A Revised List of South African Erysiphaceae (Powdery Mildews) and Their Host Plants
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Overview of the Genus Phyllactinia (Ascomycota, Erysiphales) in Azerbaijan
Plant & Fungal Research (2018) 1(1): 9-17 © The Institute of Botany, ANAS, Baku, Azerbaijan http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/plantfungalres.2 December 2018 Overview of the genus Phyllactinia (Ascomycota, Erysiphales) in Azerbaijan Dilzara N. Aghayeva1 Key Words: distribution, ectoparasitism, endoparasit- Lamiya V. Abasova ism, host plant, plant pathogen, powdery mildews Institute of Botany, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Badamdar 40, Baku, AZ1004, Azerbaijan INTRODUCTION Susumu Takamatsu Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Powdery mildews are one of the frequently encoun- 1577 Kurima-Machiya, Tsu 514-8507, Japan tered plant pathogens and most of them are epiphytic (14 genera from 18), in which they tend to produce hy- Abstract: Intergeneric diversity of powdery mildews phae and reproductive structures on surface of leaves, within the genus Phyllactinia in Azerbaijan was inves- young shoots and inflorescence [Braun, Cook, 2012; tigated using morphological approaches based on re-ex- Glawe, 2008]. These fungi absorb nutrients from plant amination of herbarium specimens kept in Mycological tissue via haustoria, which develops in epidermal cells Herbarium of the Institute of Botany (BAK), Azerbaijan of plants [Braun, Cook, 2012]. Among all powdery mil- National Academy of Sciences and collections of re- dews only four genera demonstrate endoparasitism, of cent years. To contribute detail taxonomic analysis data them Phyllactinia Lév., have partly endoparasitic na- given in literatures was revised. Modern taxonomic and ture. Fungi belonging to these genera penetrate into the nomenclature changes were considered. The host range plant cell via stomata and develop haustoria in paren- and geographical distribution of species residing to the chyma cells. Endoparasitic genera of powdery mildews genus within the country were clarified. -
Development and Evaluation of Rrna Targeted in Situ Probes and Phylogenetic Relationships of Freshwater Fungi
Development and evaluation of rRNA targeted in situ probes and phylogenetic relationships of freshwater fungi vorgelegt von Diplom-Biologin Christiane Baschien aus Berlin Von der Fakultät III - Prozesswissenschaften der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktorin der Naturwissenschaften - Dr. rer. nat. - genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. sc. techn. Lutz-Günter Fleischer Berichter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Ulrich Szewzyk Berichter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Felix Bärlocher Berichter: Dr. habil. Werner Manz Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 19.05.2003 Berlin 2003 D83 Table of contents INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 1 MATERIAL AND METHODS .................................................................................................................. 8 1. Used organisms ............................................................................................................................. 8 2. Media, culture conditions, maintenance of cultures and harvest procedure.................................. 9 2.1. Culture media........................................................................................................................... 9 2.2. Culture conditions .................................................................................................................. 10 2.3. Maintenance of cultures.........................................................................................................10 -
New Powdery Mildew on Tomatoes
