Türk-Ingiliz Ilişkilerinde Ermeni Faktörü

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Türk-Ingiliz Ilişkilerinde Ermeni Faktörü TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ İSTANBUL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ TARİH ANABİLİM DALI TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ TARİHİ BİLİM DALI TÜRK-İNGİLİZ İLİŞKİLERİNDE ERMENİ FAKTÖRÜ DOKTORA TEZİ DANIŞMAN PROF. DR. ALİ ARSLAN HAZIRLAYAN HALİL ERSİN AVCI 2502030218 İSTANBUL 2010 ÖZ TÜRK-İNGİLİZ İLİŞKİLERİNDE ERMENİ FAKTÖRÜ Halil Ersin Avcı Türk-İngiliz ilişkilerinde Ermeniler ilişkilerin başladığı ilk günlerden itibaren etkin faktör olmuşlardır. İngilizler, Türkler ile düşmanları, Katolik İspanya’ya karşı müttefik olmuşlar ve bu sayede de İspanyol işgalinden ve büyük bir yıkımdan kurtulabilmişlerdir. İngilizler için Ermeniler, Ortadoğu’nun kilidinin anahtarı olmuşlar, Ermeni ticarî ağı sayesinde İngilizler Ortadoğu’ya, Hindistan’a ve Uzakdoğu’ya açılmışlardı. Ermeni ticarî ağı ile İngiliz donanmasının birleşimi İngiliz İmparatorluğunu netice vermiştir. Ortadoğu, Güney Asya ve Uzakdoğu’da hâkimiyet kuran İngiliz İmparatorluğu karşısında Rusya İmparatorluğunu rakip olarak bulmuştur. 19.yüzyıldan itibaren Rusya ve İngiltere’nin rekabeti Ermenilerde sosyo- ekonomik ve sosyo-kültürel değişimlere sebep olmuştur. Sonunda Ermeniler bir dizi reformasyon sürecinden sonra ciddi bir transformasyona uğramışlardır. 19.yüzyılın son on yıllarında başlayan petrol alanları rekabetinde Ortadoğu’ya sahip olmak isteyen İngiltere, Ermenileri bu amacına yönelik olarak kullanmıştır. Rusya, Fransa, Almanya ve diğer sömürgeci güçlerin Ermenileri kendi Ortadoğu hâkimiyeti idealleri yönünde kullanmaları en çok Ermenilere zarar vermiştir. İngiltere ve müttefiklerinin Ermenilere verdiği devlet kurma sözüne rağmen I.Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra bu sözü tutmaması ve Ermenileri kendi kaderine terk etmesi Ermenileri, I.Dünya Savaşı’nda Türkler ile birlikte en çok zarar gören millet konumuna getirmiştir. Ermeniler bu savaş ve yaşananlar sebebiyle Ortadoğu’daki etkin tüccar rollerini kaybetmişlerdir. I.Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra artan Sovyet tehlikesi sebebiyle Türkiye’nin öneminin artması ile İngiltere, Ermenileri ve Ermeni meselesini, bir gün lazım olduğunda kullanmak üzere, bir süreliğine rafa kaldıracaktı. III Anahtar Kelimeler: Ermeniler, Ermeni Meselesi, Türk-İngiliz ilişkileri, Ermeni tüccarı, Petrol, Fitzmaurice, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Lozan, Malta Mahkemesi, I.Dünya Savaşı, İngiliz istihbaratı. IV ABSTRACT ARMENIAN FACTOR IN THE TURCO-BRITISH RELATIONS Halil Ersin Avcı Armenians have taken an active role in the Turco-British relations from the beginning. Britain allied with the Ottoman State against the Catholic Spain and it is this alliance that saved Britain from an invasion and thus a total destruction. For British, Armenians were a key to the Middle East because Armenians’ regional wide trade network was very effective. Through Armenian trade network, Britania opened the doors of the Middle East, India and the Far East. Uniting the Armenian trade network with the British fleet resulted in the British Empire and the British Empire found the Russian Empire as rival power against her very survival, while she were enlarging her colonies at those