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3Ijilosopi)J> E! R in {{ BOTANY STUDIES ON POWDERY MILDEWS OF SOME ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT CRUCIFEROUS PLANTS DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE CERTIFICATE OF / iWaisiter of |3ijiloSopi)j> E! r IN {{ BOTANY ^A BY PUNIT VARSHNEY DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 2000 \ Ace. N<j *'-v,..i u.i' DS3147 €di(Xjd€€l to of Dr. MOHD. AKRAM /^^\ Mycology and Plant Pathology M.sc.Ph.D. (Alio) F.P.s. 1: F.B s CIcEl)*) Laborotories ^^?*^/ DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY Principal Investigator -^>s^£^ ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY UGC. (Mildew) Project ALIGARH-202001 (INDIA) Re^.No - •P"'^'^- /^A//>^^/ Certificate /d id to certlttA tkat Ifl/lv. J-^vivilt warikneiA had worked in tkid department a6 a iKeiearck S^ckolar under miA 6uperui6ion and auidance. ^J^i6 work Studied on powderij mildew of dome economicallu important cruciferoud planti id upto-date and oriaina allowed to dul?mit kid diddertation for tke condideration of tke award of tke ,Jjeqree of l/vladter of j-^kilodopku in U^otaniA. cttdeStfte^A to^ nuf ^c^fiected M^'wUon., 'Di. 'VtoAd. ;4^%CMt. I^eciciei m tAe 'Dcfi^%tm€*tt o^ 3otcM4f. /iiCc^'tA ^)ftc(4lCtK 7iitiu€n^<ttf, ;4Uc^nA dediccLtiatt to c<^a%^. 'r^C^ ^dtcence <iftd ^tfmpdtnctic attitude aa-d catitcKuau^ CtiteicAt n^ue (^nrCatitf CitA^Oied mc in co^tnfi^ictifK^ t^C^ a^ *Dcp'<i%tM,e(i.t a^ ^otci^tttf ^a^ fr%a(Kdc*t^ mc ^cUX^^ie tci6-(^%aX(^%(f. attd <iemcftai ^ccUtce<i^. ^ am c^%cct,tt(f t^tt^^(d t(y <iU t^e %e^ficcted teac^itic^ a,</td ttatt te<^c^c(tc^ <it<i^^ ^<^% meii ^eifi and e«tco^cc%<x<ji^eM'etit dwimc^ w^ dtudie^ avtd t<^ M m(f deal lj%ieMd<i. ^Jfti. 'Da^U^^ ^<^«<jaaT. W^^. S(fcd 'paAeem ^Atttad. *}Ki^A. Sada TC^dft, Wcdd. ^%<im Z>iaa. "TKi. ^<^^T Scdtan ^ai tAec% timcitf, Mfi. t^e ia^t ^ (Mi^uid tAa«t^ mcf uncie "TKn.. Suiaj ^la^^A Sa%a^, mcf fi^€i%cntd. d^at^ei. dUtei aad o^tAc% teCatcacd euAa ^ced ate doxtd a^ dc^^ccuCtCcA dec<iu<ie o^ wcf ad^cdce at ^awe, 7^/4 /i'^ad attd ^latAcid Acipcd mc a Cat c*t ^%i«ttCttCf^ t^Cd diddc%tati(m (4ACU in time. f/'^unlt Uarikneul CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1-12 2. Review of literature 13-144 (i) Occurence and new host-records (ii) Powdery mildew on various plants (iii) Taxonomy of powdery mildew fungi (iv) Records of collateral hosts for powdery mildew fungi. (v) Host-haustorium interface in powdery mildew fungi (vi) Perfect stages of powdery mildew fungi (vii) Powdery mildew conidia and weather parameters (viii) Powdery mildew and environmental pollution (ix) Biocontrol of powdery mildew fungi (x) Chemical control of powdery mildew fungi 3. Plan of Work 145 4. Materials and Methods 146-149 (i) Survey (ii) Collection, identity and maintenance of pathogen (iii) Host range studies 5. Observations 150-152 6. References 153-189 The Powdery Mildews Powdery mildews are probably the most common, conspicuous, widespread, and easily recognizable plant diseases. They affect all kinds of plants. Powdery mi'dews are characterized by the appearance of spots or patches of a white to grayish, powdery, growth on young plant tissues, or of entire leaves and other organs being completely covered by the white powdery mass. Tiny, pinhead sized, spherical, at first white later turning to yellow-brown, and finally becomes black. Cleistothecia may be present singly or in groups on the white-grayish mildew in the older areas of infection. It is commonly observed on the upper side of the leaves, but it also affects the underside young shoots, stems, buds, flowers, and young fruits. The fungi causing this disease are obligate parasites they cannot be cultured on artificial nutrient media. They produce mycelium that grows only on the surface of plant tissues, never invading the tissues themselves. They obtain nutrients from the plant by sending haustoria (feeding organs) into the epidermal cells of the plant organs. The mycelium produces short conidiophores on the plant surface. Each conidiophore produce chains of rectangular, ovoid, or round conidia that are carried by air currents. When environmental and nutritional conditions become unfavourable, the fungus may produce cleistothecia containing one or a few asci. The powdery mildew fungi, although they are common and cause serious diseases in cool or warm, humid areas, are even more common and severe in warm, dry climates. This happens because their spores can be released, germinate, and cause infection even when there is no film of water on the plant surface as long as the relative humidity in the air is fairly high. Once infection has begun the mycelium continues to spread on the plant surface regardless of the moisture conditions in the atmosphere. Powdery mildews are widespread, among crop plants and ornamentals causing a threat for plant growth and crop yield, on all crops probably surpass the losses caused by any other single type