LUCAS 2018 Grassland Survey – Identification Guide

Regional statistics and Geographic Information Author: E4.LUCAS (ESTAT) TechnicalDocuments 2018

LUCAS 2018 (Land Use / Cover Area Frame Survey)

Technical reference document C6 Grassland Survey - Identification Guide C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 2

1 Table of Contents

2 Scope and Introduction ...... 4 3 Examples of suitable field guides ...... 5 4 Overview on the key species / key species groups in this guidance ...... 6 5 Overview on the key species / key species groups and their application as key species in different regions, the colour of their flowers and the plant families...... 7 6 Photos of the key species ...... 8 7 Overview on the species / species groups for structural characterization ...... 34 8 Photos of the species / species groups for structural characterization ...... 35 9 Overview on the legume species / species groups ...... 42 10 Photos of legumes ...... 43 11 Source of the photos / photo authors / photo credits ...... 49 12 Overview on the photos of the key species in this guidance and on further examples of the key species groups ...... 58

C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 3

DOCUMENT CHANGE RECORD

REASON FOR CHANGE AND AFFECTED ISSUE DATE CHANGE AUTHORITY / AUTHOR SECTIONS

Transfer from original document. V0.1 2017/05/03 Eurostat / E4.LUCAS Introduction for LUCAS 2018.

V1.0 2018/02/20 Eurostat / E4.LUCAS Fine tuning

C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 4

2 Scope and Introduction This document is part of a series of reference documents defining the framework of the Land Use / Cover Area frame statistical Survey (LUCAS). The document at hand provides images that will help in the identification of the different grassland survey species.

This photo guidance has been developed in the frame of the project “Coordination works on the LUCAS Surveys - Specifications for LUCAS 2018 grassland survey: lists of species and related protocol, list of structural parameters and protocol, plan for timing of survey”. The project has been carried out by the Institut für Agrarökologie und Biodiversität (IFAB) [Institute for Agroecology and Biodiversity] in Mannheim (D).

The surveyors who will have to record the key species can use this photo guidance as help for the identification of the key species. Please not

However, as most key species are species groups comprising a group of species of one or several genera, the photo guidance only comprises typical examples of the key species groups.

The LUCAS reference documents are periodically improved and adapted taking into account the experience from the implemented surveys and the requirements of the LUCAS data & information users.

LUCAS stands for Land use and land cover area frame survey. It is a survey that takes place in the field, and in the current form it has been run every 3 years since 2009.

LUCAS survey 2018 can be divided in 3 parts:

 LUCAS core

 LUCAS specific module on grassland (Grassland module)

 LUCAS specific module on soil (Soil module)

LUCAS core includes the identification of the point, different aspects of land cover and land use information and land and water management.

The grassland module is a test module on 3734 points, to assess the practical and scientific feasibility to collect the relevant information.

The soil module, which takes place in 26,014 LUCAS points, consists of different parts. In all points a topsoil sample is collected either on its own (standard soil sample), or with the bulk density sample (9000 points). Furthermore a sample for biodiversity is collected in 1000 points and in 1470 points specifically selected the extend of the organic horizon is assessed.

The feasibility of the LUCAS core part and the standard topsoil sample have been assessed over the years and a thorough quality control takes place for these parts. On the other hand the grassland module, some smaller additions to the core part (EUNIS, Copernicus) and the new parts of the soil module have been introduced for testing purposes. The practical feasibility and in some cases the scientific feasibility of these modules are to be assessed during the LUCAS survey 2018. It is therefore of uttermost importance that this part of the survey is carefully planned and the assessment is done thoroughly. However the quality assessment is not as strict as in the other parts and aims at assessing the general plausibility of the results. On the other hand a request for correction is always possible. C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 5

To assess the scientific validity of the grassland module a detailed vegetation survey will take place in a selected number of points in parallel to the LUCAS survey.

The data collected during the LUCAS survey is used to produce statistical tables on land cover and land use, it is used for modelling agro-environmental aspects and it is used as ground control for satellite images.

More information on land cover/use statistics and on LUCAS in general can be found on the Eurostat website: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/lucas/introduction.

The LUCAS survey is co-ordinated by the Statistical Office of the European Commission (Eurostat).

3 Examples of suitable field guides If the surveyor wishes to have a closer look at the species, several field guides can be recommended:

For Northern Europe: Fitter, A., Attenborough, D. (1987): Wild flowers of Britain and Northern Europe. Collins, London.

For Central Europe: Fitter, R., Fitter, A., Blamey, M. (2007): Parey`s Blumenbuch. Kosmos, Stuttgart.

For Mediterranean Regions: Blamey, M., Grey-Wilson, C. (2015): Wild Flowers of the Mediterranean. Bloomsbury, London.

C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 6 4 Overview on the key species / key species groups in this guidance

Selected species / species groups English names Page Selected species / species groups English names Page

Achillea spec. Yarrow 8 Juncus spec. Rush 22 Adonis vernalis et al. Pheasant's eye 8 Leucanthemum spec. Daisy 23 Apiaceae Apiaceae family 9 Limonium spec Sea-lavender 23 Artemisia spec. Wormwood 10 Myosotis spec. Forget-me-not 23

Asphodelus spec., Narthecium spec., Asphodel, 10 Orchidaceae spec. Orchid family 24 Paradisea liliastrum* Paradise lily Pedicularis spec Lousewort 24 Astragalus spec., Coronilla spec. - red+white Vetch 11 Phlomis fruticosa Jerusalem sage 25 flowers, Onobrychis spec., Hedysarum coronaria Sainfoin Potentilla spec. (without Pot. anserina) Cinquefoil 25 Bistorta officinalis, Polygonum bistorta European bistort 12 Rhinanthus spec. Rattle 26 Campanula spec. Bellflower 12 Salvia spec. Clary 26 Centaurea spec., Serratula tinctoria Knapweed 13 Sanguisorba spec. Burnet 27 Cichoriaceae, yellow without Tragopogon Cichoriaceae family 14 (see below) and without Taraxacum spec. Scabiosa spec., Knautia spec., Succisa spec. Scabious 27 Cirsium spec., Carduus spec., Carlina spec. Thistle 16 Silene spec. - red flowering, Lychnis flos- Campion 28 cuculi, Dianthus spec. Cistus spec Rockrose 17 28 Clematis integrifolia Solitary clematis 17 Thalictrum spec. Meadow-rue

Eryngium planum et al., Echinops spec. Eryngo, Globe thistles 18 Thymus spec. Thyme 29 Euphorbia spec. Spurge 18 Tragopogon spec., Scorzonera spec. Salsify 29 Euphrasia spec. Eyebright 19 Trifolium spec. - red flowering Clover 30 Filipendula spec. Meadowsweet 19 Trifolium spec., Medicago spec., Lotus spec., Trefoil, Vetch 31 Galium spec. (white flowering) Bedstraw 20 et al., Coronilla - yellow flowering, 33 Galium verum (yellow flowering) Yellow bedstraw 20 Valeriana spec. Valerian Genista spec., Spartium spec., Calicotome spec. Broom 21 Vicia spec., Lathyrus spec., Astragalus spec. Vetch 33 Geranium spec. with big flowers Cranebills 21 - blue+purple flowers

C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 7 5 Overview on the key species / key species groups and their application as key species in different regions, the colour of their flowers and the plant families.

