeth, Russian Empress (–) independence of () , death of, , , , Russian annexation of (), mentioned , , , , , , , , Czartoryski, aristocratic lineage in Poland, , , , , , , , known as ‘the Family’ , –, Empire , , , , , , , , England see Britain D’Aiguillon, Emmanuel-Armand de Vignerod du Plessis de Richelieu , duc (–), Falça, battle of () , French soldier, courtier and foreign Falkland Islands, Anglo-Bourbon dispute over minister – (–) , , , , , foreign policy of , , , –, , Favier, Jean-Louis (–), French official and publicist, on France’s decline negotiations with Britain (–) , – Fermor, V.V., Count (–), Russian general Danube, river , , , , , , Danzig , , , , Finck von Finckenstein, Karl Wilhelm Graf von Prusso-British confrontation over, – (–) minister in Prussian Daun, Leopold Joseph Graf (–), Kabinettsministerium , , , , –, Habsburg military commander and , , , administrator , , Finland Delmenhorst , Swedish territory of , , , , Denmark Gulf of, naval power of , Fokshany, peace conference at (Aug.–Sept, ) in ‘Northern System’ , , –, , , , , , – France Russian threat to attack () , , and Baltic crisis () – vulnerability of , her barrière de l’est , mentioned , , , , , , –, collapse of position in Poland , – conflict over Jesuits – see also alliances: Russo-Danish; Bernstorff, decline of as a European power , , , , , A.P. von; Bernstorff, J.H.E. von; Caroline , –, , –, –, , Mathilda; Christian VII; Struensee decline of position in Sweden –
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 052179269X - The Emergence of the Eastern Powers, 1756-1775 H. M. Scott Index More information
Index
France (cont.) quoted , , , , , , , , , demographic and economic resources of , , and relations with Austria –, , –, dominant under Louis XIV , –, –; rapprochement with encourages Russo-Ottoman conflict –, after –, – , retreat from diplomacy after , –, finances of –, , and first partition of Poland , – passim and Seven Years War , –; establishes foreign policy before – Prussia as a great power ; impact upon hostility towards Russia , , , –; increases his role in government , military decline of – –; his role in –; his strategy in ; and Polish election of – his seizure of Silesia –, and Seven Years War , , , , , , mentioned , , , , , , , , , –, ; its impact –; strategy , , , , , transformed during – see also alliances: Russo-Prussian; Prussia in War of Austrian Succession , , Frederick Christian (–), Elector of Saxony mentioned , , , , , , , , , , , () , , , , , , , , , –, Frederick William I, Prussian King (–) , –, , , , , , –, , , , , , , , , , Frederick William II, King of Prussia (–) see also alliances: Franco-Austrian, Franco- Spanish; Choiseul; D’Aiguillon; Louis XV; as crown prince, Louis XVI; Vergennes Frederick William, the ‘Great Elector’ of Francis Stephen (–), Emperor (–) Brandenburg-Prussia (–) , and husband of Maria Theresa , , , Galicia, annexed by Austria (–) , , Frederick II (‘the Great’), Prussian King (–) General Tariff, in Poland – accession of () , Genoa, Republic of anxieties about his Russian alliance , , George III, King of Britain and Elector of ; extends this treaty () – Hanover (–) , , , , approach to international relations , , , , , – Goodricke, Sir John (–), British diplomat architect of first partition of Poland – in Sweden – , passim great powers concern with Austria’s military and financial changes in system of , –, , , , situation , , , , his control over Prussian diplomacy , , establishment of concept of – nature of , , , , on decline of western powers , Great Northern War (–) see wars domestic policy after –, Greece economises over Prussia’s diplomatic ‘Greek Project’, Russian , obligations – Gross Jägersdorf, battle of () , fear of general war and chapter passim Gustav III, King of Sweden (–) , , fear of isolation in s and efforts to avoid , –, – and chapter passim fear of Russia , –, , Habsburg Monarchy see Austria foreign policy before – Hagen, Ludwig Philipp Freiherr von (–), hostility towards Saxony Prussian administrator , importance of his leadership – Hanbury-Williams, Sir Charles, British diplomat pacific outlook after –, – in Prussia –, policy in Poland after – passim; his Hanover, Electorate of , , , , , , interest in annexing Polish territory , –, ; seeks to exploit Poland Harris, Sir James, first Earl of Malmesbury economically , , (–), British diplomat in Prussia and Polish election of – – and Russia – ,
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 052179269X - The Emergence of the Eastern Powers, 1756-1775 H. M. Scott Index More information
Index
