Ecosystem-Level Effects of Keystone Species Reintroduction: a Literature Review Sarah L
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Krill As a Keystone Species (A Case Study) Lesson 3 : Krill As a Keystone Species (A Case Study)
ECOSYSTEMS – AN ANTARCTIC CASE STUDY LESSON 3 KRILL AS A KEYSTONE SPECIES (A CASE STUDY) LESSON 3 : KRILL AS A KEYSTONE SPECIES (A CASE STUDY) LESSON OBJECTIVES Understand how organisms affect, and are affected by, their environment Interpret observations and data, including identifying patterns and using observations, measurements and data to draw conclusions Identify further questions arising from the result IN PARTNERSHIP WITH SPONSORED BY LESSON 3 : KRILL AS A KEYSTONE SPECIES (A CASE STUDY) WHY ARE KRILL IMPORTANT? Many people consider krill to be one of the most important species in Antarctica. Why do you think that is? IN PARTNERSHIP WITH SPONSORED BY LESSON 3 : KRILL AS A KEYSTONE SPECIES (A CASE STUDY) YOUR TURN! Krill are considered to be one of the most important species in the Antarctic! Why is this? On your cards you will find 6 facts about krill. Read the facts and discuss as a group (of 3 or 4). Order the facts from the most important reason to the least important to help explain why krill are important in Antarctic ecosystems. Be prepared to discuss your reasons (remember, there are no right or wrong answers in this activity, only ideas with explanations). IN PARTNERSHIP WITH SPONSORED BY LESSON 3 : KRILL AS A KEYSTONE SPECIES (A CASE STUDY) WHY ARE KRILL IMPORTANT? Phytoplankton are the main producers in the Antarctic. However, not many species can eat phytoplankton because they are so small. Krill have an excellent design for eating phytoplankton. During the summer they eat phytoplankton and during the winter they eat the algae under the sea ice. -
Keystone Species: the Concept and Its Relevance for Conservation Management in New Zealand
Keystone species: the concept and its relevance for conservation management in New Zealand SCIENCE FOR CONSERVATION 203 Ian J. Payton, Michael Fenner, William G. Lee Published by Department of Conservation P.O. Box 10-420 Wellington, New Zealand Science for Conservation is a scientific monograph series presenting research funded by New Zealand Department of Conservation (DOC). Manuscripts are internally and externally peer-reviewed; resulting publications are considered part of the formal international scientific literature. Titles are listed in the DOC Science Publishing catalogue on the departmental website http:// www.doc.govt.nz and printed copies can be purchased from [email protected] © Copyright July 2002, New Zealand Department of Conservation ISSN 11732946 ISBN 047822284X This report was prepared for publication by DOC Science Publishing, Science & Research Unit; editing by Lynette Clelland and layout by Ruth Munro. Publication was approved by the Manager, Science & Research Unit, Science Technology and Information Services, Department of Conservation, Wellington. CONTENTS Abstract 5 1. Introduction 6 2. Keystone concepts 6 3. Types of keystone species 8 3.1 Organisms controlling potential dominants 8 3.2 Resource providers 10 3.3 Mutualists 11 3.4 Ecosystem engineers 12 4. The New Zealand context 14 4.1 Organisms controlling potential dominants 14 4.2 Resource providers 16 4.3 Mutualists 18 4.4 Ecosystem engineers 19 5. Identifying keystone species 20 6. Implications for conservation management 21 7. Acknowledgements 22 8. References 23 4 Payton et al.Keystone species: the concept and its relevance in New Zealand Keystone species: the concept and its relevance for conservation management in New Zealand Ian J. -
EU Zoo Inquiry Report Findings and Recommendations
1 THE EU ZOO INQUIRY 2011 An evaluation of the implementation and enforcement of EC Directive 1999/22, relating to the keeping of animals in zoos. REPORT FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Written for the European coalition ENDCAP by the Born Free Foundation 2 THE EU ZOO INQUIRY 2011 An evaluation of the implementation and enforcement of EC Directive 1999/22, relating to the keeping of animals in zoos. REPORT FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 3 CONTENTS Page ABBREVIATIONS USED ............................................ 04 TERMS USED ............................................................... 04 FOREWORD ................................................................. 05 RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................ 06 EC ZOOS DIRECTIVE 1999/22, SUCCESS, FAILURE – OR WORK IN PROGRESS? ..... 08 THE EU ZOO INQUIRY 2011 FINDINGS 11 INTRODUCTION .......................................................... 12 METHODOLOGY .......................................................... 14 TRANSPOSITION ........................................................ 17 IMPLEMENTATION ..................................................... 22 ENFORCEMENT ........................................................... 28 COMPLIANCE .............................................................. 30 COUNTRY REPORTS AND UPDATES 41 AUSTRIA............................................................ 42 BELGIUM........................................................... 43 BULGARIA ........................................................ 44 CYPRUS............................................................ -
