Toward Successful Reintroductions: the Combined Importance of Species Traits, Site Quality, and Restoration Technique
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EU Zoo Inquiry Report Findings and Recommendations
1 THE EU ZOO INQUIRY 2011 An evaluation of the implementation and enforcement of EC Directive 1999/22, relating to the keeping of animals in zoos. REPORT FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Written for the European coalition ENDCAP by the Born Free Foundation 2 THE EU ZOO INQUIRY 2011 An evaluation of the implementation and enforcement of EC Directive 1999/22, relating to the keeping of animals in zoos. REPORT FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 3 CONTENTS Page ABBREVIATIONS USED ............................................ 04 TERMS USED ............................................................... 04 FOREWORD ................................................................. 05 RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................ 06 EC ZOOS DIRECTIVE 1999/22, SUCCESS, FAILURE – OR WORK IN PROGRESS? ..... 08 THE EU ZOO INQUIRY 2011 FINDINGS 11 INTRODUCTION .......................................................... 12 METHODOLOGY .......................................................... 14 TRANSPOSITION ........................................................ 17 IMPLEMENTATION ..................................................... 22 ENFORCEMENT ........................................................... 28 COMPLIANCE .............................................................. 30 COUNTRY REPORTS AND UPDATES 41 AUSTRIA............................................................ 42 BELGIUM........................................................... 43 BULGARIA ........................................................ 44 CYPRUS............................................................ -
Suitability of Root and Rhizome Anatomy for Taxonomic
Scientia Pharmaceutica Article Suitability of Root and Rhizome Anatomy for Taxonomic Classification and Reconstruction of Phylogenetic Relationships in the Tribes Cardueae and Cichorieae (Asteraceae) Elisabeth Ginko 1,*, Christoph Dobeš 1,2,* and Johannes Saukel 1,* 1 Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmacobotany, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna A-1090, Austria 2 Department of Forest Genetics, Research Centre for Forests, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, Vienna A-1131, Austria * Correspondence: [email protected] (E.G.); [email protected] (C.D.); [email protected] (J.S.); Tel.: +43-1-878-38-1265 (C.D.); +43-1-4277-55273 (J.S.) Academic Editor: Reinhard Länger Received: 18 August 2015; Accepted: 27 May 2016; Published: 27 May 2016 Abstract: The value of root and rhizome anatomy for the taxonomic characterisation of 59 species classified into 34 genera and 12 subtribes from the Asteraceae tribes Cardueae and Cichorieae was assessed. In addition, the evolutionary history of anatomical characters was reconstructed using a nuclear ribosomal DNA sequence-based phylogeny of the Cichorieae. Taxa were selected with a focus on pharmaceutically relevant species. A binary decision tree was constructed and discriminant function analyses were performed to extract taxonomically relevant anatomical characters and to infer the separability of infratribal taxa, respectively. The binary decision tree distinguished 33 species and two subspecies, but only five of the genera (sampled for at least two species) by a unique combination of hierarchically arranged characters. Accessions were discriminated—except for one sample worthy of discussion—according to their subtribal affiliation in the discriminant function analyses (DFA). However, constantly expressed subtribe-specific characters were almost missing and even in combination, did not discriminate the subtribes. -
Ecosystem-Level Effects of Keystone Species Reintroduction: a Literature Review Sarah L
REVIEW ARTICLE Ecosystem-level effects of keystone species reintroduction: a literature review Sarah L. Hale1,2 , John L. Koprowski1 The keystone species concept was introduced in 1969 in reference to top-down regulation of communities by predators, but has expanded to include myriad species at different trophic levels. Keystone species play disproportionately large, important roles in their ecosystems, but human-wildlife conflicts often drive population declines. Population declines have resulted in the necessity of keystone species reintroduction; however, studies of such reintroductions are rare. We conducted a literature review and found only 30 peer-reviewed journal articles that assessed reintroduced populations of keystone species, and only 11 of these assessed ecosystem-level effects following reintroduction. Nine of 11 publications assessing ecosystem-level effects found evidence of resumption of keystone roles; however, these publications focus on a narrow range of species. We highlight the deficit of peer-reviewed literature on keystone species reintroductions, and draw attention to the need for assessment of ecosystem-level effects so that the presence, extent, and rate of ecosystem restoration driven by keystone species can be better understood. Key words: ecosystem restoration, ecosystem-level effects, keystone species, population declines, reintroduction species in their ecosystems. Wolves prevent ungulate overpop- Implications for Practice ulation, and in doing so prevent overbrowsing of vegetation • More research into ecosystem-level effects of keystone (McLaren & Peterson 1994), and provide scavengers with car- species reintroduction is required to fully understand if, rion in winters (Wilmers et al. 2003). Sea otters consume sea and to what extent, keystone species act as a restoration urchins (Strongylocentrotus spp.), thereby maintain the integrity tool. -