European Regions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ∑

region region

Pannonian Pannonian

West+Central

Mediterranean-

Continental - East- Continental Plant family (botanical

Continental - North North - Continental

Borea + Baltic SeaBalticBorea + South - Continental

Atlantic - Northwest - Atlantic Black+ Sea Steppic

Atlantic - South+East - Atlantic MediterraneanEast-

Selected species / species groups English names Regions of Sum Colours of the flowers name) Plant family (English name) Achillea spec. Yarrow x x x x x x x x x x 10 w hite, yellow Asteraceae Daisy family Apiaceae Carrot family x x x x x x x x x x 10 w hite, yellow Apiaceae Carrot family Centaurea spec., Serratula tinctoria Knapw eed x x x x x x x x x x 10 red, pink Asteraceae Daisy family Cichoriaceae, yellow without Tragopogon (see below) and without Taraxacum off. Daisy family x x x x x x x x x x 10 yellow Asteraceae Daisy family Leucanthemum spec. Daisy x x x x x x x x x x 10 w hite Asteraceae Daisy family Orchidaceae spec. Orchid family x x x x x x x x x x 10 all colours Orchidaceae Orchid family Scabiosa spec., Knautia spec., Succisa spec. Scabious x x x x x x x x x x 10 blue, w hite Dipsacaceae Teasel family Silene spec. - red flowering, Lychnis flos-cuculi, Dianthus spec. Campion x x x x x x x x x x 10 red, pink Caryophyllaceae Pink family Trifolium spec. - red flowering CloverPink x x x x x x x x x x 10 red Fabaceae Legume family Trifolium spec., Medicago spec., Lotus spec., et al. Coronilla - yellow flowering Trefoil, Vetch x x x x x x x x x x 10 yellow Fabaceae Legume family Adonis vernalis spec. Pheasant's eye x 1 yellow Ranunculaceae Buttercup family Artemisia spec. Wormw ood x x 2 yellow -grey Asteraceae Daisy family Asphodelus spec., Narthecium spec., Paradisea liliastrum Asphodel, Paradise lily x x 2 w hite, yellow Liliaceae, Asparagaceae Lily family, Asparagaceae family Astragalus spec., Coronilla spec., Onobrychis spec., Hedysarum coron. , -red+white flowers Vetch, Sainfoin, x x x x x x 6 red, rose, red-w hite Fabaceae Legume family Bistorta officinalis / Polygonum bistorta European bistort x x x 3 rose Polygonaceae Knotw eed family Campanula spec. Bellflow er x x x x 4 blue, w hite Campanulaceae Bellflow er family Cirsium spec., Carduus spec., Carlina spec. Thistle x x x x x 5 red, yellow ish Asteraceae Daisy family Cistus spec. Rockrose x 1 pink, w hite Cistaceae Rock rose family Clematis integrifolia Solitary clematis x 1 blue Ranunculaceae Buttercup family Eryngium planum et al., Echinops spec. Eryngo, Globe thistles x x x x 4 blue Apiaceae, Asteraceae Carrot family, Daisy family Euphorbia spec. Spurge x x x 3 yellow , green-yellow ish Euphorbiaceae Euphorbias Euphrasia spec. Eyebright x x 2 w hite-purple-yellow Scrophulariaceae Figw ort family Filipendula spec. Meadow sw eet x x 2 w hite-yellow ish Rosaceae Rose family Galium spec. (white flowering) Bedstraw x x x 3 w hite Rubiaceae Bedstraw family Galium verum (yellow flowering) Yellow bedstraw x x x x 4 yellow , green-yellow ish Rubiaceae Bedstraw family Genista spec. , Spartium spec., Calicotome spec., et al. Broom x x 2 yellow Fabaceae Legume family Geranium spec. with big flowers Cranebills x 1 rede, blue, purple, brow n Geraniaceae Cranesbill family Juncus spec. Rush x x 3 gree, brow n Juncaceae Rush family Limonium spec. Sea-lavender x 1 blue Plumbaginaceae Thrift family Myosotis spec. Forget-me-not x x 2 blue Boraginaceae Borage family Pedicularis spec. Lousew ort x 1 yellow , red Scrophulariaceae Figw ort family Phlomis fruticosa Jerusalem sage x 1 yellow Lamiaceae Labiate family Potentilla spec. (without Pot. anserina) Cinquefoil x x x x 4 yellow Rosaceae Rose family Ranunculus spec. (yellow flowering) Buttercup 1 yellow Ranunculaceae Buttercup family Rhinanthus spec. Rattle x x x x x 5 yellow Scrophulariaceae Figw ort family Salvia spec. Clary x x x x x x x 7 blue, w hite Lamiaceae Labiate family Sanguisorba spec. Burnet x x x x x x 6 red Rosaceae Rose family Thalictrum spec. Meadow -rue x 1 yellow , rose Ranunculaceae Buttercup family Thymus spec. Thyme x x x x x x x x x 9 red, purple Lamiaceae Labiate family Tragopogon spec., Scorzonera spec. Salsify x x x x x x x 7 yellow , purple Asteraceae Daisy family Valeriana spec. Valerian x 1 w hite, rose Valerianaceae Valerian family Vicia spec.+ Lathyrus spec. + Astragalus spec. - blue+purple flowers Vetch x x x x x x x 7 blue, purple Fabaceae Legume family 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 42

C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 8 6 Photos of the key species

Achillea spec. Yarrow

Adonis vernalis Pheasant's eye

Adonis vernalis / Pheasant's eye C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 9 Apiaceae Carrot family

Daucus carota / Wild carrot Ferula communis / Giant fennel

Artemisia maritima / Sea wormwood Artemisia campestris / Field wormwood

Asphodelus spec. Narthecium spec. Asphodel Paradisea liliastrum Paradise lily

Asphodelus albus / White asphodel Asphodelus ramosus / Branched asphodel

© pastilletes/Joan © pastilletes/Joan Simon Simon © Carmona Rodriguez © Isidre blanc Narthecium ossifragum / Bog asphodel Paradisea liliastrum / Paradise lily C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 11 Astragalus spec., Coronilla spec., red +red-white flowers Hedysarum coronaria Vetch Onobrychis spec. Sainfoin © Franz Xaver © Jean Tosti © Bogdan © Ltshears Astragalus monspessulanus / Montpelier Milk-Vetch Coronilla varia / Crownvetch

© Thuir © Michele Adorni © Michele Adorni Onobrychis viciifolia /Common sainfoin Hedysarum coronaria / French honeysuckle C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 12 Bistorta officinalis / Polygonum bistorta European bistort

Campanula patula / Spreading bellflower Campanula rotundifolia / Harebell

Centaurea spec., Serratula tinctoria

Knapweed

Centaurea jacea / Brown knapweed Centaurea scabiosa / Greater knapweed

Centaurea deusta / Pale knapweed Serratula tinctoria / Saw-wort

C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 14 Cichoriaceae (Small yellow with basal rosette of leaves, dandelion-like, with single or multiple flowerheads) Daisy family © Bernd Haynold © Jerzy Opioła © Anneli Salo © Qwert1234 Hieracium pilosella / Mouse-ear hawkweed Hieracium umbellatum / Canadian hawkweed

Hypochaeris radicata / Catsear Hypochaeris maculata / Spotted Cat's-ear Picris hieracioides / Hawkweed oxtongue

C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 15

Taraxacum officinalis is not a key species, it is excluded

C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 16 Cirsium spec., Carduus spec., Carlina spec. Thistle

Rockrose

Cistus albidus / Grey-leaved cistus Cistus monspeliensis / Montpellier cistus

Clematis integrifolia Solitary clematis

Clematis integrifolia / Solitary clematis

C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 18 Eryngium planum Blue eryngo Echinops spec. Globe thistles

Echinops ritro / Southern globethistle

Echinops exaltatus / Tall globethistle Echinops bannaticus / Blue globe -thistle Euphorbia spec. Spurge

© Svdmolen © Svdmolen © HermannSchachner © HermannSchachner Euphorbia cyparissias / Cypress spurge Euphorbia virgata / Waldstein's Spurge C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 19 Euphrasia spec. Eyebright

©©Euphrasia rostkoviana / Eyebright

Filipendula spec. Meadowsweet

Filipendula vulgaris / Dropwort Filipendula ulmaria / Meadwort

C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 20 Galium spec. (white flowering) Bedstraw

Galium verum

(yellow flowering)

Yellow bedstraw

C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 21 Genista spec. Spartium spec. Calicotome spec. Broom and other woody Broom like yellow flowering ‘ species © J.F. Gaffard © Leo Michels © David Gaya Genista tinctoria / Dyer's broom Spartium junceum / Spanish broom

Geranium spec. with big flowers Cranesbills

© Karelj © Stefan.lefnaer © Vzb83 © I, Nova Geranium pratense / Geranium sanguineum / Geranium sylvaticum / Geranium phaeum / Meadow Geranium Bloody Geranium Woodland Geranium Black widow C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 22 Juncus spec. Rush

Juncus articulatus / Jointleaf Rush C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 23 Leucanthemum spec.

