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HYDROGEOLOGIC and HYDROCHEMICAL FRAMEWORK, SOUTH-CENTRAL GREAT BASIN, NEVADA-CALIFORNIA, with SPECIAL REFERENCE to the NEVADA TEST SITE Big Spring, Ash Meadows, Nev

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HYDROGEOLOGIC and HYDROCHEMICAL FRAMEWORK, SOUTH-CENTRAL GREAT BASIN, NEVADA-CALIFORNIA, with SPECIAL REFERENCE to the NEVADA TEST SITE Big Spring, Ash Meadows, Nev Hydrogeologic and 197S Hydrochemical Framework, South-Central Great Basin, Nevada-California, with Special Reference to the Nevada Test Site GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 712-C Prepared on behalf of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission HYDROGEOLOGIC AND HYDROCHEMICAL FRAMEWORK, SOUTH-CENTRAL GREAT BASIN, NEVADA-CALIFORNIA, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE NEVADA TEST SITE Big Spring, Ash Meadows, Nev. Spring emerges from lake beds. Discharge about 1,000 gallons per minute; water temperature 82°F (28°C). Paleozoic carbonate and clastic rocks form hills east of spring. Crystal Pool, Ash Meadows, Nev. Spring emerges from lake beds. Orifice (center of photo) dips steeply northward (to left) beneath travertine(P) lip. Discharge, 2,800 gallons per minute, is largest of pool springs in the area; water temperature 88°F (31 °C). CONTENTS VII Page FIGURE 25. Semilog graphs of drawdown and residual drawdown of water level during pumping test in well 74-70b, September 9-11, 1959 __ _________________ ______ __ _________ __ ________ ________ ____ C38 26. Semilog graph of recovery of water level during 133-day shutdown in well 74-7()b, December 23, 1960, to May 4, 1961 39 27. Semilog graphs of drawdown and residual drawdown of water level during pumping test in well 74-70a, August 27-29, 1959 40 28. Semilog graphs of drawdown and residual drawdown of water level during pumping test in well 83-68, September 20-21, 1960 ________________________________________________________________ 41 29. Semilog graph of residual drawdown of water level during pumping test in well 91-74, November 23-25, 1959 _____ 42 30. Diagrammatic section showing perched and semiperched ground water in the tuff aquitard of Rainier Mesa ______ 51 31. Map showing hydrogeology of Frenchman Flat __________________________________________ 58 32. Map and sections showing hydrogeology of Emigrant Valley __________________________________ 64 33. Map and sections showing hydrogeology of southern Indian Springs Valley _________________________ 68 34. Map showing hydrogeology of southeastern Amargosa Desert __________________________________ 76 35. Map and graph showing major springs at Ash Meadows ____________________________________ 79 36. Photograph showing solution notches marking water levels as much as 4 feet above 1966 water level of pool at Devils Hole 83 37. Photograph showing possible former stand of water about 20 feet above 1966 water level on south wall of Devils Hole 83 38. Trilinear diagram showing chemical types of the ground water at Nevada Test Site and vicinity _____________ 99 39. Graph showing regional variations in Na+K and Ca+Mg within the lower carbonate aquifer ________________ 105 40. Graph showing regional variations in Na+K, HCOa +CO3, and SO4 +C1 within the lower carbonate aquifer ______ 108 TABLES Page TABLE 1. Stratigraphic and hydrogeologic units at Nevada Test Site and vicinity ___________________________ CIO 2. Intercrystalline porosity and permeability of cores from lower carbonate aquifer, Nevada Test Site and vicinity _____ 17 3. Pumping-test data for aquifers in Nevada Test Site and vicinity _______________________________ 22 4. Interstitial porosity and permeability of cores from the lower clastic aquitard, well 89-68, Yucca Flat ________ _ 41 5. Interstitial porosity and permeability of cores from the tuff aquitard, Nevada Test Site ___________________ 45 6. Hydraulic gradients in Cenozoic hydrogeologic units, Yucca Flat _______________________________ 54 7. Spring discharge at Ash Meadows in 1953 and 1962 _______________________________________ 80 8. Chemical constituents of ground water in the Nevada Test Site and vicinity ________________________ 100 9. Classification of hydrochemical facies at the Nevada Test Site and vicinity _________________________ 102 10. Chemical analyses of water from test wells 89-68 and 67-68, Yucca Flat and Mercury Valley, Nye County ______ 102 11. Chemical analysis of water from test well 68-69, Mercury Valley, Nye County _______________________ 107 12. Chemical analyses of water from three depth intervals in test well 73-66, Rock Valley, Nye County ___________ 107 13. Summary of deuterium content of water from major springs, southern Great Basin, Nevada-California _________ 110 14. Estimated ground-water velocity in tuff aquitard, Yucca Flat, Nye County __________________________ 114 15. Estimated ground-water velocity in lower carbonate aquifer beneath central Yucca Flat and Specter Range, Nye county 115 HYDROLOGY OF NUCLEAR TEST SITES HYDROGEOLOGIC AND HYDROCHEMICAL FRAMEWORK, SOUTH- CENTRAL GREAT