The Network of Conservatoires Botaniques Nationaux in France Bardin & Moret
The network of Conservatoires Botaniques Nationaux in France Bardin & Moret The network of Conservatoires Botaniques Nationaux in France and the implementation of the GSPC: results of fifteen years of activities Ph. Bardin and J. Moret Conservatoire Botanique National du Bassin parisien, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France Abstract The Conservatoire Botanique National of the Bassin Parisien: a leading role in plant diversity conservation in the French Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Development (Departement Ecologie et Gestion de la Biodiversite) In France, the Conservatoires Botaniques Nationaux are responsible for the conservation of plant diversity. The Conservatoire Botanique National of the Bassin Parisien, which comes under the National Museum of Natural History, has five main activities, which are in total accordance with the targets of the GSPC. The communication will present many advancements which have been obtained in these five domains: 1. The ambitious programme of biodiversity inventory: it allows us today to provide a widely accessible list of two thousand known species, with more than three million data items (the seventh GBIF contributor). The database is useful to support public policies for territorial projects including biodiversity 2. The research activity is carried out on very limited size populations and include demographic and genetic studies, the development of protocols and relevant tools for ecological engineering 3. A large programme of ex situ conservation, with a seed bank, an in vitro micropropagation unit and a living collection as a back up for the in situ conservation projects 4. Numerous in situ programmes are carried out: population reinforcement, reintroduction and transplantation. At the same time, an ecological management of habitats is established to protect the ecosystems 5. -
Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities of Scorzonera Species
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Phytochemical Composition and Biological Activities of Scorzonera Species Karolina Lendzion 1 , Agnieszka Gornowicz 1,* , Krzysztof Bielawski 2 and Anna Bielawska 1 1 Department of Biotechnology, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; [email protected] (K.L.); [email protected] (A.B.) 2 Department of Synthesis and Technology of Drugs, Medical University of Bialystok, Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-85-748-5742 Abstract: The genus Scorzonera comprises nearly 200 species, naturally occurring in Europe, Asia, and northern parts of Africa. Plants belonging to the Scorzonera genus have been a significant part of folk medicine in Asia, especially China, Mongolia, and Turkey for centuries. Therefore, they have become the subject of research regarding their phytochemical composition and biological activity. The aim of this review is to present and assess the phytochemical composition, and bioactive potential of species within the genus Scorzonera. Studies have shown the presence of many bioactive compounds like triterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids, or caffeic acid and quinic acid derivatives in extracts obtained from aerial and subaerial parts of the plants. The antioxidant and cytotoxic properties have been evaluated, together with the mechanism of anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and hepatoprotective activity. Scorzonera species have also been investigated for their activity against several bacteria and fungi strains. Despite mild cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines in vitro, the bioactive properties in wound healing therapy and the treatment of microbial infections might, in perspective, be the starting point for the research on Scorzonera species as active agents in medical products designed for Citation: Lendzion, K.; Gornowicz, miscellaneous skin conditions. -
Evaluating the Potential for Species Reintroductions in Canada
Evaluating the Potential for Species Reintroductions in Canada JAY V. GEDIR, TIAN EVEREST, AND AXEL MOEHRENSCHLAGER Centre for Conservation Research, Calgary Zoo, 1300 Zoo Road NE, Calgary, AB, T2E 7V6, Canada, email [email protected] Abstract: Species reintroductions and translocations are increasingly useful conservation tools for restoring endangered populations around the world. We examine ecological and socio- political variables to assess Canada’s potential for future reintroductions. Biologically ideal species would be prolific, terrestrial, herbivorous, behaviorally simple, charismatic, easily tractable, or large enough to carry transmitters for post-release evaluations, and would have small home range requirements. Sociologically, Canada’s large geographic area, low human density, high urban population, widespread protectionist views towards wildlife, and sound economic status should favor reintroduction success. Canada has implemented legislation to safeguard species at risk and, compared to developing countries, possesses substantial funds to support reintroduction efforts. We support the reintroduction guidelines put forth by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) but realize that several challenges regarding these parameters will unfold in Canada’s future. Pressures from the rates of species loss and climate change may precipitate situations where species would need to be reintroduced into areas outside their historic range, subspecific substitutions would be necessary if taxonomically similar individuals are unavailable, -