Oxeeye daisy

Lecanthemum vulgare / Oxeye daisy Chrysanthemum corymbosum / Scentless Feverfew Limonium spec. Sea-lavender

© Liuthalas © Jörg Hempel © Kriko © Michele© Joachim Adorni Lutz © Michele Adorni Orchis morio / Dactylorhiza maculata / Dactylorhiza sambucina Ophrys apifera / Bee orchid Anacamptis pyramidalis / Green-winged orchid Heath spotted-orchid / Elder-flowered orchid Pyramidal orchid

© Meyer © Ivar Leidus © Kristian Peters © Christian Fischer Pedicularis sceptrum-carolinum / Moor-king Pedicularis palustris / Marsh lousewort Lousewort C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 25

Phlomis fructicosa Jerusalem sage

Potentilla spec. (without Potentilla anserina) Cinquefoil

Potentilla reptans / Potentilla erecta / Erect cinquefoil Potentilla anserina / Silverweed cinquefoil Creeping cinquefoil Potentilla anserina is not a key species, it is excluded

C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 26 Rhinanthus spec. Rattle

Yellow rattle / Greater yellow rattle

Salvia spec. Clary

Salvia austriaca / Austrian sage Salvia fructicosa / Greek oregano C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 27 Sanguisorba spec. Burnet

Scabiosa spec., Knautia spec., Succisa spec. Scabious

Succisa pratensis / Devil’s-bit scabious C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 28 Silene spec. – red flowering, Lychnis floc-cuculi Campion Dianthus Pink © Christian Fischer © Strobilomyces © Prazak © Donald Macauley

Silene dioica / Red campion Lychnis flos-cuculi / Ragged-Robin

Thalictrum spec. Meadow-rue

© Sten Porse © Kristian Peters © Bff Thalictrum flavum / Common meadow-rue Thalictrum aquilegifolium / Columbine meadow-rue C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 29 Thymus spec. Thyme

Salsify © Laszlo Demeter © Uoaei1 © H. Zell © H. Zell

Tragopogon pratensis / Meadow salsify Scorzonera hispanica / Spanish salsify

Tragopogon porrifloius / Purple salsify C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 30 Trifolium spec. red flowering Clover

Trifolium pratense / Red clover Trifolium medium / Zigzag clover Trifolium striatum / Knotted clover

Trifolium alpestre / Alpine clover Trifolium arvense / Hare's-foot clover

© Michele Adorni © Christian Fischer © Franz Xaver © Hans Hillewaert Trifolium resupinatum/ Reversed Trifolium fragiferum / Trifolium rubens / Trifolium stellatum / clover Strawberry clover Red feather Starry clover C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 31

Trifolium spec., Medicago spec., Lotus spec. et al. – yellow flowering

Trefoil, Vetch

Medicago lupulina / Black medick ©©Medicago falcata / Yellow lucerne

© Tocekas © Hopklaver © I, Kenraiz ©Andreas Eichler ©©Trifolium campestre / Hop ©©Trifolium dubium / Lesser trefoil Lathyrus pratensis / Meadow vetchling trefoil C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 32

©©Lotus pedunculatus / Big trefoil ©©Lotus tenuis / Narrowleaf trefoil

Stefan.lefnaer Stefan.lefnaer Stefan.lefnaer

Tetragonolobus maritimus / Dragon's teeth © Isidre blanc © Isidre blanc © Isidre blanc © Stefan.lefnaer Hippocrepis comosa / Horseshoe vetch Anthyllis vulneraria / Common kidneyvetch C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 33 Valeriana spec. Valerian

Vicia spec., Lathyrus spec., Astragalus spec. blue+purple flowers Vetch

© Walter © Isidre © Frank © Anneli Siegmund blanc Vincentz Salo ©©Vicia cracca / Tufted vetch ©©Vicia sepium / Bush vetch C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 34 7 Overview on the species / species groups for structural characterization

Species / species groups English names Page Shrub/ Brushwood/ Bramble 35

Phrygana / Garrigue 35 36, see p. Carduus spec. and others Thistles 16

Urtica dioica Stinging nettles 36 Rumex obtusifolius and others Docks 37

Pteridium aquilinum Bracken 37

Juncus spec. Rushes 38 Carex spec. Sedges 38

Phragmites spec. Reed 39

Calamagostis spec. Wood small-reed 39 Molinia caerulea Moor grass 39

Stipa spec. Feather grass 40

Nardus stricta Matgrass 40 Solidago candensis Canadian goldenrod 41

Vitis vinifera Wild grapevine 41

C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 35

8 Photos of the species / species groups for structural characterization

Shrub / brushwood / bramble

Phrygana / Garrigue

Stefan.lefnaer

©©Phrygana ©©Garrigue C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 36 Carduus spec. and others / Thistles

(Ixitixel) Carlina vulgaris / Carline thistle ©©Carduus crispus / Welted thistle

Urtica dioica

Stinging nettles

©© Urtica dioica / Stinging nettles

C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 37 Rumex obtusifolius and others / Docks

©©Rumex obtusifolius / Docks

Pteridium aquilinum

Bracken

C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 38 Juncus spec. Rushes

Carex spec. Sedges

Carex hirta / Hairy sedge Carex halleriana C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 39 Phragmites spec. Reed

Molinia caerulea Moor grass

Nardus stricta Matgrass

Stefan.lefnaer

Solidago canadensis / Canadian goldenrod

Vitis vinifera Wild grapevine

Vitis vinifera / Wild grapevine C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 42 9 Overview on the legume species / species groups

Most legume species / species groups are already part of the key species list and found in section 6 of this identification guide. For the coverage of legumes also white flowering legumes, like Mountain clover and White clover (not part of the key species list), are included. The indication of the coverage includes all parts of the plants (e.g. flowers, leaves, stems).

Species / species groups English names Page Astragalus spec. Miklvetch 43 (see also p. 11/33)

Coronilla spec. 43 (see also p. 11)

Hedysarum coronaria Vetch 43 (see also p. 11) Onobrychis spec. Sainfoin 43 (see also p. 11)

Red-flowering Trifolium spec. (red) 44 (see also p. 30) clover

Yellow-flowering Trifolium spec. (yellow) 45 (see also p. 31) clover

Medicago spec. Medick, burclover 45 (see also p. 31/32)

Lotus spec. Trefoil, vetch 46 (see also p. 32)

White-flowering Trifolium spec (white) 47 clover

Lupinus spec. Lupine 48

C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 43 10 Photos of legumes

Astragalus spec., Coronilla spec., red +red-white flowers Hedysarum coronaria Vetch Onobrychis spec.

Sainfoin © Franz Xaver © Jean Tosti © Bogdan © Ltshears Astragalus monspessulanus / Montpelier Milk-Vetch Coronilla varia / Crownvetch

Trifolium pratense / Red clover Trifolium medium / Zigzag clover Trifolium striatum / Knotted clover

Trifolium alpestre / Alpine clover Trifolium arvense / Hare's-foot clover

Trifolium spec., Medicago spec., Lotus spec. – yellow flowering

Trefoil, Vetch

Stefan.lefnaer Stefan.lefnaer Stefan.lefnaer

Trifolium repens / White clover Trifolium montanum / Mountain clover

Lupinus luteus / Yellow lupin Lupinus pilosus / Mountain lupin C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 49 11 Source of the photos / photo authors / photo credits Thanks a lot to all photo authors who made their photos available and thus making it possible to develop this illustrated guidance.

