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Yargisal Aktivizm: Türk Anayasa Mahkemesi Örneği

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Yargisal Aktivizm: Türk Anayasa Mahkemesi Örneği T.C. İSTANBUL MEDENİYET ÜNİVERSİTESİ LİSANSÜSTÜ EĞİTİM ENSTİTÜSÜ SİYASET BİLİMİ VE KAMU YÖNETİMİ ANABİLİM DALI SİYASET BİLİMİ VE KAMU YÖNETİMİ BİLİM DALI YARGISAL AKTİVİZM: TÜRK ANAYASA MAHKEMESİ ÖRNEĞİ DOKTORA TEZİ MUHAMMET ERDAL OKUTAN Aralık, 2019 T.C. İSTANBUL MEDENİYET ÜNİVERSİTESİ LİSANSÜSTÜ EĞİTİM ENSTİTÜSÜ SİYASET BİLİMİ VE KAMU YÖNETİMİ ANABİLİM DALI SİYASET BİLİMİ VE KAMU YÖNETİMİ BİLİM DALI YARGISAL AKTİVİZM: TÜRK ANAYASA MAHKEMESİ ÖRNEĞİ DOKTORA TEZİ MUHAMMET ERDAL OKUTAN DANIŞMAN Prof. Dr. ALİM YILMAZ Aralık, 2019 ii BİLDİRİM Hazırladığım tezin tamamen kendi çalışmam olduğunu, akademik ve etik kuralları gözeterek çalıştığımı ve her alıntıya kaynak gösterdiğimi taahhüt ederim. Muhammet Erdal OKUTAN Danışmanlığını yaptığım işbu tezin tamamen öğrencinin çalışması olduğunu, akademik ve etik kuralları gözeterek çalıştığını taahhüt ederim. Prof. Dr. Alim YILMAZ iii ONAY SAYFASI Muhammet Erdal Okutan tarafından hazırlanan ‘Yargısal Aktivizm: Türk Anayasa Mahkemesi Örneği’ başlıklı doktora tezi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Anabilim Dalında hazırlanmış ve jürimiz tarafından kabul edilmiştir. JÜRİ ÜYELERİ İMZA Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Alim YILMAZ ............................. Kurumu: İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi Üyeler: Prof. Dr. Ahmet Nohutçu ............................. Kurumu: İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi Dr. Öğr. Ü. Fatmanil Döner ............................. Kurumu: İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Haluk Alkan ............................. Kurumu: İstanbul Üniversitesi Prof. Dr. Ahmet Kemal Bayram ............................. Kurumu: Marmara Üniversitesi Tez Savunma Tarihi: 18/12/2019 iv v ÖZET SİYASAL AKTİVİZM: TÜRK ANAYASA MAHKEMESİ ÖRNEĞİ Okutan, Muhammet Erdal Doktora Tezi, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi ABD, Siyaset Bilimi ve Kamu Yönetimi Programı Danışman: Prof. Dr. Alim YILMAZ Aralık, 2019, 212 + xi Sayfa Genelde anayasal denetim, özelde anayasa mahkemeleri hukuk devleti ve demokrasinin olmazsa olmaz kurumlarından bir tanesidir. Dünyada farklı coğrafyalarda farklı zaman dilimlerinde görülmeye başlayan anayasal denetim, artık neredeyse tüm siyasal sistemlerde mevcut bir kurum haline gelmektedir. Özellikle demokrasiye geçiş dönemleri sonrasında tesis edilen anayasa mahkemeleri, yasama ve yürütmenin aşkın güç kullanımını sınırlandırarak, bireysel hak ve özgürlüklerin korunması için hayati bir kurumdur. Ancak bazılarına göre anayasa mahkemeleri, demokrasiye geçiş sürecinin ardından eski iktidar sahiplerinin ideolojik hegemonyalarını korumak için tesis edilmiş stratejik siyasal bir faaliyetin ürünüdür. Türk Anayasa Mahkemesi, Türk siyasal hayatında yaşanan demokrasiye geçiş sürecinin hemen sonrasında olmasa dahi, demokratik hayatın daha onuncu yılında yaşanan askeri darbe sonrası tesis edilmiştir. Mahkeme günümüze kadar birçok yapısal değişiklik geçirmiştir. Bunlardan en önemlisi ise 2010 yılındaki anayasal değişikliklerle olmuştur. Bu tez siyasetin yargısallaşmasını Türk Anayasa Mahkemesi örneğiyle tartışmaktadır. Türk Anayasa Mahkemesinin 2010 öncesi benimsediği ideoloji temelli paradigma ve 2010 sonrasında Mahkemenin yaşamış olduğu paradigma değişimi analiz edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Mahkeme kararlarında hem ideoloji eksenli hem de hak temelli paradigmanın göstergeleri içerik analizi yöntemiyle sorgulanmaktadır. Bununla birlikte çalışma kapsamında Mahkeme başkanının konuşmalarının yorumlayıcı analizi yapılmış; bir hakim üye ve iki kıdemli raportör ile yarı yapılandırılmış elit görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu yöntemle Mahkemenin 2010 öncesinde tutumu ve özellikle de 2010 yılında yaşadığı paradigma değişimi incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Türk Anayasa Mahkemesinin 2010 öncesinde devleti özellikle devletin bölünmez bütünlüğü ve laiklik konularında koruyarak ideoloji vi temelli bir paradigma benimsediği; 2010 anayasal değişiklikler sonrasında Mahkeme hak temelli bir paradigma benimsemeye başladığı bulgulanmıştır. vii SUMMARY JUDICIAL ACTIVISM: THE CASE OF TURKISH CONSTITUTIONAL COURT Okutan, Muhammet Erdal Ph.D. Dissertation, Political Science and Public Administration Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Alim YILMAZ December, 2019, 212 + xi pages Judicial review in general, constitutional courts in particular are one of the indispensable institutions of the rule of law and democracy. Judicial review, which has started to be in effect in different time zones in different geographies around the world, is now becoming a widespread institution in almost all political systems. Constitutional courts, established especially after the transition to democracy, are a vital institution for the protection of individual rights and freedoms by limiting the excessive use of