of plant disease. It seldom kill their hosts but utilize their nutrients, reduce photosynthesis, increase respiration and transpiration, impair growth, and reduce yields, sometimes by as much as 20-40%. Among the plants most severely affected by powdery mildew are various cereals, as wheat and barley. Other crops that suffer common and severe losses are the cucurbits, especially cantaloupe, squash, and cucumber; sugar beets; strawberries; clovers; many ornamentals as rose, begonia, dephinium, azalea and lilac; grape; and many trees viz., apple, catalpa and oak. The control of powdery mildews in cereals and several other annual crops has been primarily through the use of resistant varieties but, more recently, also with systemic fungicides such as ethirimol, triadimenol, and triforine used as seed treatments, or prochloraz, triadimefon, tridemorph, and triforine, and others, used as foliar sprays. The same chemicals are used for control of powdery mildews in other crops and in ornamentals, although elemental sulfur and dinocap have been used extensively and effectively. Powdery mildew on apple, is effectively controlled with sprays of any of several sterol inhibiting systemic fungicides such as triadimefon, etaconazole, bitertanol and triforine, also controlled experimentally with sprays of phosphate salt solution and detergents or ultrafine oils. The powdery mildew diseases of various crops or other plants are caused by many species of fungi of the family Erysiphaceae grouped into seven main genera. These genera are distinguished from one another by the number (one versus several) of asci per cleistothecium and by the morphology of hyphal appendages growing out of the wall of the cleistothecium. Er\;siphe cichoracearum, causing powdery mildew of begonia, chrysanthemum, cucurbits, Dahlia, Zinnia and E. polygoni of legumes, beets, crucifers, and cucurbits. Blumeria graminis of cereals and grasses. Microsphaera alni, causing powdery mildew of many shade trees and woody ornamentals. Phi;Uactinia sp, causing powdery mildew of shade and forest trees. Podosphaera, causing powdery mildew of apple, pear and quince, and P. ox\;acanthae of apricot, cherry, peach and plum. Sphaerotheca macularis causing powdery mildew of strawberry, S. mors-uuae, of gooseberry and currant, and S. pannosa of peach and rose. Uncinula necator, causing powdery mildew of grape and horse chestnut. Family Brassicaceae Raphanus L.( Fam. Crucifcrae synm. Brassicaceae) A small genus of annual to perennial herbs distributed chiefly in Mediterranean region. R. sativus (radish) is cultivated throughout the world for its roots which are used as vegetables. R. sativus L. (Radish) - An annual or biennial bristly herb with a white or brightly coloured tuberous tap root, cultivated throughout India and upto 3,000 m in the Himalayas and other hilly regions. Stems simple or branched, erect, 20-100 cm; basal leaves long, lyrately pinnate or pinnatisect, coarsely toothed; cauline leaves simple, linear; flowers in long terminal racemes, usually white or lilac with purple veins, fruits inflated, 25-90 mm long, with a long tapering beak, hardly or irregularly constricted and filled inside with white pith between the seeds; seeds 2-8, globose, yellow or brown. R. satiuus is not known in the wild state. R. satiuus exhibits a wide range of forms with regards to size, shape and colour of the roots, time required to reach maturity after planting and the keeping and edible quality of roots. A large number of types of radish, indigenous as well as introduced, are found under cultivation in the different areas of the country. Radish is attacked by very few diseases and pests in this country viz., Root rot caused by P\^thium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzpatrick. Cabbage black ring spot virus belonging to turnip virus I group is reported from U.P. Aphis gossi^piae Gloner, Mi;zus persicae (Sulz.) and Breuicoryne brassica L., are reported to be the vectors. The mustard saw fly, Athalia proximo Klug., which is a pest of the nurseries of cruciferous plants is said to cause severe damage sometimes. Hand picking of larvae where the area involved is small, or spraying with lead arsenate or dusting with BHC are recommended. The mustard aphis, SipHoceri^ne indobrassicae Das, sometimes attack radish and other cruciferous crops. Spraying with nicotine sulphate or dusting with Hexamar BHC or Gammexane are recommended. The radishes can be stored at room temperature for 3-4 days during winter in N. India without impairing their quality. Under cold storage they can be kept for over 2 months at 0° at an R.H. of 90-95%. Radish is eaten raw as salad or cooked as vegetables;, it is much- relished for its pungent flavour and is considered an appetizer. The leaves are also boiled and eaten. Radish is credited with refreshing and depurative properties. Radish preparations are useful in liver and gall bladder troubles.
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