Photo Author Downloading License and Link date Achillea_filipendulina_1 Alberto Salguero 05.09.2016 CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=53289 Achillea_filipendulina_2 Alberto Salguero 05.09.2016 CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=53284 Achillea_millefolium_1 H. Zell 13.07.2016 By H. Zell - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8942308 Achillea_millefolium_2 H. Zell 13.07.2016 By H. Zell - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8942327 Achillea_ptarmica_1 Michael Becker 13.07.2016 By Michael Becker - taken by Michael Becker, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=222699 Achillea_ptarmica_2 Karelj 13.07.2016 By Karelj - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19852984 Adonis_vernalis_1 Martin Bahmann 26.09.2016 By Martin Bahmann - Self-photographed, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adonis_vernalis Anthericum_liliago_1 Radomil 15.07.2016 CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=170342 Anthericum_liliago_2 H. Zell 15.07.2016 By H. Zell - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9040395 Anthericum_ramosum_1 BerndH 15.07.2016 CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=200388 Anthericum_ramosum_2 Albert H. 15.07.2016 By Albert H. - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1026605 Anthiscus_sylvestris_1 Dalgial 13.07.2016 By Dalgial - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7088056 Anthiscus_sylvestris_2 Qwert1234 13.07.2016 By Qwert1234 - Qwert1234's file, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17847120 Anthyllis_montana_1 Jeantosti 23.08.2016 CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=161631 Anthyllis_montana_2 Jeantosti 23.08.2016 CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=161632 Anthyllis_vulneraria_1 Isidre blanc 23.08.2016 By Isidre blanc - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=49674848 Artemisia_campestris_1 Xemenendura 23.08.2016 By Xemenendura - Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8044995 Artemisia_campestris_2 Xemenendura 23.08.2016 By Xemenendura - Own work, GFDL, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7690334 Artemisia_maritima_1 M.Buschmann 23.08.2016 Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1001780 Artemisia_maritima_2 Kristian Peters 23.08.2016 By Kristian Peters -- Fabelfroh 09:05, 15 November 2006 (UTC) - photographed by myself, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1370611 Asphodelus_albus_1 Kurt Stueber 26.09.2016 By Kurt Steuber, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Asphodelus_albus0.jpg Asphodelus_ramosus_1 Jean Tosti 26.09.2016 By Jean Tosti, Own work CC BY-SA 3.0, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphodelus#/media/File:Asphodelus_ramosus7.jpg Astragalus_danicus_1 Ivar Leidus 23.08.2016 By Ivar Leidus - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26700479 Astragalus_monspessulanus_1 Franz Xaver 15.07.2016 By Franz Xaver - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7653850 Astragalus_monspessulanus_2 Jean Tosti 15.07.2016 CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=95930 Bistorta_officinalis_1 Uoaei 12.07.2016 By Uoaei1 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33997730 Bistorta_officinalis_2 Franz Xaver 12.07.2016 By Franz Xaver - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8036789 Bistorta_officinalis_3 Qwert1234 12.07.2016 By Qwert1234 - Qwert1234's file, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10238483 Calicotome_villosa_1 Ariel Palmon 27.09.2016 By Ariel Palmon, CC BY-SA 3.0, http://images.google.de/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia Calicotome_villosa_2 Zeynel Cebeci 27.09.2016 By Zeynel Cebeci, CC BY-SA 4.0, http://images.google.de/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2 Campanula_glomerata_1 Bernd Haynold 13.07.2016 By Bernd Haynold - selbst fotografiert - own picture, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4541386 Campanula_glomerata_2 Anneli Salo 13.07.2016 By Anneli Salo - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15789414 Campanula_patula_1 Prazak 13.07.2016 CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=831963 Campanula_patula_2 Franz Xaver 13.07.2016 By Franz Xaver - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8043742 C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 50 Campanula_rotundifolia_1 Hans Hillewaert 13.07.2016 By © Hans Hillewaert /, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4750293 Campanula_sibirica_1 Le.Loup.Gris 05.09.2016 By Le.Loup.Gris - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15732328 Carduus_crispus_1 Monedula 13.07.2016 Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=220349 Carduus_crispus_2 Dalgial 13.07.2016 By Dalgial - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9757093 Carlina_acaulis_1 Isidre blanc 23.08.2016 By Isidre blanc - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27483154 Carlina_vulgaris_1 Bernd Haynold 23.08.2016 By Bernd Haynold - Own work, CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=285091 Carlina_vulgaris_2 Hajotthu 23.08.2016 By Hajotthu at the German language Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8788815 Centaurea_jacea_1 Franz Xaver 13.07.2016 By Franz Xaver - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7678874 Centaurea_jacea_2 Kristian Peters 13.07.2016 By Kristian Peters -- Fabelfroh 09:44, 5 March 2007 (UTC) - photographed by Kristian Peters, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1746557 Centaurea_scabiosa_1 MarkusHagenlocher 13.07.2016 CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=515515 Centaurea_scabiosa_2 Kristian Peters 13.07.2016 By Kristian Peters -- Fabelfroh 08:03, 3 November 2006 (UTC) - photographed by myself, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1334881 Cichorium_intybus_1 Christian Fischer 12.07.2016 By Christian Fischer, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=34467095 Cichorium_intybus_2 MurielBendel 12.07.2016 By MurielBendel - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=43568091 Cichorium_intybus_3 Lucarelli 12.07.2016 By Lucarelli - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6692426 Cirsium_oleraceum_1 Christian Fischer 05.09.2016 By Christian Fischer, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17322367 Cirsium_oleraceum_2 Franz Xaver 05.09.2016 By Franz Xaver - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7998046 Cirsium_palustre_1 Pethan Utrecht 13.07.2016 CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=206644 Cirsium_rivulare_1 Stefan.lefnaer 13.07.2016 By Stefan.lefnaer - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30476283 Cistus_albidus_1 KoS 15.07.2016 By KoS - Self-photographed, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2369724 Cistus_albidus_2 Isidre blanc 15.07.2016 By Isidre blanc - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37922015 Cistus_monspeliensis_2 Frank Vincentz 15.07.2016 By Frank Vincentz - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3859582 Clematis_integrifolia_1 Kriss de Niort 12.07.2016 http://faaxaal.forumactif.com/t161-clematite-a-feuilles-entieres-clematis-integrifolia-plante-a-fleurs- bleues?highlight=Clematis+integrifolia Clematis_integrifolia_2 Kriss de Niort 12.07.2016 http://faaxaal.forumactif.com/t161-clematite-a-feuilles-entieres-clematis-integrifolia-plante-a-fleurs- bleues?highlight=Clematis+integrifolia Clematis_integrifolia_3 Kriss de Niort 12.07.2016 http://faaxaal.forumactif.com/t161-clematite-a-feuilles-entieres-clematis-integrifolia-plante-a-fleurs- bleues?highlight=Clematis+integrifolia Coronilla_varia_1 Bogdan 15.07.2016 CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=210517 Coronilla_varia_2 Ltshears 15.07.2016 By Ltshears - Trisha M Shears - Own work, CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1660828 Crepis_biennis_1 Konrad Lackerbeck 13.07.2016 By Konrad Lackerbeck - Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4101744 Crepis_biennis_2 HermannSchachner 13.07.2016 By HermannSchachner - Own work, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18576402 Cypripedium_calceolus _1 JostGudelius 05.09.2016 By JostGudelius - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19822093 Cypripedium_calceolus _2 Sepulnation1986 05.09.2016 By Sepulnation1986 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9514088 Dactylorhiza_maculata_1 Jörg Hempel 13.07.2016 By Jörg Hempel, CC BY-SA 3.0 de, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27374336 Dactylorhiza_sambucina_1 Kriko 13.07.2016 By Kriko L from Finland - Adam och EvaUploaded by Orchi, CC BY 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10956266 Daucus_carota_2 Jcart1534 13.07.2016 By Jcart1534 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7639096 Dianthus_carthusianorum_1 Bernd Haynold 13.07.2016 By Bernd Haynold - Own work, CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=160915 Dianthus_carthusianorum_2 BerndH 13.07.2016 CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=160916 C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 51 Dianthus_superbus_1 Stan Shebs 05.09.2016 By Stan Shebs, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=693676 Echinops_bannaticus_1 Pethan 26.09.2016 By Pethan, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banater_Kugeldistel#/media/File:Echinops_bannaticus01.jpg Echinops_exaltatus_1 McIntosh Natura 26.09.2016 CC BY-SA 3.0, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinops_exaltatus#/media/File:Echinops_exaltatus.jpg Echinops_ritro_1 Bjoertvedt 26.09.2016 By Bjoertvedt, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugeldisteln#/media/File:Echinops_ritro_01.jpg Eryngium_planum_1 Bogdan 26.09.2016 By Bogdan, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flachblatt-Mannstreu#/media/File:Eryngium_planum_bgiu.jpg Eryngium_planum_2 Bernard Dupont 26.09.2016 CC BY-SA 2.0, https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flachblatt- Mannstreu#/media/File:Flat_Sea_Holly_(Eryngium_planum)_(14240745500).jpg Euphorbia_cyparissias_1 Svdmolen 15.07.2016 CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=765358 Euphorbia_cyparissias_2 Svdmolen 15.07.2016 CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=765356 Euphorbia_virgata_1 HermannSchachner 05.09.2016 By HermannSchachner - Own work, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18624658 Euphorbia_virgata_2 HermannSchachner 05.09.2016 By HermannSchachner - Own work, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=18624676 Euphrasia_rostkoviana_1 Bernd Haynold 15.07.2016 By Bernd Haynold - selbst fotografiert - own picture, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2734776 Euphrasia_rostkoviana_2 Enrico Blasutto 15.07.2016 By Enrico Blasutto - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7625586 Ferula_communis_1 Patrice78500 05.09.2016 By Patrice78500 - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5729474 Ferula_communis_2 Jean-Pol GRANDMONT 05.09.2016 By Jean-Pol GRANDMONT - Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4495317 Filipendula_ulmaria_1 Rasbak 13.07.2016 By Rasbak - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=366303 Filipendula_ulmaria_2 I, Kenraiz 14.07.2016 By I, Kenraiz, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2378668 Filipendula_vulgaris_2 Isidre blanc 13.07.2016 By Isidre blanc - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37484105 Galium_mollugo_1 Kriss de Niort 13.07.2016 http://faaxaal.forumactif.com/t4952-photo-de-rubiacee-caille-lait-blanc-galium-mollugo-gaillet-mou-gaillet-mollugine-false-baby-s- breath-hedge-bedstraw-white-bedstraw-wild-madder-great-lady-s-bedstraw?highlight=gallium+mollugo Galium_mollugo_2 H. Zell 13.07.2016 By H. Zell - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10188362 Galium_palustre_1 Christian Fischer 23.08.2016 By Christian Fischer, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=196162 Galium_verum_1 Isidre blanc 13.07.2016 By Isidre blanc - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37500076 Galium_verum_2 H. Zell 13.07.2016 By H. Zell - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10204649 Genista_tinctoria_1 J:f. Gaffard 27.09.2016 By J.F. Gaffard, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A4rber-Ginster#/media/File:Genista_tinctoria_jfg.jpg Genista_tinctoria_2 Leo Michels 27.09.2016 By Leo Michels, CC0, https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A4rber-Ginster#/media/File:Genista_tinctoria_IP0706036.JPG Geranium_phaeum_1 I, Nova 13.07.2016 By I, Nova, CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2293415 Geranium_pratense_1 Karelj 13.07.2016 Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3665849 Geranium_sanguineum_1 Stefan.lefnaer 13.07.2016 By Stefan.lefnaer - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33021630 Geranium_sylvaticum_1 Vzb83 13.07.2016 By Vzb83 from fi, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=680694 Heracleum_sphondylium_1 Christian Fischer 13.07.2016 By Christian Fischer, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4467978 Heracleum_sphondylium_2 I, Noebse 13.07.2016 By I, Noebse, CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2445382 Hieracium_pilosella_1 Bernd Haynold 23.08.2016 By Bernd Haynold - selbst fotografiert - own picture, CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2649250 Hieracium_pilosella_2 Jerzy Opioła 23.08.2016 By Jerzy Opioła - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26049532 Hieracium_umbellatum_1 Anneli Salo 05.09.2016 By Anneli Salo - Own work (Own photo), CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4570637 Hieracium_umbellatum_2 Qwert1234 05.09.2016 By Qwert1234 - Qwert1234's file, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12857364 Hipochaeris_radicata_1 Eclipse2009 23.08.2016 By Eclipse2009 - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15744939 Hipochaeris_radicata_2 4028mdk09 23.08.2016 By 4028mdk09 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8256539 Hippocrepis_comosa_1 Isidre blanc 14.07.2016 By Isidre blanc - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=49051326 Hippocrepis_comosa_2 Isidre blanc 14.07.2016 By Isidre blanc - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=49051325 C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 52 Hypochoeris_maculata_1 HermannSchachner 05.09.2016 By HermannSchachner - Own work, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25065920 Juncus_articulatus_1 Christian Fischer 05.09.2016 By Christian Fischer, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=364616 Juncus_articulatus_2 Ivar Leidus 05.09.2016 By Ivar Leidus - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27251155 Juncus_conglomeratus_1 James Lindsey 05.09.2016 By James Lindsey at Ecology of Commanster, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1721600 Juncus_conglomeratus_2 Kristian Peters 05.09.2016 By Kristian Peters -- Fabelfroh 12:19, 9 July 2006 (UTC) - photographed by myself, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=934123 Juncus_squarrosus_1 James Lindsey 05.09.2016 By James Lindsey at Ecology of Commanster, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1721607 Juncus_squarrosus_2 James Lindsey 05.09.2016 By James Lindsey at Ecology of Commanster, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1721609 Knautia_arvensis_1 Kriss de Niort 13.07.2016 http://faaxaal.forumactif.com/t3073-photo-de-dipsacacee-scabieuse-des-champs-knautie-des-champs-knautia-arvensis-scabiosa- arvensis-field-scabious?highlight=knautia Knautia_arvensis_2 Svdmolen 13.07.2016 By Photo by Svdmolen - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=309255 Lathyrus_hirsutus_1 Jerzy Opioła 05.09.2016 By Jerzy Opioła - Own work, GFDL, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4416712 Lathyrus_pratensis_1 Andreas Eichler 14.07.2016 By Andreas Eichler, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=39109377 Leontodon_hispidus_1 James Lindsey 14.07.2016 By James Lindsey at Ecology of Commanster, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7204943 Leontodon_hispidus_2 Fornax 14.07.2016 By Fornax - Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4176507 Leucanthenum_vulgare_1 Isidre blanc 13.07.2016 By Isidre blanc - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37490774 Limonium_vulgare_1 Olivier Pichard 13.07.2016 By Olivier Pichard - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=14685948 Limonium_vulgare_2 Olivier Pichard 13.07.2016 By Olivier Pichard - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=14685942 Listera_ovata_1 Orchi 05.09.2016 By Orchi - Self-photographed, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=523245 Listera_ovata_2 Hans Hillewaert 05.09.2016 By © Hans Hillewaert /, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4117934 Lotus_angustissimus_1 Javier martin 23.08.2016 By Javier martin - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11298498 Lotus_angustissimus_2 Tigerente 23.08.2016 By User:Tigerente - Own work, CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1392961 Lotus_corniculatus_1 Martin Olsson 14.07.2016 CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=184621 Lotus_corniculatus_2 Walter Siegmund 14.07.2016 By Walter Siegmund (talk) - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7726296 Lotus_pedunculatus_1 André Karwath aka Aka 23.08.2016 By André Karwath aka Aka - Own work, CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=231445 Lotus_pedunculatus_2 Kristian Peters 23.08.2016 By Kristian Peters -- Fabelfroh 15:33, 3 January 2007 (UTC) - photographed by myself, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1521790 Lotus_tenuis_1 Stefan.lefnaer 24.08.2016 By Stefan.lefnaer - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=46472045 Lychnis_flos-cuculi_1 Prazak 12.07.2016 CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=826205 Lychnis_flos-cuculi_2 Donald Macauley 12.07.2016 By Donald Macauley - Flickr: Lychnis flos-cuculi, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15353039 Medicago_falcata_1 Bogdan 23.08.2016 CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=237811 Medicago_lupulina_1 Rasbak 14.07.2016 By Rasbak - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11386462 Medicago_lupulina_2 Sten 14.07.2016 By Sten, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6986615 Medicago_minima_1 Fornax 23.08.2016 Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1122331 Medicago_minima_2 Fornax 23.08.2016 By Fornax - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3982929 Medicago_sativa_1 H. Zell 15.07.2016 By H. Zell - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10672432 Melilotus_officinalis_1 Pethan Utracht 05.09.2016 CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=195679 Melilotus_officinalis_2 Bogdan 05.09.2016 CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=248342 Myosotis_palustris_2 Sten 13.07.2016 By Sten, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1957913 Myostis_palustris_1 I, KENPEI 13.07.2016 By I, KENPEI, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3918453 C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 53