Hat party, in Sweden –, , , , , acknowledges Russo-Prussian control over Poland Haugwitz, Friedrich Wilhelm Graf von approach to international relations , –, (–), Habsburg administrative reformer , , becomes foreign minister () Heinitz, Friedrich Anton von (–), and collapse of France after – Prussian mining expert and official , , his control over policy – Henry, Prince of Prussia (–), brother of dismissive of Russian power before , Frederick the Great , , , , , , distinctive personality of – political role in the first partition of Poland, fear of Russia’s advance after –, , – passim , second visit to Russia, – first minister after Hertzberg, Ewald Friedrich Graf von (–), opposes Prussian-style recruitment districts minister in Prussian Kabinettsministerium, his outlook after , –, , , n. , , , , –, –, , Holstein, Duchy of –, , , his policy before – Holstein-Gottorp , , and Prussia after –, , –; Holy Roman Empire see Empire wishes rapprochement with , Hume, David (–), British philosopher and rejects Triple Alliance after historian quoted, and Russia after – Hungary, Kingdom of , , , , , seeks Russian alliance in s –, and seizure of Bukovina – Italian Peninsula , , , , and Seven Years War , , –, , urges partition of Poland – Jenkinson, Charles, first Lord Liverpool , , , mentioned , , , , , , , , , –, Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (–), Co- Khotin , Regent (–) and sole ruler (–) Knyphausen, Dodo Heinrich Freiherr zu-Inn- of the Habsburg Monarchy und (–) – and annexation of Bukovina, – passim Kolberg, Prussian fortress of , , elected King of the Romans () , Kolin, battle of () , favours expenditure on the army , Kunersdorf, battle of () , , , , interest in Russian alliance , ; concludes Russian alliance () , Lacy, Franz Moritz Graf von (–), interest in territorial gains Habsburg general and military meeting with Frederick the Great at Neisse administrator , () –; at Neustadt () Laudon, Gideon Ernst von (–), Habsburg opposes first partition of Poland , general political outlook of , Leopold, Grand Duke of Tuscany (–) and political role of Emperor (–), brother of Joseph II , mentioned , , , , –, , , , , , , , Leuthen, battle of () , , see also Austria; Empire Liegnitz, battle of () , , Junkers see Prussia: nobility ‘little Wallachia’ , Justi, Johann Heinrich Gottlob von (–), Lloyd, Henry, quoted cameralist theorist , Lorraine, Duchy of see also Francis Stephen Kabinett, role of in Prussia –, Lossky, Andrew, quoted see also Eichel Louis XIV, King of France (–) , , Kabinettsministerium , , –, , , , , , Kartal, battle of () , Louis XV, King of France (–) Kaunitz-Rietberg, Wenzel Anton Fürst von his hostility towards Russia, (–), foreign minister of the Habsburg political role of , , , , , , , , Monarchy – and leading minister , , after see also France; secret du roi
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 052179269X - The Emergence of the Eastern Powers, 1756-1775 H. M. Scott Index More information
Index
Louis XVI, King of France (–) , , Oriental Academy, in Vienna , Lovisa Ulrika (–), Queen of Sweden Orlov, Aleksey G., Count (–), Russian (–) and sister of Frederick the Great military and naval commander , , , , , , Orlov, Grigory, Prince (–), Russian ‘Lynar Project’ , , general and favourite of Catherine II , , , Macartney, Sir George, British diplomat in Orsova Russia – Old Orsova cited , , Osten, A.S. von der, Danish diplomat, and quoted foreign minister – , Magdeburg, Hohenzollern province of , Ostermann, I.A., count (–), Russian Maria Theresa, ruler of the Habsburg Monarchy diplomat in Sweden – , , , (–) and Empress (–) , hostility towards Prussia , Ottoman empire hostility towards Russia , , , disadvantaged in – war with Russia opposes first partition of Poland , opposes further territorial annexations in French diplomacy in – s , and negotiations with Austria () –; outlook after , –, treaty with Austria () , pacifism of , and search for peace in – war with political role of Russia – passim mentioned , , , , , , , , , , and situation in Poland after – , , , , , – see also Austria; Francis Stephen vulnerability of by mid-eighteenth century Marienwerder, Prussian customs’ post at and war with Russia (–) chapters – Mecklenburg-Schwerin, , passim Mediterranean Sea , , , , mentioned , , , , , , , , –, Mitchell, Sir Andrew, British diplomat in Prussia –, , , , , –, , , (–) , –, , , , , , , , , , Moldavia , , , , , , , Moravia, Habsburg province of , , , , see also Mustafa III Moscow Panin, Nikita I., Count (–), Russian epidemic in, statesman in charge of foreign policy University of – mentioned , , advocates Triple Alliance in s see also Russia Baltic policy undermined Muhsinzade, Mehmed (c. –), Ottoman foreign policy of , , , , , , general and statesmen , , Müller, Gerhard Friederich (–), Russian ‘Northern System’ of – passim, , , official and historian , , , –, , , Mustafa III, Ottoman Sultan (–) , on Poland’s value –, ; policy in , – passim Neisse, meeting at () –, , , policy in Russo-Ottoman war –, –, Neustadt, meeting at () , , , Nivernais, Louis-Jules Barbon-Mazarini- position weakened by Ottoman war –, Mancini (–), duc de, French , , , diplomat to Prussia Jan.