NEW POWDERY MILDEW ON TOMATOES Heather Scheck, Plant Pathologist Ag Commissioner’s Office, Santa Barbara County POWDERY MILDEW BIOLOGY Powdery mildew fungi are obligate, biotrophic parasites of the phylum Ascomycota of the Kingdom Fungi. The diseases they cause are common, widespread, and easily recognizable Individual species of powdery mildew fungi typically have a narrow host range, but the ones that infect Tomato are exceptionally large. Photo from APS Net POWDERY MILDEW BIOLOGY Unlike most fungal pathogens, powdery mildew fungi tend to grow superficially, or epiphytically, on plant surfaces. During the growing season, hyphae and spores are produced in large colonies that can coalesce Infections can also occur on stems, flowers, or fruit (but not tomato fruit) Our climate allows easy overwintering of inoculum and perfect summer temperatures for epidemics POWDERY MILDEW BIOLOGY Specialized absorption cells, termed haustoria, extend into the plant epidermal cells to obtain nutrition. Powdery mildew fungi can completely cover the exterior of the plant surfaces (leaves, stems, fruit) POWDERY MILDEW BIOLOGY Conidia (asexual spores) are also produced on plant surfaces during the growing season. The conidia develop either singly or in chains on specialized hyphae called conidiophores. Conidiophores arise from the epiphytic hyphae. This is the Anamorph. Courtesy J. Schlesselman POWDERY MILDEW BIOLOGY Some powdery mildew fungi produce sexual spores, known as ascospores, in a sac-like ascus, enclosed in a fruiting body called a chasmothecium (old name cleistothecium). This is the Teleomorph Chasmothecia are generally spherical with no natural opening; asci with ascospores are released when a crack develops in the wall of the fruiting body. -
Suitability of Nano-Sulphur for Biorational Management Of
atholog P y & nt a M l i P c r Journal of f o o b Gogoi et al., J Plant Pathol Microb 2013, 4:4 l i a o l n o r DOI: 10.4172/2157-7471.1000171 g u y o J Plant Pathology & Microbiology ISSN: 2157-7471 Research Article Open Access Suitability of Nano-sulphur for Biorational Management of Powdery mildew of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench) caused by Erysiphe cichoracearum Robin Gogoi1*, Pradeep Kumar Singh1, Rajesh Kumar2, Kishore Kumar Nair2, Imteyaz Alam2, Chitra Srivastava3, Saurabh Yadav3, Madhuban Gopal2, Samrat Roy Choudhury4 and Arunava Goswami4 1Divisions of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India 2Divisions of Agricultural Chemicals, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India 3Department of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, India 4Indian Statistical Research Institute, Kolkata-700 108, West Bengal, India Abstract New nano-sulphur synthesized at IARI and three other commercial products namely commercial sulphur (Merck), commercial nano-sulphur (M K Impex, Canada) and Sulphur 80 WP (Corel Insecticide) were evaluated in vitro for fungicidal efficacy at 1000 ppm against Erysiphe cichoracearum of okra. All the sulphur fungicides significantly reduced the germination of conidia of E. cichoracearum as compared to control. Least conidial germination was recorded in IARI nano-sulphur (4.56%) followed by Canadian nanosulphur (14.17%), Merck sulphur (15.53%), sulphur 80 WP (15.97%) and control (23.09%). Non-germinated conidia count was also high in case of IARI nano- sulphur followed by Canadian nano-sulphur, Merck sulphur and Sulphur 80WP. -
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Proceedings of the 7 th CMAPSEEC Original scientific paper FIRST RECORD OF POWDERY MILDEW ON CAMOMILE IN SERBIA Stojanovi ć D. Saša 1, Pavlovi ć Dj. Snežana 2, Starovi ć S. Mira 1, Stevi ć R.Tatjana 2, Joši ć LJ. Dragana 3 1 Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, Teodora Drajzera 9, Belgrade, Serbia 2 Institute for Medical Plant Research, «Dr Josif Pan čić», Tadeusa Koscuskog 1, Belgrade, Srbia 3 Institute for Soil Science, Teodora Drajzera 7, Belgrade, Serbia SUMMARY German c hamomile ( Matricaria recutita L .) is a well-known medicinal plant species from the Asteraceae family which has been used since ancient times as folk drug with multitherapeutic, cosmetic, and nutritional values. On the plantation (14 hectares) located in northern Serbia (Pancevo), as well as on the wild plants in the vicinity of Belgrade, the powdery mildew was observed on all green parts of chamomile plants in spring during 2010 and 2011. The first symptoms were manifested as individual, circular, white spots of pathogens mycelium formed on the surface of stem and both sides of the leaves. Later on, the spots merged and dense mycelia completely covered all parts of infected plants. The consequence of this disease is the destruction of foliage, which prevents obtaining of high-quality herbal products for pharmaceutical purposes. Based on the morhological characteristics the pathogen was determined as Golovinomyces cichoracearum (syn. Erysiphe cichoracearum ). It is already known as a pathogen of chamomile, but for the first time is described in Serbia. Key words: chamomile , Matricaria recutita , disease, powdery mildew , Golovinomyces cichoracearum INTRODUCTION German chamomile ( Matricaria recutita L ) is one of the most favored medicinal plants in the world. -