Narthecium_ossifragum_1 pastilletes/Joan Simon 15.07.2016 By "pastilletes"/Joan Simon, Barcelona, España - flickr.com, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4799487 Narthecium_ossifragum_2 pastilletes/Joan Simon 15.07.2016 By "pastilletes"/Joan Simon, Barcelona, España - flickr.com, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4799457 Onobrychis_viciifolia_1 Thuir 13.07.2016 CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=121007 Ononis_arvensis_1 Bogdan 23.08.2016 CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5304987 Orchis_morio_1 Liuthalas 13.07.2016 By Liuthalas - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6638385 Paradisea_liliastrum_1 Carmona Rodriguez 12.07.2016 By Carmona Rodriguez - Paradisea liliastrum, fulles basals IMG_2910Uploaded by uleli, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19897540 Paradisea_liliastrum_2 Isidre blanc 12.07.2016 By Isidre blanc - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37508815 Pedicularis_palustris_1 Kristian Peters 15.07.2016 By Kristian Peters -- Fabelfroh 11:16, 28 October 2006 (UTC) - photographed by myself, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1316705 Pedicularis_palustris_2 Christian Fischer 15.07.2016 By Christian Fischer, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15258885 Pedicularis_sceptrum- Thomas Meyer 15.07.2016 By Thomas Meyer - Own work (Own picture), CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2228288 carolinum_1 Pedicularis_sceptrum- Ivar Leidus 15.07.2016 By Ivar Leidus - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=41845562 carolinum_2 Phlomis_fructicosa_1 Peter A. Mansfeld 05.09.2016 By Peter A. Mansfeld, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15193511 Phlomis_fructicosa_2 Peter A. Mansfeld 05.09.2016 By Peter A. Mansfeld, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15193546 Picris_hieracioides_1 Isidre blanc 23.08.2016 By Isidre blanc - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37896219 Pimpinella_saxifraga_1 $Mathe94$ 05.09.2016 By $Mathe94$ - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8852081 Podospermum_canum_1 HermannSchachner 23.08.2016 By HermannSchachner - Own work, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25072962 Podospermum_canum_2 HermannSchachner 23.08.2016 By HermannSchachner - Own work, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25072978 Polygonum_bistorta_1 Opiola Jerzy 12.07.2016 By Opioła Jerzy - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1585263 Potentilla_anserina_1 H. Zell 06.09.2016 By H. Zell - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10910150 Potentilla_erecta_1 Tigerente 23.08.2016 By User:Tigerente - Own work, CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1022156 Potentilla_reptans_1 Hans Hillewaert 23.08.2016 By © Hans Hillewaert /, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15823621 Reichardia_picroides_2 Isidre blanc 23.08.2016 By Isidre blanc - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37947389 Rhinanthus_alectorolophus_1 Bernd Haynold 13.07.2016 By Bernd Haynold - selbst fotografiert - own picture, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4218743 Rhinanthus_minor_1 sannse 13.07.2016 CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=294582 Salvia_austriaca_1 Stefan.lefnaer 05.09.2016 By Stefan.lefnaer - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=45755927 Salvia_austriaca_2 Pipi69e 05.09.2016 By Pipi69e - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8740515 Salvia_fructicosa_1 Ester Inbar 13.07.2016 By by Ester Inbar, available from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:ST., Attribution, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=773233 Salvia_pratensis_1 Harald Süpfle 13.07.2016 By Harald Süpfle - photo taken by Harald Süpfle, CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=842656 Salvia_pratensis_2 H. Zell 13.07.2016 By H. Zell - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11047498 Salvia_verbenaca_1 Isidre blanc 13.07.2016 By Isidre blanc - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37433165 Sanguisorba_minor_1 Stefan.lefnaer 13.07.2016 By Stefan.lefnaer - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30565008 Sanguisorba_minor_2 Fornax 13.07.2016 By Fornax - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4041200 Sanguisorba_officinalis_1 Karelj 13.07.2016 Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3665926 C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 54 Sanguisorba_officinalis_2 H. Zell 13.07.2016 By H. Zell - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11060851 Scabiosa_columbaria_1 Kriss de Niort 13.07.2016 http://faaxaal.forumactif.com/t3302-photo-de-dipsacacee-scabieuse-colombaire-scabiosa-columbaria-pigeon-s- scabious?highlight=scabiosa Scabiosa_columbaria_2 Stan Shebs 13.07.2016 By Stan Shebs, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=132631 Scorzonera_austriaca_1 Stefan.lefnaer 23.08.2016 By Stefan.lefnaer - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=32014197 Scorzonera_hispanica_1 H. Zell 15.07.2016 By H. Zell - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11073063 Scorzonera_hispanica_2 H. Zell 15.07.2016 By H. Zell - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11073077 Scorzoneroides_montana_1 HermannSchachner 23.08.2016 By HermannSchachner - Own work, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=25073209 Serratula_tinctoria_1 Franz Xaver 12.07.2016 By Franz Xaver - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8166825 Serratula_tinctoria_2 Kristian Peters 14.07.2016 By Kristian Peters -- Fabelfroh 15:13, 10 August 2007 (UTC) - photographed by Kristian Peters, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2544278 Silene_dioica_1 Christian Fischer 13.07.2016 By Christian Fischer, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=34467612 Silene_dioica_2 Strobilomyces 13.07.2016 By User:Strobilomyces - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=728280 Spartium_junceum_1 J.F. Gaffard 26.09.2016 By Gafferd, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfriemenginster#/media/File:Spartium_junceum_flower.jpg Spartium_junceum_2 David Gaya 27.09.2016 By David Gaya, CC BY-SA 2.5, https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfriemenginster#/media/File:Spartium_junceum_ginesta.jpg Succisa_pratensis_1 Stefan.lefnaer 13.07.2016 By Stefan.lefnaer - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37917824 Succisa_pratensis_2 H. Zell 13.07.2016 By H. Zell - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11135687 Taraxacum_officinalis_1 Isidre blanc 06.09.2016 By Isidre blanc - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37559762 Taraxacum_officinalis_2 Isidre blanc 06.09.2016 By Isidre blanc - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37670889 Tetragonolobus_maritimus_1 Stefan.lefnaer 05.09.2016 By Stefan.lefnaer - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=29438897 Thalictrum_aquilegifolium_1 Bff 05.09.2016 By Bff - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15527534 Thalictrum_flavum_1 Sten Porse 23.08.2016 By Sten Porse, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2276275 Thalictrum_flavum_2 Kristian Peters 23.08.2016 By Kristian Peters -- Fabelfroh 07:15, 1 July 2007 (UTC) - photographed by Kristian Peters, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2328854 Thymus_pulegioides_1 Radim Holiš 14.07.2016 By Radim Holiš, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0 cz, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26744060 Thymus_pulegioides_2 Andreas Trepte 14.07.2016 By Andreas Trepte - Own work, CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27389262 Tragopogon_pratensis_1 Uoaei1 14.07.2016 By Uoaei1 - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=37348092 Trifolium_alpestre_1 Marco Iocchi 15.07.2016 By Marco Iocchi - Montagne della Duchessa, Rieti, Lazio, Italia, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9960866 Trifolium_arvense_1 I, Denbert 23.08.2016 By I, Denbert, CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2246884 Trifolium_arvense_2 Michael Becker 23.08.2016 By Michael Becker - taken by Michael Becker, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=222746 Trifolium_campestre_1 Tocekas 23.08.2016 By Tocekas - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4158868 Trifolium_dubium_1 Hopklaver 23.08.2016 CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5247843 Trifolium_dubium_2 I, Kenraiz 23.08.2016 By I, Kenraiz, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2378709 Trifolium_fragiferum_1 Christian Fischer 23.08.2016 By Christian Fischer, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1035347 Trifolium_medium_2 Christian Fischer 14.07.2016 By Christian Fischer, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=455872 Trifolium_pratense_1 Rob Hille 14.07.2016 By Rob Hille - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2583591 Trifolium_pratense_2 H. Zell 14.07.2016 By H. Zell - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11228538 Trifolium_resupinatum_1 Fornax 23.08.2016 CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1348368 Trifolium_rubens_1 Franz Xaver 23.08.2016 By Franz Xaver - selbst fotografiert - my own photo, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=20006576 C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 55 Trifolium_stellatum_1 Hans Hillewaert 15.07.2016 By © Hans Hillewaert /, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4094956 Trifolium_striatum_1 Stefan.lefnaer 23.08.2016 By Stefan.lefnaer - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=45018968 Valeriana_dioica_1 TeunSpaans 14.07.2016 By me - I took this photo on may 6 in the dunes, probably near Wassenaar, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=810633 Valeriana_dioica_2 Kristian Peters 14.07.2016 By Kristian Peters -- Fabelfroh 13:25, 17 May 2007 (UTC) - photographed by Kristian Peters, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2119083 Valeriana_officinalis_1 Christian Fischer 14.07.2016 By Christian Fischer, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=31799959 Valeriana_officinalis_2 Christian Hummert 14.07.2016 By Christian Hummert (Ixitixel) - eigenes Foro, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6615420 Vicia_cracca_1 Walter Siegmund 15.07.2016 By Walter Siegmund (talk) - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6991833 Vicia_cracca_2 Isidre blanc 15.07.2016 By Isidre blanc - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26566436 Vicia_sativa_1 Fornax 23.08.2016 By Fornax - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4029407 Vicia_sepium_1 Frank Vincentz 15.07.2016 By Frank Vincentz - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2787495 Vicia_sepium_2 Anneli Salo 15.07.2016 By Anneli Salo - Own work (Own photo), CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4233324 Vicia_tenuifolia_1 Franz Xaver 23.08.2016 By Franz Xaver - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=33507911 Vicia_tenuifolia_2 Petr Filippov 24.08.2016 By Petr Filippov - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6899768