force of legislative and executive powers. Some argue, however, that the constitutional courts are the product of a strategic political activity and established to protect the ideological hegemony of the ex-power holders after the transition to democracy. The Turkish Constitutional Court was established even if not immediately after the transition to democracy in Turkish political life, but after the military coup in the tenth year of democratic life. The court has undergone several structural changes to date. The most important of these was the constitutional amendments in 2010. This thesis discusses the judicialization of politics with the case of the Turkish Constitutional Court. The ideology-based paradigm adopted by the Turkish Constitutional Court before 2010 and the paradigm change experienced by the Court after 2010 is tried to be analyzed. The indicators of both ideology-based and rights- based paradigms are questioned by content analysis of court cases. In addition, the study conducts an interpretive analysis of the President's speeches and semi-structured elite interviews were conducts with one judge of the Court and two senior rapporteurs. Through this method, the attitude of the Court before 2010 and especially the paradigm shift experienced in 2010 were examined. In conclusion, the Turkish Constitutional Court adopted an ideology-based paradigm prior to 2010 for the hegemonic preservation of the state, in particular on the indivisible integrity and secularism of the viii state. Following the constitutional changes in 2010, the Court adopts a rights-based paradigm to protect basic human rights and freedoms. ix İÇİNDEKİLER GİRİŞ .......................................................................................................................... 1 BÖLÜM II: SİYASETİN YARGISALLAŞMASI: LİTERATÜR ÖZETİ ........ 16 2.1 İKTİDARDAKİ KAYMANIN TARİHİ .......................................................... 17 2.2 SİYASETİN YARGISALLAŞMASI ............................................................... 21 2.3 YARGISAL AKTİVİZM VE MAHKEMENİN YORUM TEKELİ ............... 26 2.4 YARGISAL SİYASET .................................................................................... 30 2.4.1 Salt Bir Hukuki Organ Olarak Mahkemeler .............................................. 31 2.4.2 Siyasal Güce Sahip Mahkemeler ............................................................... 34 2.4.3 Anayasa Mahkemesi ve Siyasetin Yargısallaşması ................................... 37 BÖLÜM III: TEORİK ÇERÇEVE: SİYASETİN YARGISALLAŞMASI: FARKLI YAKLAŞIMLAR ..................................................................................... 41 3.1 SİYASAL BİR STRATEJİ OLARAK ANAYASAL DENETİM ................... 46 3.2 ANAYASAL DENETİM VE BİREYSEL HAKLAR ..................................... 56 BÖLÜM IV: TÜRKİYE’DE ANAYASAL DENETİM ........................................ 66 4.1 TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANAYASA MAHKEMESİ’NİN OLUŞUMU 66 4.2 TÜRK ANAYASA MAHKEMESİ VE SİYASETİN YARGISALLAŞMASI ................................................................................................................................ 72 4.3 1982-2010 ARASI ÖRNEK OLAY İNCELEMELERİ ................................... 86 4.3.1 Devletin Bölünmez Bütünlüğüne Aykırı Faaliyetlerden Dolayı Parti Kapatma Davaları ............................................................................................... 86 4.3.1.1 Türkiye Birleşik Komünist Partisi (TBKP)......................................... 87 4.3.1.2 Sosyalist Parti (SP) .............................................................................. 89 4.3.1.3 Halkın Emek Partisi (HEP) ................................................................. 90 4.3.1.4 Özgürlük ve Demokrasi Partisi (ÖZDEP) .......................................... 92 4.3.1.5 Sosyalist Türkiye Partisi (STP) ........................................................... 94 4.3.1.6 Demokrasi Partisi (DEP) ..................................................................... 95 4.3.1.7 Sosyalist Birlik Partisi (SBP) .............................................................. 97 4.3.1.8 Demokrasi ve Değişim Partisi (DDP) ................................................. 99 4.3.1.9 Emek Partisi (EP) .............................................................................. 100 4.3.1.10 Demokratik Kitle Partisi (DKP) ...................................................... 102 4.3.1.11 Halkın Demokrasi Partisi (HADEP) ............................................... 105 4.3.1.12 Demokratik Toplum Partisi (DTP) ................................................. 107 4.3.2 Bölünmez Bütünlük Gerekçesiyle Kapatılan Partilerin Genel Değerlendirilmesi.............................................................................................. 111 x 4.3.3 Laiklik İlkesini İhlal Ettiği Gerekçesiyle Kapatılan veya Ceza Alan Siyasi Partiler ..............................................................................................................
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