regions such as the Middle East, Southern Asia and the Far East. From the beginning of the 19th century, rivalry between the British and Russian Empires caused to a great changes in the Armenian socio-economic and socio-cultural life. At the end of a series of reformations in the Armenian life, which were manipulated by the rival powers, Armenians were seriously transformed. At the last decades of 19th century, a new rivalry had begun to control, possess, and dominate the petroleum lands in the Middle East. British Empire, who wanted to take control of the Middle East, used the Armenians for this purpose. Russia, Germany, Italy, French and the other colonial powers had the same goal of taking control of the Middle East. To reach their goals, they used the Armenians, which at the end harmed the Armenian nation. British Empire and her allies, who had given their words to found a new state for Armenians, did not keep their words and left the Armenias to their fate after the end of the World War I. These lies, put the Armenians on a list as a second loser and sufferer of the World War I, after the number of great Turkish loses and suffers. On V top of that, Armenians lost their position as an effective merchant role in the Middle East as a consequence of the war. After the World War I, Soviet danger had become a major threat to the very survival of the British Empire. Because of this threat, Turkey earned a very important strategic position for the British Empire in the defence of the empire once again. Thus, the Bristish Empire put the Armenians and the Armenian Question on a shelf for a while to bring it up one day. Key Words: Armenians, The Armenian Question, Turco-British Relations, Armenian Merchant, Pertoleum, Fitzmaurice, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Lausanne, Malta Trials, World War I, British Espionage. VI ÖNSÖZ Ermeniler, başlangıcından itibaren, Türk-İngiliz ilişkilerinde etkin faktör olmuşlardır. Bunun başlıca sebebi, Orta ve Yakın Doğu’ya yayılmış Ermeni Ticarî Ağı’nı İngilizlerin kendi politikaları doğrultusunda kullanmak istemesiydi. Türk-İngiliz ilişkileri, ticarî ve siyasî olarak eş zamanlı bir şekilde başlamış, Avrupa ve Ortadoğu’daki hızlı siyasî gelişmeler sebebiyle süratle ilerlemiştir. İngiltere ve Osmanlı Devleti’nin birbirinden uzak coğrafyalarda yer almaları, Osmanlı Devleti’nin Avrupa politikasında İngiltere’nin, “Osmanlı-Avrupa Dengesi” politikası açısından önemli bir yere sahip olması gibi nedenlerle iki ülke uzun süre genel olarak birbirleri ile savaşmaksızın uzun süre karşılıklı ilişkilerini sürdürmüşlerdir. İlişkilerin bu şekilde seyri İngiltere’nin Doğu politikalarını kendi istediği şekilde tatbik edebilmesinin önünü açmıştır. İngiltere’nin Osmanlı ve Güney Asya coğrafyalarına uzaklığı sebebiyle bölgedeki İngiliz menfaatlerinin kazanılması, korunması ve sürdürülebilmesi için bir ticarî ortağa ihtiyaç duyulmuştur. Bu ortak da hiç şüphesiz 14.yüzyıldan itibaren İngiltere ile siyasî ilişkiler kurmaya çalışan ve Ön Asya’da geniş bir ticaret ağına sahip Ermeniler olmuşlardır. Türk-İngiliz ilişkilerinde, özellikle ticarî planda, aracılık yapan ve maddî olarak giderek zenginleşen Ermeni tüccarı, zamanla İngiltere’nin Doğu politikalarında en önemli aygıt ve ticarî bir faktör haline geldi. İngiltere’nin Ermeniler vasıtasıyla yürüttüğü faaliyetlerin 19.yüzyıl