Species/species groups for structural characterization

Photo Autor Downloadin License and Link g date Bramble_1 Byothe 11.01.2018 https://pixabay.com/de/brombeeren-obst-wild-feld-natur-2666088/ Calamagrostis arundinacea_1 James Lindsey 29.01.2018 https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wald-Reitgras#/media/File:Calamagrostis.arundinacea.jpg Calamagrostis epigejos_1 Botaurus 11.01.2018 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=Calamagrostis+epigejos&title=Special:Search&profile=default &fulltext=1&searchToken=bfqmn9zvg1qsa676x3jurdydg#/media/File:Calamagrostis-epigejos-02.jpg Carduus crispus_1 Ivar Leidus 11.01.2018 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=carduus&title=Special:Search&profile=default&fulltext=1&searchToken=2cdjf 8v5m5fxsf9udqd4jeyci#/media/File:Carduus_crispus_-_Keila.jpg Carduus crispus_2 Monedula 29.01.2018 Carex halleriana_1 Jean Tosti 29.01.2018 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Carex_halleriana.jpg Carex hirta_1 Stemonitis 11.01.2018 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=Carex+hirta&title=Special:Search&profile=default&fulltext=1&sea rchToken=9qcj52dz8dey4bb8s5gby78vf#/media/File:Carex_hirta_utricles.jpg Garrigue_1 Sten 11.01.2018 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Garrigue#/media/File:Flowering-garrigue1.JPG Halimium halimifolium_1 Pancrat 11.01.2018 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Garrigue#/media/File:Halimium_halimifolium_Corse_Macchiu_Biancu2.jpg Juncus_1 Immanuel Giel 11.01.2018 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=rushes&title=Special:Search&profile=default&fulltext=1&searchT oken=7jcfmmd1rrox0sfvxgftvr383#/media/File:Juncus_rushes_-_panoramio.jpg Juncus_effusus_1 Peigimccann 29.01.2018 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juncus#/media/File:Juncus_effuses_Loch_Kruse_7-8-08.jpg Juncus_inflexus_1 Kristian Peters 11.01.2018 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=Juncus+inflexus&title=Special:Search&profile=default&fulltext=1&searchToke n=euhls17qv2f1d0eukff8p5ie#/media/File:Juncus_inflexus.jpeg Molinia caerulea_1 Kristian Peters 11.01.2018 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=molinia+caerulea&title=Special:Search&profile=defau C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 56