Evaluation of Certain Mineral Salts and Microelements Against Mango Powdery Mildew Under Egyptian Conditions
Journal of Phytopathology and Pest Management 3(3): 35-42, 2016 pISSN:2356-8577 eISSN: 2356-6507 Journal homepage: http://ppmj.net/ Evaluation of certain mineral salts and microelements against mango powdery mildew under Egyptian conditions Fatma A. Mostafa*, S. A. El Sharkawy Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt. Abstract During the two successive seasons 2014 and 2015, three mineral salts used as commercial fertilizers (Potassium di -hydrogen orthophosphate, Potassium bicarbonate (85%), Calcium nitrate (17.1%)) and four microelements (Magnesium sulfate, Iron cheated (Fe-EDTA 6%), Zinc cheated (Zn-EDTA 12%), Manganese cheated (Mn-EDTA 12%)) were evaluated against powdery mildew of mango caused by Oidium mangiferea. Data obtained showed that all materials reduced significantly the disease severity percentage of mango powdery mildew disease comparing the control. Compared fungicides; Topsin M 70 (Thiophanate methyl) and Topas 10% (Penconazole) showed the most superior effect against the disease followed by potassium di-hydrogen orthophosphate. Tested microelements were arranged as zinc, iron and manganese, respectively due to their efficiency. Calcium nitrate and magnesium sulfate revealed the less effect. Evaluated microelements showed the higher efficacy than mineral fertilizers during the two experimental seasons except potassium monophosphate. While, two compared fungicides were the most efficiency to control the disease, tested materials reduced significantly the disease severity of mango powdery mildew disease and showed ability to reduce the number of required applications with conventional fungicides. Key words: Mango, powdery mildew, mineral salts, microelements, thiophonate methyl, penconazole. Copyright © 2016 ∗ Corresponding author: Fatma A. Mostafa, E-mail: [email protected] 35 Mostafa Fatma & El Sharkawy, 2016 Introduction addition, plant diseases play a limiting role in agricultural production. -
Preliminary Classification of Leotiomycetes
Mycosphere 10(1): 310–489 (2019) www.mycosphere.org ISSN 2077 7019 Article Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/7 Preliminary classification of Leotiomycetes Ekanayaka AH1,2, Hyde KD1,2, Gentekaki E2,3, McKenzie EHC4, Zhao Q1,*, Bulgakov TS5, Camporesi E6,7 1Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China 2Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand 3School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand 4Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand 5Russian Research Institute of Floriculture and Subtropical Crops, 2/28 Yana Fabritsiusa Street, Sochi 354002, Krasnodar region, Russia 6A.M.B. Gruppo Micologico Forlivese “Antonio Cicognani”, Via Roma 18, Forlì, Italy. 7A.M.B. Circolo Micologico “Giovanni Carini”, C.P. 314 Brescia, Italy. Ekanayaka AH, Hyde KD, Gentekaki E, McKenzie EHC, Zhao Q, Bulgakov TS, Camporesi E 2019 – Preliminary classification of Leotiomycetes. Mycosphere 10(1), 310–489, Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/10/1/7 Abstract Leotiomycetes is regarded as the inoperculate class of discomycetes within the phylum Ascomycota. Taxa are mainly characterized by asci with a simple pore blueing in Melzer’s reagent, although some taxa have lost this character. The monophyly of this class has been verified in several recent molecular studies. However, circumscription of the orders, families and generic level delimitation are still unsettled. This paper provides a modified backbone tree for the class Leotiomycetes based on phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF, and RPB2 loci. In the phylogenetic analysis, Leotiomycetes separates into 19 clades, which can be recognized as orders and order-level clades. -
Erysiphe Salmonii (Erysiphales, Ascomycota), Another East Asian Powdery Mildew Fungus Introduced to Ukraine Vasyl P