BASIN, NEVADA-CALIFORNIA; WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE NEVADA TEST SITE By ISAAC J. WINOGRAD and WILLIAM T^ORDARSON ABSTRACT has detonated many nuclear devices in a variety of un­ Intensely fractured Precambrian and Paleozoic carbonate and derground geologic and hydrologic environments. clastic rocks and block-faulted Cenozoic volcanic and sedimentary Although such testing minimizes contamination by at­ strata in the Nevada Test Site are divided into 10 hydrogeologic units. mospheric fallout, data for evaluating the possible con­ Three of these the lower clastic aquitard, the lower carbonate tamination of ground-water reservoirs in the vicinity of aquifer, and the tuff aquitard control the regional movement of ground water. The coefficients of fracture transmissibility of these these detonations were lacking in 1957. Yet, the sole rocks are, respectively, less than 1,000, 1,000 to 900,000, and less than source of water at Nevada Test Site and vicinity was 200 gallons per day per foot; interstitial permeability is negligible. from wells and springs. Solution caverns are locally present in the carbonate aquifer, but To fulfill its obligation toward public safety, to pre­ regional movement of water is controlled by variations in fracture vent, if possible, even local contamination of a valuable transmissibility and by structural juxtaposition of the aquifer and the lower clastic aquitard. Water circulates freely to depths of at least natural resource, and to defend itself against possible 1,500 feet beneath the top of the aquifer and up to 4,200 feet below land damage claims, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission in surface. 1957 asked the U.S. Geological Survey to study the oc­ Synthesis of hydrogeologic, hydrochemical, and isotopic data currence and the movement of ground water beneath the suggests that an area of at least 4,500 square miles (including 10 inter- Nevada Test Site. Specifically sought was an evaluation montane valleys) is hydraulically integrated into one ground-water basin, the Ash Meadows basin, by interbasin movement of ground of the potential for contamination of ground water in and water through the widespread carbonate aquifer. Discharge from this near the Test Site. basin a minimum of about 17,000 acre-feet annually occurs along a fault-controlled spring line at Ash Meadows in east-central Amargosa PURPOSE AND SCOPE Desert. Intrabasin movement of water between Cenozoic aquifers and the The purposes of this investigation were to (1) define lower carbonate aquifer is controlled by the tuff aquitard, the basal Cenozoic hydrogeologic unit. Such movement significantly influences the hydraulic character and subsurface distribution of the chemistry of water in the carbonate aquifer. the major aquifers and aquitards, (2) identify and Ground-water velocity through the tuff aquitard in Yucca Flat is less describe the principal areas of recharge to and discharge than 1 foot per year. Velocity through the lower carbonate aquifer from the major aquifers, and (3) determine the rate and ranges from an estimated 0.02 to 200 feet per day, depending upon the direction of ground-water movement within the ma­ geographic position within the flow system. Within the Nevada Test Site, ground water moves southward and southwestward toward Ash jor aquifers and aquitards. Of these objectives, the third Meadows. was of prime importance for an evaluation of the rate of movement of various radionuclides from the vicinity of INTRODUCTION an underground nuclear detonation. The accuracy of the velocity estimates, however, rested heavily upon the In 1957, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission other two study objectives. detonated the first of a series of underground nuclear ex­ The Nevada Test Site occupies a small part of two plosions at Nevada Test Site. Underground testing was ground-water basins the Ash Meadows and the Oasis started to prevent atmospheric fallout, a by-product of Valley-Fortymile Canyon basins. Consequently, the ob­ earlier series of surface and aerial detonations at the Test jectives are discussed for a region several times the size Site. Since 1957, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission of the test site. Ci C2 HYDROLOGY OF NUCLEAR TEST SITES The scope of the report is broad in view of the com­ derstanding of the hydrology and subsurface geology of plexities of the geology, the vastness of the study area, the valley, six test holes ranging in depth from 1,700 to and the absence of previous detailed hydrogeologic 2,300 feet were drilled in Yucca Flat. Before the drilling, studies of similar terrane. Yet, the types and quantity of gravity and some seismic surveys were made to aid in data obtained during this investigation are seldom selection of the drill site s. The geology of the ridges sur­ available in hydrogeologic studies. In addition to stan­ rounding the valley was* mapped concurrently with the dard hydrologic data, a wealth of geologic, geophysical, drilling. Mapping provided stratigraphic and structural
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