Toward Successful Reintroductions: the Combined Importance of Species Traits, Site Quality, and Restoration Technique
Kaye: Toward Successful Reintroductions Proceedings of the CNPS Conservation Conference, 17–19 Jan 2009 pp. 99–106 © 2011, California Native Plant Society TOWARD SUCCESSFUL REINTRODUCTIONS: THE COMBINED IMPORTANCE OF SPECIES TRAITS, SITE QUALITY, AND RESTORATION TECHNIQUE THOMAS N. KAYE Institute for Applied Ecology, P.O. Box 2855, Corvallis, Oregon 97339-2855; Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 ([email protected]) ABSTRACT Reintroduction of endangered plant species may be necessary to protect them from extinction, provide connectivity between populations, and reach recovery goals under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. But what factors affect reintroduction success? And which matter more: traits inherent to the species, qualities of the site, or reintroduction technique? Here I propose that all three interact. First, reintroduction success will be highest for endangered species that share traits with non-rare native species, invasive plants, and species that excel in restoration plantings as reviewed from the ecological literature. Ten traits are identified as common to at least two of these groups. Second, reintroductions will do best in habitats ecologically similar to existing wild populations and with few local threats, such as non-native plants and herbivores. And third, the methods used to establish plants, such as planting seeds vs. transplants or selecting appropriate microsites, will influence outcomes. For any reintroduction project, potential pitfalls associated with a particular species, site, or technique may be overcome by integrating information from all three areas. Conducting reintroductions as designed experiments that test clearly stated hypotheses will maximize the amount and quality of information gained from each project and support adaptive management. -
The Network of Conservatoires Botaniques Nationaux in France Bardin & Moret
The network of Conservatoires Botaniques Nationaux in France Bardin & Moret The network of Conservatoires Botaniques Nationaux in France and the implementation of the GSPC: results of fifteen years of activities Ph. Bardin and J. Moret Conservatoire Botanique National du Bassin parisien, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France Abstract The Conservatoire Botanique National of the Bassin Parisien: a leading role in plant diversity conservation in the French Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Development (Departement Ecologie et Gestion de la Biodiversite) In France, the Conservatoires Botaniques Nationaux are responsible for the conservation of plant diversity. The Conservatoire Botanique National of the Bassin Parisien, which comes under the National Museum of Natural History, has five main activities, which are in total accordance with the targets of the GSPC. The communication will present many advancements which have been obtained in these five domains: 1. The ambitious programme of biodiversity inventory: it allows us today to provide a widely accessible list of two thousand known species, with more than three million data items (the seventh GBIF contributor). The database is useful to support public policies for territorial projects including biodiversity 2. The research activity is carried out on very limited size populations and include demographic and genetic studies, the development of protocols and relevant tools for ecological engineering 3. A large programme of ex situ conservation, with a seed bank, an in vitro micropropagation unit and a living collection as a back up for the in situ conservation projects 4. Numerous in situ programmes are carried out: population reinforcement, reintroduction and transplantation. At the same time, an ecological management of habitats is established to protect the ecosystems 5. -
Evaluating the Potential for Species Reintroductions in Canada
Evaluating the Potential for Species Reintroductions in Canada JAY V. GEDIR, TIAN EVEREST, AND AXEL MOEHRENSCHLAGER Centre for Conservation Research, Calgary Zoo, 1300 Zoo Road NE, Calgary, AB, T2E 7V6, Canada, email [email protected] Abstract: Species reintroductions and translocations are increasingly useful conservation tools for restoring endangered populations around the world. We examine ecological and socio- political variables to assess Canada’s potential for future reintroductions. Biologically ideal species would be prolific, terrestrial, herbivorous, behaviorally simple, charismatic, easily tractable, or large enough to carry transmitters for post-release evaluations, and would have small home range requirements. Sociologically, Canada’s large geographic area, low human density, high urban population, widespread protectionist views towards wildlife, and sound economic status should favor reintroduction success. Canada has implemented legislation to safeguard species at risk and, compared to developing countries, possesses substantial funds to support reintroduction efforts. We support the reintroduction guidelines put forth by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) but realize that several challenges regarding these parameters will unfold in Canada’s future. Pressures from the rates of species loss and climate change may precipitate situations where species would need to be reintroduced into areas outside their historic range, subspecific substitutions would be necessary if taxonomically similar individuals are unavailable, -