Гриби і грибоподібні організми Fungi and Fungi-like Organisms doi: 10.15407/ukrbotj74.03.212 Erysiphe salmonii (Erysiphales, Ascomycota), another East Asian powdery mildew fungus introduced to Ukraine Vasyl P. HELUTA1, Susumu TAKAMATSU2, Siska A.S. SIAHAAN2 1 M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2 Tereshchenkivska Str., Kyiv 01004, Ukraine [email protected] 2 Department of Bioresources, Graduate School, Mie University 1577 Kurima-Machiya, Tsu 514-8507, Japan [email protected] Heluta V.P., Takamatsu S., Siahaan S.A.S. Erysiphe salmonii (Erysiphales, Ascomycota), another East Asian powdery mildew fungus introduced to Ukraine. Ukr. Bot. J., 2017, 74(3): 212–219. Abstract. In 2015, a powdery mildew caused by a fungus belonging to Erysiphe sect. Uncinula was recorded on two species of ash, Fraxinus excelsior and F. pennsylvanica (Oleaceae), from Ukraine (Kyiv, two localities). Based on the comparative morphological analysis of Ukrainian specimens with samples of Erysiphe fraxinicola and E. salmonii collected in Japan and the Far East of Russia, the fungus was identified as E. salmonii. This identification was confirmed using molecular phylogenetic analysis. This is the first report of E. salmonii not only in Ukraine but also in Europe. It is suggested that the records of E. fraxinicola from Belarus and Russia could have been misidentified and should be corrected to E. salmonii. In 2016, the fungus was found not only in Kyiv but also outside the city. The development of the fungus had symptoms of a potential epiphytotic disease. Thus, it may become invasive in Ukraine and spread to Western Europe in the near future. -
Powdery Mildew (Oidium Spp.) George C
Agricultural Pests of the Pacific ADAP 2000-15, Reissued August 2000 ISBN 1-931435-18-9 Powdery Mildew (Oidium spp.) George C. Wall, Ph.D., Professor, Plant Pathology, University of Guam s the name implies, powdery mildew, (asexual stage AOidium spp.), has the appearance of white powder on leaf surfaces. It can occur on many species of plants, such as beans, cereal crops, crucifers, cucurbits, grapes, mango, roses, various trees and weeds. Many different species of fungi cause the disease. Powdery mildew on cucurbits is caused by two different fungi, (sexual stages Erysiphe cichoracearum and Sphaerotheca fuliginea). Both infect only cucurbits, in general, with few excep- tions. Erysiphe polygoni causes powdery mildew on beans. A different strain of E. polygoni causes powdery mildew on crucifers. The disease affects the surface of older leaves and can affect young, developing tissue, such as flower buds in some plants. The fungus grows on the surface of plants producing millions of spores that are carried by the wind. Leaf affected with powdery mildew These spores need dew to germinate. After germination spores penetrate the leaf tissue causing infection. Rain- fall washes the spores off the leaves so the disease is If the use of chemicals is required or if additional less severe in the dry season. information is desired, consult an Extension Agent at After leaves are infected they dry up and fall off. Loss your local land grant institution. In Guam, you may of production results from this defoliation coupled with also consult the Guam Fruit and Vegetable Pesticide death of young flowering parts. -
The Phylogeny of Plant and Animal Pathogens in the Ascomycota
Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology (2001) 59, 165±187 doi:10.1006/pmpp.2001.0355, available online at http://www.idealibrary.com on MINI-REVIEW The phylogeny of plant and animal pathogens in the Ascomycota MARY L. BERBEE* Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada (Accepted for publication August 2001) What makes a fungus pathogenic? In this review, phylogenetic inference is used to speculate on the evolution of plant and animal pathogens in the fungal Phylum Ascomycota. A phylogeny is presented using 297 18S ribosomal DNA sequences from GenBank and it is shown that most known plant pathogens are concentrated in four classes in the Ascomycota. Animal pathogens are also concentrated, but in two ascomycete classes that contain few, if any, plant pathogens. Rather than appearing as a constant character of a class, the ability to cause disease in plants and animals was gained and lost repeatedly. The genes that code for some traits involved in pathogenicity or virulence have been cloned and characterized, and so the evolutionary relationships of a few of the genes