–June , response to proposed Polish partition () North America , , – Norway, territory ruled by Denmark , , mentioned , , , , , , , , , , , , , , see also Catherine II; Russia Obreskov, A.M. (–), Russian resident in Paul I (–), Russian Emperor Constantinople – –, , , (–), son of Catherine the Great, as , , Grand Duke, , , , , , , Oder, river , , , ,
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 052179269X - The Emergence of the Eastern Powers, 1756-1775 H. M. Scott Index More information
Index
peace settlements Pons-Saint-Maurice, Louis-Marie, marquis de Aix-la-Chapelle () , , , , (b. ) French soldier and diplomat in Dresden () Prussia – , , Hubertusburg () , , , , , , , Porte, the see Ottoman empire , , , , Potemkin, G.I., Prince (–), favourite and Kuchuk-Kainardji () , , –, , morganatic husband of Catherine II and , spearhead of Russian southern expansion Nystad () , , , , , , Paris () , , , Potsdam , –, , , , , , , Teschen () , , , Utrecht () , see also Frederick II (‘the Great’); Prussia Westphalia () , , power, notion of within international system Pentarchy, notion of , , –, Peter I (‘the Great’), ruler of Russia (–) Praslin, César-Gabriel, comte de Choiseul and –, , , , , , , , , , duc de (–), French minister – , , , and cousin of the duc de Choiseul , , Peter III (–), husband of Catherine the Great, Russian Emperor (Jan.–July ) Prussia –, –, , –, , , , , army of –, , –, , –, , –, , Pitt, William, first Earl of Chatham (‘Pitt the efforts after to promote domestic elder’)(–), British statesman , , recovery – , finances of , Podewils, Heinrich Graf (–), Prussian General Directory in , , , , minister in Kabinettsministerium government of ; impact of Seven Years War Poland upon – army of nobility (Junkers) in , –, , , , declining stability of after –, – population of –, , ; losses during and Dissidents in , –, , , Seven Years War – and election of – passim rise of –, – first partition of () , , , , , , , , in Seven Years War , , , , –, , , , , , ; diplomatic , –; impact upon – passim consequences of – passim, chapter Staatsschatz (‘war-chest’) in , , , – passim; genesis of –; imposition of strategic vulnerability of , , , , – weakness of position as a great power –, religious composition of , – second and third partitions of mentioned , , , , , , , , , , , in Seven Years War , , , , , , , , , , , under Russian control after see also alliances: Russo-Prussian; Frederick II mentioned , , , , , , , , , , (‘the Great’) –, , , , , , , , , Pugachev rebellion (–), in Russia , , , , , , , , , , , see also Poniatowski; Saxony Polish (‘Royal’) Prussia, after the Radom, Confederation of Hohenzollern province of West Prussia , Ranke, Leopold von, German historian , , , , , , , , (–) n. , Pomerania , , , , , , Repnin, Nikolai V., Prince (–), Russian Eastern, diplomat in Poland – and Ottoman Swedish, empire –, and soldier , , , Western, , , , , Poniatowski, Stanislas August (–), Polish Rexin, Karl Adolf von, Prussian diplomat in nobleman and King of Poland (–), Ottoman empire – , , , , , , , , , , Rhineland , , , , , , , , – passim, , Ried, Josef Freiherr von, Austrian soldier and , diplomat in Berlin – ,
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 052179269X - The Emergence of the Eastern Powers, 1756-1775 H. M. Scott Index More information
Index
Rochford, William Henry Nassau de Zuylestein, Saltykov, Petr S., Count (–), Russian fourth Earl of (–), British Secretary general , , of State – , Savoy-Piedmont , Rohde, Jakob Friedrich Graf von, Prussian Saxony, Electorate of official and diplomat in Vienna – army , , –, , , , dynastic link with Poland ; its ending Rossbach, battle of () , , , , invasion of (August ) , , Rumyantsev, P.A., Count, Russian general, in and Polish election of , , Seven Years War, resources of, – in Russo-Ottoman war, , , , , rivalry with Prussia, – , and Seven Years War Russia weakened international position after advance of in s , , chapter and conclusion passim mentioned , , , , , , , , her advantages in war with Ottoman empire , see also Poland army of –, , –, –, , , , Schleswig, Duchy of , – Schweidnitz, Prussian fortress of, in Silesia , détente with Sweden after – her diplomatic contacts with Europe , , secret du roi (private foreign policy of Louis XV) – , –, –, , , , – finances of , Seven Years War see wars hostility of France towards – Silesia, Habsburg province seized by Prussia in importance of imperial title to s military recruitment in , – Austria wishes to recover , , , , navy of , –, , , Prussian annexation of , , –, , , and origins of Seven Years War – and Ottoman War of – chapters and in Seven Years War , , , passim; reluctant to allow mediation , value of, to Prussia ; war aims in , , mentioned , , and Poland after –, chapters and Solms-Sonnenwalde, Viktor Friedrich Graf von passim (–), Prussian diplomat in Russia and Polish election of – passim – , , , , , , , population of , rapprochement with Austria during the s Soor, battle of () , –, –, –, –, Sorel, Albert (–), French historian, recovery of control over Denmark after quoted , n. – Southern Netherlands see Austrian Netherlands rise of – Spain and Seven Years War , , , , , , her foreign policy , , , , , –, , – passim, , , , –; impact upon , , , – in Seven Years War , and Swedish coup () – Staatenkunde, science of mentioned , , , , , , , , , , , Staatskanzlei, in Habsburg Monarchy –, , , , , , Staatsrat (in Habsburg Monarchy) see Council of see also alliances: Russo-Prussian; Russo- State Danish; Catherine II; Panin Stackelberg, Otto Magnus, Count (–), Russian diplomat in Poland and viceroy St Petersburg , , , , , there – , , Convention of () Stanislas Augustus, King of Poland see see also Russia Poniatowski Saint-Pierre, Charles-Irénée Castel (–), Struensee, Dr Johann Friedrich (–) , abbé de, publicist , Saldern, Caspar von (–), Holsteiner in Suffolk, Henry Howard, twelfth Earl of Russian service and diplomat in Poland (–), British Secretary of State – , –, quoted
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 052179269X - The Emergence of the Eastern Powers, 1756-1775 H. M. Scott Index More information
Index
Sweden Wallachia , , , , , Constitution of in , , , , Walpole, Horace (–), English man-of- , , , letters, quoted coup in () – wars defeated in Great Northern War , American Independence (–) , , , party struggle in –, , –, , , , , and relations of great powers –, , Austrian Succession (–) –, , , , – , , , , relations with Russia after – Bavarian Succession (–) , , –, in Seven Years War , , , mentioned , , , , , , , –, , Great Northern War (–) , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Polish Succession (–) , , see also Adolf Fredik; Charles XII; Gustav III; Russo-Austrian-Ottoman (–) , , Lovisa Ulrika Russo-Ottoman (–): campaigns of –, –;efforts to mediate in Third Bourbon Family Compact () , , –; and European diplomacy, –; origins of –; mentioned , , , , see also alliances: Franco-Spanish , , , , , , , Thugut, Franz Maria Freiherr von (–), Russo-Swedish (–) , , Austrian representative in Ottoman empire Seven Years War (–) beyond Europe, – , , , , –; continental, –; impact upon Torgau, battle of () , , , European powers, chapters – passim; Tott, François, supposedly ‘baron de’ (–), origins of, in Europe –; a religious French agent in Crimea – – war?, ; mentioned , , , , , , , Transylvania , , , , , , , , , , Two Empresses, treaty of () , , , , , , , , , see also alliances: Russo-Austrian , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Vergennes, Charles Gravier, comte de (–), , , , , , , , French diplomat and foreign minister Spanish Succession (–/) , , (–) Warsaw ambassador in Constantinople –, Westphalia, German region of , , , approach to international relations – Westminister, Anglo-Prussian neutrality background of convention of (Jan. ) , , foreign policy of , , , , , Wettin dynasty see Saxony mentioned , , Winterfeldt, Hans Karl von (–), Prussian Versailles general , first treaty of () , , , Wolff, Johann Christian von (–), natural second treaty of () , law theorist third treaty of () Vienna, diplomacy at , , , , , Xavier, Prince of Saxony (–) , , see also Austria Zegelin, Johann Christoph von, Prussian Vistula, river , , resident in Ottoman empire – Volkonsky, M.N., Prince (–), Russian Zinzendorf, Karl Johann Christian Graf von diplomat in Poland – , (–), visit to Prussia , Voltaire, François-Marie Arouet (–), Zinzendorf, Ludwig Friedrich Julius Graf von leading philosophe (–), Habsburg financial expert cited, Zips, Austrian annexation of , – quoted, Zorndorf, battle of () ,
© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org