lt&fulltext=1&searchToken=e9vzzc40q9aiw7xicyd4hvpij#/media/File:Molinia_caerulea_habitus.jpeg Nardus stricta_1 James Lindsey 11.01.2018 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=Nardus+stricta&title=Special:Search&profile=default&fulltext=1&searchToke n=eis5ox42slqamry6zx3wngsvz#/media/File:Nardus.stricta.2.jpg Nardus stricta_2 11.01.2018 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&limit=20&offset=20&profile=default&se arch=Nardus+stricta&searchToken=75slwrlwyv12l0crbx3b1qs7r#/media/File:Borstgras_Lindberg.JPG Phragmites australis_1 Jeff Delonge 11.01.2018 https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fichier:Phragmites_australis1.jpg Phragmites australis_2 Emőke Dénes 11.01.2018 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&limit=20&offset=20&profile=default&search=phragmit es&searchToken=8wmzgvrun6wilgcilbswok2xt#/media/File:Poales_-_Phragmites_australis_-_UK_4.jpg

Phragmites_3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife 11.01.2018 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phragmites_(6887921959).jpg Service Headquarters Phrygana_1 Chytry et al., , 2010 29.01.2018 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Figure-1-Phrygana-vegetation-dominated-by-Coridothymus-capitatus-Euphorbia- acanthothamnos-and_230039711_fig6 Pteridium aquilinum_1 David Stang 11.01.2018 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=Pteridium+aquilinum&title=Special:Search&profile=default&ful ltext=1&searchToken=scjh98v0xpw7li8l9opc8b9q#/media/File:Pteridium_aquilinum_0zz.jpg Pteridium aquilinum_2 Szabi237 11.01.2018 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&limit=50&offset=0&profile=default&search=Pteridium+aquilinu m&searchToken=ceppqqc863qci2s1kdis5xj9k#/media/File:Pteridium_aquilinum,_Hargita.jpg Rubus_fruticosus_1 Frank Vincentz 29.01.2018 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&limit=20&offset=40&profile=default&search =Rubus+fruticosus&searchToken=6mvgraz6qrxhl71ntv51ooa08#/media/File:Rubus_fruticosus_15_ies.jpg Rubus_fruticosus_2 Pleple2000 29.01.2018 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&limit=20&offset=120&profile=default&search=Ru bus+fruticosus&searchToken=twqe84wdkp0twgnonflk1wry#/media/File:Rubus_fructicosus_li%C5%9Bcie_2 01.jpg Rumex obtusifolius_1 Sten Porse 11.01.2018 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=Rumex+obtusifolius&title=Special:Search&profile=default&fulltext=1&search Token=60qj84wkwcewvhyw8r0qqr2ip#/media/File:Rumex-obtusifolius-foliage.JPG Rumex obtusifolius_2 Boris Gaberšček 11.01.2018 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&limit=20&offset=20&profile=default&se arch=Rumex+obtusifolius&searchToken=d2hmf5wuw1p1if00vgwvm0u84#/media/File:Rumex_obtusifolius_

PID1745-1.jpg Shrub_1 András Schmotzer Personal material Silybum marianum_1 Alvesgaspar 11.01.2018 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&limit=100&offset=0&profile=default&search=thistle&searchTok en=a3qdizwo6ebhzy2vhs1psq6jc#/media/File:Thistle_April_2010-4.jpg Solidago_canadensis_1 Phil Sellens 19.02.2018 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Canadian_Goldenrod._%28Solidago_canadensis%29_%283857206302%29. jpg Solidago_canadensis_2 Lairich Rig 19.02.2018 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Canadian_Goldenrod_%28Solidago_canadensis%29_-_geograph.org.uk_- _1456832.jpg Stipa pennata_1 Meneerke bloem 11.01.2018 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=Stipa+pennata&title=Special:Search&profile=default&fulltext=1&searchToke n=cmklvucsbz3xgws4bge07w0pt#/media/File:Stipa_pennata_001.JPG Stipa pennata_2 Le.Loup.Gris 11.01.2018 https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=Stipa+pennata&title=Special:Search&profile=default &fulltext=1&searchToken=cmklvucsbz3xgws4bge07w0pt#/media/File:Stipa_pennata_flowering_spikes.jpg Urtica dioica_1 Uwe H. Friese 11.01.2018 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Brennnessel_1.JPG Urtica dioica_2 Frank Vincentz 11.01.2018 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Urtica_dioica#/media/File:Urtica_dioica09_ies.jpg Vitis_vinifera_1 Javier Martin 19.02.2018 Own work; https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilde_Weinrebe#/media/File:Vitis_vinifera_sylvestris_Closeup_SierraMadrona.jpg C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 57

Additional legume species / species groups

Photo Author Downloadin License and Link g date

Trifolium_repens_1 Hans Hillewaert 19.02.2018 CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trifolium_repens_(inflorescense)_Edit.jpg

Trifolium_repens_2 Jengod 19.02.2018 CC BY-SA 3.0, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Dutch_white_clover.jpg

Trifolium_montanum_1 Hugo.arg 19.02.2018 CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:KalninisDobilas.JPG

Trifolium_montanum_2 Ivar Leidus 19.02.2018 Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Trifolium_montanum_-_m%C3%A4giristik.jpg

Grass_clover_mixture_1 Peter Griffin 19.02.2018 CC0, Public domain; http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/pictures/10000/velka/296-1244490106cbdy.jpg Lupinus_luteus_1 Carsten Niehaus 19.02.2018 CC BY-SA 3.0; https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lupinus#/media/File:Lupinus_spec.jpg Lupinus_pilosus_1 Giancarlo Dessì 19.02.2018 CC BY-SA 3.0; https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lupinus#/media/File:Lupinus_hirsutum.jpg

C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 58 12 Overview on the photos of the key species in this guidance and on further examples of the key species groups .

Selected species / species English names Colours of Plant family Plant family Species with pictures Examples of Further species groups the flowers (botanical name) (English name) in this guidance

Achillea spec. Yarrow white, yellow Asteraceae Daisy family Achillea millefolium, Achillea asplenifolia A. ptarmica A. crithmifolia A. filipendulina A. nobilis A. ochroleuca A. odorata A. roseoalba A. setacea

Apiaceae Carrot family white, yellow Apiaceae Carrot family Anthriscus sylvestris Chaerophyllum hirsutum Daucus carota Carum carvi Heracleum sphondylium Conopodium majus Ferula communis Crambe tataria Pimpinella saxifraga Crithmum maritimum Foeniculum vulgare Kundmannia sicula Oenanthe spp. Pimpinella spp. Peucedanum spp. Seseli spp. Laserpitium latifolium

Centaurea spec., Serratula Knapweed red, pink Asteraceae Daisy family Centaurea jacea Centaurea angustifolia tinctoria C. scabiosa C. aspera Serratula tinctoria C. bracteata C. calcitrapa C. deusta C. melitensis C. napifolia C. nigra C. nigrescens C. paniculata Cyanus triumfetti Jurinea cyanoides C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 59 Selected species / species English names Colours of Plant family Plant family Species with pictures Examples of Further species Cichoriaceae,groups yellow without Daisy family yellowthe flowers Asteraceae(botanical name) Daisy(English family name) Creoisin this biennisguidance Crepis lacera Tragopogon (see below) and Hieracium pilosella C. capillaris without Taraxacum spec. H. umbellatum C. praemorsa Hypochoeris maculata C. vesicaria H. radicata Hyoseris radiata Leontodon hispidus Leontodon saxatilis Reichardia picroides L. autumnalis Scorzoneroides montana Scorzoneroides spp. Picris hieracioides Sonchus asper S. oleraceus Urospermum spp. Hypochoeris glabra

Leucanthemum spec. Daisy white Asteraceae Daisy family Leucanthemum vulgare Leucanthemum serotina Orchidaceae spec. Orchid family all colours Orchidaceae Orchid family Dactylorhiza sambucina Gymnadenia conopsea D. maculata Orchis purpurea Anacamptis pyramidalis O. mascula Orchis morio O. simis Ophrys apifera O. tridentata Cypripedium calceolus Ophrys argolica Listeraovata O. ferrum-equinum Serapias vomeracea O. fuciflora O. fusca O. kotschyi O. omegaifera Serapias spp.