Conservation Actions
CHAPTER 4 Conservation Actions Table of Contents Take Action! Get Involved! ................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 9 Background and Rationale ................................................................................................................. 9 Conservation Action Classification System .................................................................................... 11 Conservation Action Description ........................................................................................................ 12 Best Practices for Conservation Actions ............................................................................................. 15 International Conservation Actions ................................................................................................ 15 Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 15 Regional Conservation Actions ........................................................................................................ 19 Regional Conservation Needs Program .............................................................................................. 19 Regional Action ............................................................................................................................. -
A Short Description of Scorzonera Plant Species Present in Alexandru Beldie Herbarium from Incds Bucharest
Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. XLVII 2017 A SHORT DESCRIPTION OF SCORZONERA PLANT SPECIES PRESENT IN ALEXANDRU BELDIE HERBARIUM FROM I.N.C.D.S. BUCHAREST DINCĂ LUCIAN1, CÂNTAR ILIE COSMIN2 1 „Marin Drăcea” National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry Brașov 2 „Marin Drăcea” National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry Timișoara Key words: herbarium, plants, flowers, leaf, calyx, botanists. ABSTRACT The present paper reunites the morphological and ecological description of Scorzonera plant species present in the Al. Beldie Herbarium from Marin Drăcea National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry (INCDS) in Bucharest. Furthermore, this article organizes the herbarium exemplars based on species, harvest year, the place from where they were taken and the specialist that has gathered them. The first part of the article starts with a short description of the herbarium and its specific, followed by presenting the material and method used in elaborating the paper. As such, the material is represented by the 83 plates containing exemplars of some Scorzonera species. A very important aspect which must be specified is the fact that the herbarium has a significant number of rare endangered or endemic specimens. One example, the protect species Scorzonera rosea, is present in the herbarium with 26 plates that were mainly gathered in the year 1936 by Al. Beldie himself. Another rare species, Scorzonera hispanica, is represented in 16 plates from within the herbarium and is of a high interest as it is the oldest species of the genre, being harvested in the year 1794. -
Finding Correlations Among Successful Reintroduction Programs: an Analysis and Review of Current and Past Mistakes
Finding Correlations among Successful Reintroduction Programs: An Analysis and Review of Current and Past Mistakes by Jillian Estrada A practicum submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Natural Resources and Environment) at the University of Michigan April 2014 Faculty advisor(s): Professor Bobbi Low, Chair Dr. M. Elsbeth McPhee Abstract In the past half century the world has seen a dramatic decline in species. More and more species are being pushed to brink of extinction. In the past, there have been several methods utilized to mitigate these trends, however with the recent surge of local extinctions, reintroductions have become a growing conservation tool. Despite many disadvantages of developing a reintroduction plan, hundreds have been attempted over the past 40 years, with mixed outcomes. Some conservationists have studied the factors associated with success; however the criteria on which their assessments were based were flawed. I attempted to complete my own assessment of successful programs using detailed program information along with life history traits of focal species. My results illustrate the many obstacles faced by reintroduction biologists. Based on the limitations faced throughout this study, I conclude that conservationists must take a step back and address the many issues with current reintroduction protocols prior to attempting any further assessments. My recommended solutions to some of these issues include defining universal criteria for a reintroduction program to be considered successful; monitoring, logging, and disseminating standardized data; and collaborating with captive facilities that have the ability to offer additional support. ii Acknowledgments Advisors Dr. Bobbi S. Low, Co-Chair, Professor of Natural Resources, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan Dr. -