for enzymes and toxins known to play roles in diseases were explored. In general, these genes are too narrowly distributed and too recent in origin to explain the broad patterns of origin of pathogens. Co-evolution could potentially be part of an explanation for phylogenetic patterns of pathogenesis. Robust phylogenies not only of the fungi, but also of host plants and animals are becoming available, allowing for critical analysis of the nature of co-evolutionary warfare. Host animals, particularly human hosts have had little obvious eect on fungal evolution and most cases of fungal disease in humans appear to represent an evolutionary dead end for the fungus. -
Mangifera Indica L.) DEL BANCO DE GERMOPLASMA DEL INIA-CENIAP, MARACAY
Bioagro 28(3): 201-208. 2016 DIVERSIDAD DE HONGOS EN CINCO CULTIVARES DE MANGO (Mangifera indica L.) DEL BANCO DE GERMOPLASMA DEL INIA-CENIAP, MARACAY Carlos Pacheco1, María Suleima González2 y Edward Manzanilla2 RESUMEN El Campo Experimental del INIA-CENIAP, en Maracay, Venezuela, dispone de un banco de germoplasma con una elevada diversidad de cultivares de mango, pero en años recientes se ha detectado la muerte de gran cantidad de árboles en diferentes accesiones. Entre los factores asociados se encuentran la ocurrencia de enfermedades, particularmente las inducidas por hongos. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar la diversidad de hongos en hojas y ramas en los cultivares Criollo, Hadden, Hilacha, Kent y Tommy Atkins. Para cada cultivar se evaluaron cinco plantas y en cada árbol se tomaron al azar muestras de diez hojas provenientes de cinco ramas. Los hongos en sustrato natural fueron identificados por comparación de las estructuras de valor taxonómico, con la literatura especializada. Se registró la riqueza y se calcularon los índices de frecuencia, diversidad de Shannon-Wierner y de Margalef, equitatividad de Pielou y similaridad de Sorensen. La riqueza total resultó en 48 especies. El cultivar Kent presentó la mayor riqueza, y los más altos índices de diversidad y equitatividad. Los cultivares con mayor similaridad fueron Kent y Tommy Atkins. Se registran por primera vez Anopletis venezuelensis y Neofusicoccum mangiferae en hojas y N. parvum en ramas, asociado a muerte de éstas en mango. Palabras clave adicionales: Abundancia, equitatividad, índices de diversidad, Mangifera indica, riqueza, similaridad ABSTRACT Fungi diversity in five mango cultivars from germplasm bank of INIA-CENIAP, Maracay The experimental field of the Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (CENIAP), INIA, Maracay, Venezuela, poses a germplasm bank, with a very high mango diversity, but lately, the death of several accessions has been detected. -
Symptoms: Pathogen Attacks the Inflorescence, Leaves, Stalk of In
IPM - SCHEDULE ON MANGO 1. Powdery mildew (Oidium mangiferae ) Symptoms: Pathogen attacks the inflorescence, leaves, stalk of inflorescence and young fruits with white superficial powdery growth of fungus resulting in its shedding. The sepals are relatively more susceptible than petals. The affected flowers fail to open and may fall prematurely (Fig 1). Dropping of unfertilized infected flowers leads to serious crop loss. Initially young fruits are covered entirely by the mildew. When fruit grows further, epidermis of the infected fruits cracks and corky tissues are formed. Fruits may remain on the tree until they reach up to marble size and then they drop prematurely (Fig 2 & 3.). Fig 1. Mildew on flowers Fig 2. Mildew on fruits / pedicel Fig 3. Necrotic lesions on shoulder Fig 4. Mildew on Lower Surface of and dropping from stalk end Leaf Infection is noticed on young leaves, when their colour changes from brown to light green. Young leaves are attacked on both the sides but it is more conspicuous on the grower surface. Often these patches coalesce and occupy larger areas turning into purplish brown in colour (Fig. 4). The pathogen is restricted to the area of the central and lateral veins of the infected leaf and often twists, curl and get distorted. Management • Prune diseased leaves and malformed panicles harbouring the pathogen to reduce primary inoculum load. • Spray wettable sulphur (0.2%) when panicles are 3-4” in size. • Spray dinocap (0.1%) 15-20 days after first spray. • Spray tridemorph (0.1%) 15-20 days after second spray. • Spraying at full bloom needs to be avoided.