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CROP PRODUCTION PROTOCOL MANGO (Mangifera Indica) PIP CROP PRODUCTION PROTOCOL MANGO (Mangifera indica) COLEACP is an international network promoting sustainable horticultural trade. PIP is a European cooperation programme managed by COLEACP. It is financed by the European Development Fund and implemented at the request of the ACP (Africa, Caribbean and Pacific) Group of States. In accordance with the Millennium Development Goals, the global objective is to: “Maintain and, if possible, increase the contribution made by export horticulture to the reduction of poverty in ACP countries”. www.coleacp.org/pip PIP is funded by the European Union. This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of Programme PIP this publication are the sole responsibility of PIP and COLEACP and can in no way be taken to COLEACP reflect the views of the European Union. Rue du Trône, 130 - B-1050 Brussels - Belgium May 2013 Tel.: +32 (0)2 508 10 90 - Fax: +32 (0)2 514 06 32 Document drafted by PIP with technical collaboration of: H. VANNIERE, J-Y REY and J-F. VAYSSIERES from CIRAD- UR HortSys, H. MARAITE from UCL phytopathology unit Pictures credits: fotolia.com Disclaimer The document « Crop Production Protocol » (Mango) describes all the agricultural practices linked with mango and suggests pest and disease control based mainly on active substances supported by the plant protection products manufacturers in European Regulation 1107/2009 and due to comply with pesticide residue limits. Most of these active substances have been tested through a field trials programme and the residue level of each active substance has been measured. The pest and disease control suggested is dynamic and will be adapted continuously, integrating all information gath- ered by the PIP. Each grower should select from the products listed a set of active substances that are of no concern regarding residues. A formulation may be applied only if it is legally registered in the country of application. Growers should check with the local registration authorities wether a product they wish to use is included on the list of registered products. The PIP’s crop protocols and guides to good phytosanitary practices are regularly updated. For further information, see the PIP website www.coleacp.org/pip P3 Table of contents 1. DESCRIPTION . 7 1.1. Botany . .7 1.2. The Phenological Cycle - Periodic Growth . 8 2. VARIETIES . 9 3. THE NURSERY . 13 3.1. General Considerations . 13 3.2. Choice of Rootstock . 13 3.3. Choice of Seeds for Producing Rootstock . 13 3.3.1. Preparation of Seeds Prior to Sowing . 13 3.3.2. Preparing the Hotbed Soil . 13 3.3.3. Sowing . 14 3.3.4. Transplanting . 14 3.4. Grafting . .14 3.4.1. Choosing Scions . 14 3.4.2. Preparing the Rootstock . 14 3.4.3. Appropriate Grafting Period . 14 3.4.4. Grafting Techniques . 14 3.4.5. Postgrafting Care . 15 3.5. Plant Protection Measures in Nurseries . 15 3.5.1. Main Pests. 15 3.5.1.1. Scale Insects . 15 3.5.1.2. Mango Bugs . 15 3.5.1.3. Locusts . 15 3.5.1.4. Thrips . 16 3.5.1.5. Leaf-gall cecidomyiids: Procontarinia matteiana . 16 3.5.2. Major Diseases . 16 3.5.2.1. Powdery Mildew: Oidium mangiferae . 16 3.5.2.2. Anthracnose: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides . 16 3.5.2.3. Bacterial Blackspot: Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae . 16 4. ORCHARD ESTABLISHMENT . 17 4.1. Requirements . .17 4.1.1. Climate . 17 4.1.2. Water . 17 4.1.3. Soil . 17 4.2. Plot Developments Prior to Planting . 17 4.2.1. Erosion and Drainage Measures . 17 4.2.2. Windbreak Network . 17 4.2.3. Planting Density . 18 4.2.4. Soil Preparation . 18 4.2.4.1. Mechanised mango culture . 18 4.2.4.2. Non-mechanised mango culture . 18 4.3. Plantations . .18 4.3.1. Layout . 18 4.3.2. Planting . 18 4.4. Upkeep of Plantations . 18 4.4.1. Irrigation . 18 4.4.2. Role of Various Nutrients in Fertilisation . 19 P5 4.4.2.1. Nitrogen . 19 4.4.2.2. Phosphorus . 19 4.4.2.3. Potassium . 19 4.4.2.4. Calcium . 19 4.4.2.5. Magnesium . 20 4.4.2.6. Boron . 20 4.4.2.7. Zinc . 20 4.4.3. Mineral fertilisation . 20 4.4.4. Weed control – Protection from fire . 21 5. PLANT PROTECTION . 22 5.1. Steps to implement an integrated plant protection approach . 22 5.2. Identification of risk periods based on the phenological stage . 22 5.3. Geographic distribution of diseases and insects . 23 5.4. Pesticide treatments . 23 5.5. Pests . 26 5.5.1. Fruit flies: Bactrocera invadens: Ceratitis cosyra, C. fasciventris, C. quinaria . 26 5.5.2. Scale insects . 29 5.5.3. Mango mealybug: Rastrococcus invadens . 29 5.5.4. Thrips . 31 5.5.5. Flower (Erosomyia mangiferae) and leaf-gall (Procontarinia matteiana) midge . 31 5.5.6. Whiteflies: Aleurodicus dispersus . 31 5.5.7. Mango Bugs: Anoplocnemis curvipes, Lygus spp. 31 5.5.8. Locusts . 32 5.5.9. Termites . 32 5.5.10. Mango seed weevil . 33 5.6. Fungal Diseases . ..
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