Of the Endangered Species Act
Wyoming Law Review Volume 1 Number 1 Article 8 January 2001 From Population Segregation to Species Zoning: The Evolution of Reintroduction Law under Section 10(J) of the Endangered Species Act Frederico Cheever Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.uwyo.edu/wlr Recommended Citation Cheever, Frederico (2001) "From Population Segregation to Species Zoning: The Evolution of Reintroduction Law under Section 10(J) of the Endangered Species Act," Wyoming Law Review: Vol. 1 : No. 1 , Article 8. Available at: https://scholarship.law.uwyo.edu/wlr/vol1/iss1/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Law Archive of Wyoming Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Wyoming Law Review by an authorized editor of Law Archive of Wyoming Scholarship. Cheever: From Population Segregation to Species Zoning: The Evolution of R WYOMING LAW REVIEW VOLUME 1 2001 NUMBER 1 FROM POPULATION SEGREGATION TO SPECIES ZONING: THE EVOLUTION OF REINTRODUCTION LAW UNDER SECTION 10(J) OF THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT Federico Cheever I. INTRODUCTION "Recovery" has become the rhetorical focus of the Endangered Species Act and with good reason. The Act defines recovery as "the use of all methods and procedures . .necessary to bring any endangered species or threatened species to the point at which the measures provided pursuant to [the Endangered Species Act] are no longer necessary."' Re- covery efforts demonstrate that the Endangered Species Act is not about stopping development, but about saving species; not about maintaining species on the brink of extinction but, instead, "conserving" or "recover- * Associate Professor of Law, University of Denver College of Law. -
Reintroduction of Captive Animals Into Their Native Habitat: a Bibliography
TITLE: REINTRODUCTION OF CAPTIVE ANIMALS INTO THEIR NATIVE HABITAT: A BIBLIOGRAPHY AUTHOR & INSTITUTION: Kay A. Kenyon, Librarian National Zoological Park Branch Smithsonian Institution Libraries Washington, D.C. DATE: September 1988 LAST UPDATE: August 1995 TABLE OF CONTENTS General . 1 Invertebrates . 9 Fish . 11 Reptiles and Amphibians . 13 Birds . 18 Mammals . 35 GENERAL Newsletter: Re-Introduction News. 1990,-- no. 1--. Chairman, RSG: Dr. Mark Stanley Price. Edited by Minoo Rahbar. IUCN/SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group, c/o African Wildlife Foundation, P.O. Box 48177, Nairobi, Kenya. Fax (254)-2-710372; Tel (254)-2-710367. 1968 Petrides, G.A. 1968. Problems in species' introductions. IUCN Bulletin, New Series, 2(7):70-71. 1969 Wayre, P. 1969. The role of zoos in breeding threatened species of mammals and birds in captivity. Biological Conservation, 2(1):47-49. 1977 Brambell, M.R. 1977. Reintroduction. International Zoo Yearbook, 17:112-116. Kear, J. & A.J.Berger. 1977. The problem of breeding endangered species in captivity. International Zoo Yearbook, 17:5-14. Sankhala, K.S. 1977. Captive breeding, reintroduction and nature protection: the Indian experience. International Zoo Yearbook, 17:98-101. 1978 Jungius, H. 1978. Criteria for the reintroduction of threatened species into parts of their former range. In: International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Threatened Deer, pp. 342-352. Morges, Switzerland: IUCN. 1979 Anon. 1979. Reintroduction hazards. Oryx, 15:80. 1980 Campbell, S. 1980. Is reintroduction a realistic goal? In: M.E. Soule and B.A. Wilcox, eds. Conservation Biology: An Evolutionary-Ecological Perspective, pp. 263-269. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinaur. -
The Tribe Cichorieae In
Chapter24 Cichorieae Norbert Kilian, Birgit Gemeinholzer and Hans Walter Lack INTRODUCTION general lines seem suffi ciently clear so far, our knowledge is still insuffi cient regarding a good number of questions at Cichorieae (also known as Lactuceae Cass. (1819) but the generic rank as well as at the evolution of the tribe. name Cichorieae Lam. & DC. (1806) has priority; Reveal 1997) are the fi rst recognized and perhaps taxonomically best studied tribe of Compositae. Their predominantly HISTORICAL OVERVIEW Holarctic distribution made the members comparatively early known to science, and the uniform character com- Tournefort (1694) was the fi rst to recognize and describe bination of milky latex and homogamous capitula with Cichorieae as a taxonomic entity, forming the thirteenth 5-dentate, ligulate fl owers, makes the members easy to class of the plant kingdom and, remarkably, did not in- identify. Consequently, from the time of initial descrip- clude a single plant now considered outside the tribe. tion (Tournefort 1694) until today, there has been no dis- This refl ects the convenient recognition of the tribe on agreement about the overall circumscription of the tribe. the basis of its homogamous ligulate fl owers and latex. He Nevertheless, the tribe in this traditional circumscription called the fl ower “fl os semifl osculosus”, paid particular at- is paraphyletic as most recent molecular phylogenies have tention to the pappus and as a consequence distinguished revealed. Its circumscription therefore is, for the fi rst two groups, the fi rst to comprise plants with a pappus, the time, changed in the present treatment. second those without.