ikinci yarısından itibaren Osmanlı Devleti aleyhine siyasî sonuçlar ortaya çıkarması Türk-İngiliz ilişkilerinde gerilime yol açmıştır. Bu gerilimli ilişkilerde Ermeniler, siyasî bir faktöre dönüştüler. VII İngiltere kadar Rusya ve Fransa’nın da Osmanlı ve Doğu’da çıkarlarını göz önünde bulundurarak, kendi etki alanlarını oluşturma hedefli başlattıkları Ermeni dönüşümü veya transformasyonu, Ermenileri yaşadıkları topluma, coğrafyaya ve metafizik ortama yabancılaşarak, “öteki”leştirmiştir. “Ötekileşme” İngiltere, Fransa ve Rusya tarafından Osmanlı Devleti’nin dağılma sürecinde etkin olarak kullanılmıştır. “Ötekileştirerek” “ayrıştırma” hem Türk hem de Ermeniler açısından yıkıcı sonuçlara yol açmış, en nihayetinde kazanan İngilizler ve kısmen de Fransızlar olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, Türk-İngiliz ilişkilerinde Ermenilerin nasıl bir rol oynadığı teması içerisinde, Ermeni-İngiliz ortaklığının kurulması, Ermenilerin İngilizler tarafından dönüştürülmesi ve özellikle bu dönüşümün Osmanlı Devleti’nin son yıllarındaki siyasî etkilerine temas edilmiştir. Türk-İngiliz ve Türk-Ermeni ilişkilerinin her birisi başlı başına çok geniş konular olması ve bu konularda birçok kıymetli çalışmalar bulunması hasebiyle bu çalışmada Türk-İngiliz-Ermeni üçlüsünün kesişim noktaları dikkate alınarak, Türk-İngiliz ilişkilerinde Ermenilerin rol aldığı önemli tarihî vakalar, eldeki belge ve verilerin durumuna göre değerlendirilme çalışılmıştır. Bunun dışında kalan ve hakkında özgün yayınların olduğu meselelerde dipnotlarla yönlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Söz konusu hususlar, bu çalışmada tarihî önem ve değerine göre değil “Türk-İngiliz ilişkilerinde Ermeni Faktörü” konusunda işgal ettiği alana göre yer almışlardır. Çalışmada ağırlıklı olarak İngiliz ait arşiv materyalleri ve bilgilerine yer verilmiş, Türk arşiv belgeleri, İngilizlere ait bilgiler yanında daha az kullanılmıştır. Bunun birinci sebebi, Ermeni meselesi ve Türk-İngiliz ilişkileri ile ilgili Osmanlı arşiv belgeleri çalışma hazırlanırken görüldüğü üzere, yapılan birçok çalışmada çok yoğun bir şekilde kullanılmıştır. Ancak İngiliz kütüphanelerinde ve arşivinde, Ermeni meselesini aydınlatabilecek, çok sayıdaki arşiv materyali ve birçok bilimsel çalışmadan henüz Türk bilim VIII adamları tarafından yeterince istifade edilemediği dikkati çekmiştir. Bu sebeple İngiliz arşiv materyali ve bilimsel çalışmaları daha yoğun olarak kullanılarak söz konusu bilgiler bilim camiasının istifadesine sunulmaya gayret edilmiştir. İkinci sebep; dünyada özellikle batıda Türk belgelerinin yanlı olduğu yönünde bir kara bir propaganda yapılmaktadır. Bu sebeple, İngiliz belgeleri ve bilimsel çalışmaları öncelenerek, Osmanlı belgelerindeki bilim camiasınca malum mevzuların, vuzuha kavuşması ve teyit edilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Üçüncü sebep; yaptığımız araştırmalarda, Ermeni meselesinin, bir emperyalist kurgu ürünü olduğu kanaatini uyandırmıştır. Dolayısıyla bu kurgunun izlerinin ancak yine batı arşivlerinde sürülebileceği görülmüş, Osmanlı arşivlerinde ise ancak sonuçların takibinin yapılabileceği anlaşılmıştır. Bu sebeple asıl plan ve niyetlerin ortaya çıkarılabilmesi için İngiliz arşiv materyalleri, bilimsel çalışmaları yanında da kısmen Amerikan arşiv materyallerine
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