Conservation Actions
CHAPTER 4 Conservation Actions Table of Contents Take Action! Get Involved! ................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 9 Background and Rationale ................................................................................................................. 9 Conservation Action Classification System .................................................................................... 11 Conservation Action Description ........................................................................................................ 12 Best Practices for Conservation Actions ............................................................................................. 15 International Conservation Actions ................................................................................................ 15 Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 15 Regional Conservation Actions ........................................................................................................ 19 Regional Conservation Needs Program .............................................................................................. 19 Regional Action ............................................................................................................................. -
Keystone Species ×
This website would like to remind you: Your browser (Apple Safari 4) is out of date. Update your browser for more × security, comfort and the best experience on this site. Encyclopedic Entry keystone species For the complete encyclopedic entry with media resources, visit: http://education.nationalgeographic.com/encyclopedia/keystone-species/ A keystone species is a plant or animal that plays a unique and crucial role in the way an ecosystem functions. Without keystone species, the ecosystem would be dramatically different or cease to exist altogether. All species in an ecosystem, or habitat, rely on each other. The contributions of a keystone species are large compared to the species' prevalence in the habitat. A small number of keystone species can have a huge impact on the environment. A keystone species is often, but not always, a predator. A few predators can control the distribution and population of large numbers of prey species. A single mountain lion near the Mackenzie Mountains in Canada, for example, can roam an area of hundreds of kilometers. The deer, rabbits, and bird species in the ecosystem are at least partly controlled by the presence of the mountain lion. Their feeding behavior, or where they choose to make their nests and burrows, are largely a reaction to the mountain lion's activity. Scavenger species, such as vultures, are also controlled by the activity of the mountain lion. A keystone species' disappearance would start a domino effect. Other species in the habitat would also disappear and become extinct. The keystone species' disappearance could affect other species that rely on it for survival. -
Finding Correlations Among Successful Reintroduction Programs: an Analysis and Review of Current and Past Mistakes
Finding Correlations among Successful Reintroduction Programs: An Analysis and Review of Current and Past Mistakes by Jillian Estrada A practicum submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Natural Resources and Environment) at the University of Michigan April 2014 Faculty advisor(s): Professor Bobbi Low, Chair Dr. M. Elsbeth McPhee Abstract In the past half century the world has seen a dramatic decline in species. More and more species are being pushed to brink of extinction. In the past, there have been several methods utilized to mitigate these trends, however with the recent surge of local extinctions, reintroductions have become a growing conservation tool. Despite many disadvantages of developing a reintroduction plan, hundreds have been attempted over the past 40 years, with mixed outcomes. Some conservationists have studied the factors associated with success; however the criteria on which their assessments were based were flawed. I attempted to complete my own assessment of successful programs using detailed program information along with life history traits of focal species. My results illustrate the many obstacles faced by reintroduction biologists. Based on the limitations faced throughout this study, I conclude that conservationists must take a step back and address the many issues with current reintroduction protocols prior to attempting any further assessments. My recommended solutions to some of these issues include defining universal criteria for a reintroduction program to be considered successful; monitoring, logging, and disseminating standardized data; and collaborating with captive facilities that have the ability to offer additional support. ii Acknowledgments Advisors Dr. Bobbi S. Low, Co-Chair, Professor of Natural Resources, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan Dr. -
