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Universiv Micronlms Intemationcil Q U I N N , Ja M E S Ali E N INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain tiie missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. 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Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. UniversiV Micronlms Intemationcil Q u i n n , Ja m e s ali e n POWDERY MILDEW OF BEGONIA The Ohio State University University Microfilms International3mx.z«bMi 4:io« PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark . 1. Glossy photographs _ / 2. Colored illustrations _______y 3. Photographs with dark background j/ 4. Illustrations are poor copy _______ 5. °rint shows through as there is text on both sides of page _ 6. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages i / 7. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine _______ 8. Computer printout pages with indistinct print _______ 9. Page(s) _____ lacking when material received, and not available from school or author 10. Page(s) _______ seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows 11. Poor carbon copy _______ 12. Not original copy, several pages with blurred type _______ 13. Appendix pages are poor copy _______ 14. Original copy with light type ________ 15. Curling and wrinkled pages _______ 16. Other ________________________________________________________ Universi^ Micronlms intemarioncii 300 N Z555 AD., AN N ARBOP VII J8106'313) 761-4700 POWDERY MILDEW OF BEGONIA DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by James A. Quinn, B.S., M.S. The Ohio State University 1980 Reading Committee: Approved By M.O. Garraway C.R. Krause C.C. Powell Jr. t'L-1 cPmM Charles C. Powell Jr. Department of Plant Pathology ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my adviser, Dr. Charles C. Powell Jr., for suggesting this problem to me. His suggestions in the course of these experiments were helpful and perceptive. The original ideas, if not the procedures for the host range and chemical control studies, were his. I would also like to thank the members of my advisory committee, Drs. M.O. Garraway, C.R. Krause, Curt Leben and R.A. Spotts. Dr. Garraway was always available for a long, if one-sided chat, often putting aside his own work to discuss mine. Dr. Krause generously lent me full use of his labs and assisted me with photography and microscopy. I would also like to thank Jim Mikkelsen and Mikkelsen's Incorporated and The Ohio Florist's Association for the financial support that was a necessary ingredient of this study. Mikkelsen's Inc. also supplied all Rieger begonias used in these experiments free of charge. Lastly, thanks to all those whose friendship and support made my stay here at The Ohio State University so enjoyable, not the least among whom is my wife Millie Quinn. March 29, 1954 Born Gary, Indiana June, 1972 Graduated, Springfield North High School, Springfield, Ohio. December, 1975 Graduated, B.S. cum laude, Ohio Uni­ versity, Athens, Ohio. January 1976-August 1977, Teaching Assistant in Botany, Ohio University, Athens. March, 1978 M.S., Ohio University. January 1978-August 1980, Research Associate, The Ohio State University. August, 1980 Ph.D., The Ohio State University Fields of Study Major Field: Plant Pathology Studies in mycology and electron microscopy. Dr. J.P. Braselton, Ohio University. Studies in epidemiology and chemical control with Dr. Charles C, Powell Jr., The Ohio State University. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements............................................... Vita ............................................................ iii List of Tables................................................ vil List of Figures.............................................. %iii Introduction..................................................... 1 Chapter one. The Host 5 History and origin of Rieger begonias.......................5 Culture of Rieger begonias................................... 6 A key to disorders on begonias........................... 10 Chapter two. The Pathogen 14 Identification............................................. 14 Life Cycle................................................. 17 Double Petri plates....................................... 18 Chapter three. Host-Parasite Interactions 28 Intrageneric host range studies.......................... 28 Intergeneric host range and resistance of begonias to 0. begoniae................................................. 30 Factors affecting race formation in powdery mildews.... 44 Other host-pathogen interactions......................... 46 Chapter four. Effects of the Environment 52 Literature Review..........................................52 Effects of temperature on 0. begoniae....................72 Effects of temperature on germination and appressorium formation on glass over time........................... 76 Shriveling of conidia over time on glass................ ^9 Effects of temperature on haustorium formation..........86 Growth of hyphae as effected by temperature and humidity. 90 Effects of temperature and relative humidity on amount of sporulation...........................................95 Effects of relative humidity on conidial characteristics of conidia still attached to conidiophores............ 99 Effect of temperature and relative humidity on number of visible colonies of 0 . begoniae......................... 102 Prevention of begonia mildew on whole plants by 28C......106 Eradication of Oidium begoniae using heat................ 108 Economics of heat eradication of 0. begoniae............. 130 Effects of light on 0. begoniae........................... 132 Use of light induced synchronous morphogenesis of Oidium begoniae and of heat to prevent powdery mildew infections.............................................. 143 Effects of free water on Oidium begoniae conidia.........146 iv Effects of drought stress on 0. begoniae infections 150 Effects of nutrition on number of colonies of Oidium begoniae.................................................152 General Summary: Prevention and eradication of Oidium begoniae using environmental manipulations........... 157 Chapter five. Chemical Control 165 Chemical control of powdery mildews, history and impor­ tance .................................................... 165 Summary of names, formulas, use and efficacy of fungi­ cides used against powdery mildews.................... 166 Resistance to fungicides................................. 181 Control of powdery mildews by dormant season sprays of surfactants............................................. 182 Chemical control of powdery mildew of begonias, intro­ duction..................................................182 Prevention of powdery mildew of Rieger begonias with new systemic fungicides, 1978......................... 185 Prevention of powdery mildew of Rieger begonias with new systemic fungicides, 1979......................... 190 Prevention of powdery mildew of Rieger begonias with triademefon soil drenches 1979-1980................... 193 Prevention of powdery mildew of Rieger begonias with chemicals found in the home and with Exhalt 800......197 Eradication of powdery mildew of Rieger begonias with new systemic fungicides, 1978......................... 200 Eradication of powdery mildew of Rieger begonias with new systemic fungicides, 1979......................... 202 Prevention and eradication of powdery mildew of Rieger begonias with volatilized systemic fungicides, 1979..204 Effects of fungicides on fungal morphology............. 208 Chapter six. Biological Control and gynecology of Powdery Mildew of Begonia 231 Introduction.............................................. 231 Determination of genera and relative numbers of fungi found on begonia leaves in the greenhouse and in double Petri plates...................................
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