Answers --Chapter 6 Preparing for the Ap Exam Multiple Choice Questions 1
ANSWERS --CHAPTER 6 PREPARING FOR THE AP EXAM MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following is not an example of a density-independent factor? (a) Drought (b) Competition (c) Forest fire (d) Hurricane (e) Flood 2. As the size of a white-tailed deer population increases, (a) the carrying capacity of the environment for white-tailed deer will be reduced. (b) a volcanic eruption will have a greater proportional effect than it would on a smaller population. (c) the effect of limiting resources will decrease. (d) the number of gray wolves, a natural predator of white-tailed deer, will increase. (e) white-tailed deer are more likely to become extinct. 3. The graph on page 174 of the population growth of Canada geese in Ohio between 1955 and 2002 can best be described as (a) an exponential growth curve. (b) a logistic growth curve. (c) a stochastic growth curve. (d) oscillation between overshoot and die-off. (e) approaching the carrying capacity. 4. Which of the following is not a statement of the logistic growth model? (a) Population growth is limited by density-dependent factors. (b) A population will initially increase exponentially and then level off as it approaches the carrying capacity of the environment. (c) Future population growth cannot be predicted mathematically. (d) Population growth slows as the number of individuals approaches the carrying capacity. (c) A graph of population growth produces an S-shaped growth curve over time. 5. Which of the following characteristics are typical of r-selected species? I They produce many offspring in a short period of time. -
Of the Endangered Species Act
Wyoming Law Review Volume 1 Number 1 Article 8 January 2001 From Population Segregation to Species Zoning: The Evolution of Reintroduction Law under Section 10(J) of the Endangered Species Act Frederico Cheever Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.uwyo.edu/wlr Recommended Citation Cheever, Frederico (2001) "From Population Segregation to Species Zoning: The Evolution of Reintroduction Law under Section 10(J) of the Endangered Species Act," Wyoming Law Review: Vol. 1 : No. 1 , Article 8. Available at: https://scholarship.law.uwyo.edu/wlr/vol1/iss1/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Law Archive of Wyoming Scholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Wyoming Law Review by an authorized editor of Law Archive of Wyoming Scholarship. Cheever: From Population Segregation to Species Zoning: The Evolution of R WYOMING LAW REVIEW VOLUME 1 2001 NUMBER 1 FROM POPULATION SEGREGATION TO SPECIES ZONING: THE EVOLUTION OF REINTRODUCTION LAW UNDER SECTION 10(J) OF THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT Federico Cheever I. INTRODUCTION "Recovery" has become the rhetorical focus of the Endangered Species Act and with good reason. The Act defines recovery as "the use of all methods and procedures . .necessary to bring any endangered species or threatened species to the point at which the measures provided pursuant to [the Endangered Species Act] are no longer necessary."' Re- covery efforts demonstrate that the Endangered Species Act is not about stopping development, but about saving species; not about maintaining species on the brink of extinction but, instead, "conserving" or "recover- * Associate Professor of Law, University of Denver College of Law. -
Some Animals Are More Equal Than Others: Trophic Cascades And
Some Animals Are More Equal than Others: Trophic Cascades and Keystone Film Guide Educator Materials Species OVERVIEW The short film Some Animals Are More Equal than Others: Trophic Cascades and Keystone Species opens by asking two fundamental questions in ecology: “What determines how many species live in a given place? Or how large can each population grow?” The film then describes the pioneering experiments by Robert Paine and James Estes, in the 1960s and 1970s, which started to address them. Paine’s experiments on the coast of Washington state showed that the starfish is a keystone species, having a disproportionately large impact on its ecosystem relative to its abundance. Estes and colleague John Palmisano discovered that the kelp forests of the North Pacific are indirectly regulated by sea otters, which feed on sea urchins that consume kelp. The presence or absence of sea otters causes a cascade of direct and indirect effects down the food chain, which in turn affect the structure of the ecosystem. These early experiments inspired countless others on keystone species and trophic cascades in ecosystems throughout the world. KEY CONCEPTS A. Keystone species have direct and indirect effects on the abundance and number of species in an ecosystem that are disproportionately large relative to their own abundance in the ecosystem. B. Not all species in an ecosystem have strong interactions. The removal of some species has little or no effect on others. C. Many keystone species are apex predators: predators at the top of a food web that are not preyed on by others. D. Removal or addition of an apex predator that is a keystone species causes changes in the type and number of species, and their population sizes, at multiple trophic levels.