Scabiosa spec., Knautia Scabious blue, white Dipsacaceae Teasel family Scabiosa columbaria Scabiosa atropurpurea spec., Succisa spec. Knautia arvensis S. canescens Succisa pratensis S. ochroleuca S. strllata S. triandra Knautia integrifolia K. purpurea Lomelosia spec.

Silene spec. - red flowering, Campion red, pink Caryophyllaceae Pink family Silene dioica S. apetala Lychnis flos-cuculi, Dianthus Pink Lychnis flos-cuculi S. gallica spec. Dianthus carthusianorum Dianthus armeria D. superbus D. deltoides D. arenaria D. serotinus C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 60 Selected species / species English names Colours of Plant family Plant family Species with pictures Examples of Further species Trifoliumgroups spec. - red Clover redthe flowers Fabaceae(botanical name) Legume(English family name) Trifoliumin this guidance arvense Trifolium alpestre flowering T. fragiferum T. angulatum T. medium T. angustifolium T. pratense T. bocconei T. resupinatum T. cherleri T. stellatum T. glomeratum T. striatum T. hirtum T. incarnatum T. lappaceum T. squamosum T. strictum T. tomentosum

Trifolium spec., Medicago Trefoil, Vetch yellow Fabaceae Legume family Anthyllis vulneraria Trifollium micranthum spec., Trifolium campestre T. patens Lotus spec., et al. Coronilla - T. dubium Dorycnium spp. yellow flowering Melilotus officinalis Medicago orbicularis Hippocrepis comosa M. rigidula Lathyrus pratensis M. doliata Medicago lupulina M. truncatula M. falcata M. arabica M. minima M. polymorpha Lotus corniculatus Lotus parviflorus L. angustissimus L. pedunculatus L. tenuis Tetragonolobus maritimus

Adonis spec. Pheasant's eye yellow Ranunculaceae Buttercup family Adonis vernalis Adonis volgensis Artemisia spec. Wormwood yellow-grey Asteraceae Daisy family Artemisia maritima Artemisia pontica A. campestris Asphodelus spec., Asphodel, white, yellow Liliaceae, Lily family, Asphodelus albus Narthecium spec., Paradise lily Asparagaceae Asparagaceae A. ramosus Paradisea liliastrum* family Narthecium ossifragum Paradisea liliastrum C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 61 Selected species / species English names Colours of Plant family Plant family Species with pictures Examples of Further species Astragalusgroups spec., Coronilla Vetch red,the flowersrose, red - Fabaceae(botanical name) Legume(English family name) Astragulusin this guidance monspessulanus Astragulus angustifolius spec. - red+white flowers, Sainfoin white Coronilla varia A. asper Onobrychis spec., Onobrychis viciifolia A. cicer Hedysarum coronaria Hedysarum coronaria A. glycyphyllos A. hamosus A. onobrychis A. spuneri Coronilla emerus C. minima Biserrula pelecinus Onobrychis arenaria O. saxatilis O. supina O. humile O. spinosissimum Ononis spinosa

Bistorta officinalis / European rose Polygonaceae Knotweed family Bistorta officinalis Polygonum bistorta bistort Polygonum bistorta Campanula spec. Bellflower blue, white Campanulaceae Bellflower family Campanula glomerata Campanula abietina C. patula C. cervicaria C. rotundifolia agg. C. erinus C. sibirica C. persicifolia C. rapunculuc C. scheuchzeri Cirsium spec., Carduus Thistle red, yellowish Asteraceae Daisy family Carlina vulgaris agg. Carlina acanthifolia spec., Carlina spec. C. acaulis C. acanthoides Cirsium palustre Cirsium acaule C. rivulare C. appendiculatum C. oleraceum C. arvense Carduus crispus C. eriophorum C. helenoides C. heterophyllum C. monspessulanum C. tuberosum C. vulgare Cistus creticus C. salviifolius

Cistus spec. * Rockrose pink, white Cistaceae Rock rose family Cistus albidus Cistus creticus Cistus monspeliensis C. salviifolius C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 62 Selected species / species English names Colours of Plant family Plant family Species with pictures Examples of Further species Clematisgroups integrifolia Solitary bluethe flowers Ranunculaceae(botanical name) Buttercup(English name) family Clematisin this guidance integrifolia clematis Eryngium planum et al., Eryngo, Globe blue Apiaceae, Carrot family, Eryngium planum Eryngium maritimum Echinops spec. thistles Asteraceae Daisy family Echinops ritro E. creticum E. exaltatus E. amethystinum E. bannaticus Euphorbia spec. Spurge yellow, green- Euphorbiaceae Euphorbias Euphorbia cyparissias Euphorbia lucida yellowish E. virgata E. palustris E. panonica (syn.: glareosa) E. salicifolia E. seguieriana Euphrasia spec. Eyebright white-purple- Scrophulariaceae Figwort family Euphrasia rostkoviana Euphrasia stricta yellow Filipendula spec. Meadowsweet white-yellowish Rosaceae Rose family Filipendula ulmaria Filipendula vulgaris Galium spec. (white Bedstraw white Rubiaceae Bedstraw family Galium mollugo Galium album flowering) G. palustris G. boreale G. odoratum G. saxatile G. sterneri G. uliginosum G. lucidum G. pumilum G. parisiense

Galium verum (yellow Yellow yellow, green- Rubiaceae Bedstraw family Galim verum flowering) bedstraw yellowish Genista spec. , Spartium Broom yellow Fabaceae Legume family Genista tinctoria Cytisus nigricans spec., Spartium junceum Chamaecytisus ratisbonienesis Calicotome spec., et al. Calicotome villosa Geranium spec. with big Cranebills rede, blue, Geraniaceae Cranesbill family Geranium phaeum Geranium palustre flowers purple, brown G. pratense G. sanguineum G. sylvaticum Juncus spec. Rush gree, brown Juncaceae Rush family Juncus conglomeratus Juncus effusus J. squarrossus J. acutiflorus J. articulatus J. inflexus Limonium spec.* Sea-lavender blue Plumbaginaceae Thrift family Limonium vulgare Limonium gmelinii Myosotis spec. Forget-me-not blue Boraginaceae Borage family Myosotis palustris agg. Myosotis ramosissima M. discolor C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 63 Selected species / species English names Colours of Plant family Plant family Species with pictures Examples of Further species Pedicularisgroups spec.* Lousewort yellow,the flowers red Scrophulariaceae(botanical name) Figwort(English family name) Pedicularisin this guidance palustris Pedicularis sylvatica P. sceptrum-carolinum P. campestris Phlomis fruticosa Jerusalem yellow Lamiaceae Labiate family Phlomis fruticosa sage Potentilla spec. (without Pot. Cinquefoil yellow Rosaceae Rose family Potentilla reptans Potentilla montana anserina) P. erecta P. sterilis P. arenaria Rhinanthus spec. Rattle yellow Scrophulariaceae Figwort family Rhinanthus alectorolophus Rhinanthus angustifolius R. minor R. mediterraneus R. serotinus Salvia spec. Clary blue, white Lamiaceae Labiate family Salvia fruticosa Salvia clandestina S. pratensis S. nemorosa S. verbeneca S. verticillata S. austriaca S. nutans S. officinalis Sanguisorba spec. Burnet red Rosaceae Rose family Sanguisorba minor S. officinalis Thalictrum spec. Meadow-rue yellow, rose Ranunculaceae Buttercup family Thalictrum flavum Thalictrum lucidum T. aquilegifolium T. simplex T. minus Thymus spec. Thyme red, purple Lamiaceae Labiate family Thymus pulegioides Thymus longicaulis T. serpyllum T. vulgaris Tragopogon spec., Salsify yellow, purple Asteraceae Daisy family Tragopogon porrifolius Tragopogon dubium Scorzonera spec. T. pratensis T. crocifolius Scorzonera hispanica T. laciniata Podospermum canum T. hybridus T. vulgaris Scorzonera humilis Valeriana spec. Valerian white, rose Valerianaceae Valerian family Valeriana officinalis V. dioica C6 Grassland Identification Guide - LUCAS Reference Documentation Page 64 Selected species / species English names Colours of Plant family Plant family Species with pictures Examples of Further species Viciagroups spec., Lathyrus spec., Vetch blue,the flowers purple Fabaceae(botanical name) Legume(English family name) Viciain this cracca guidance Vicia ervillia Astragalus spec. - V. sativa V. hybrida blue+purple flowers V. sepium V. lathyroides V. tenuifolia V. lutea Lathyrus hirsutus V. peregina Astragulus danicus V. vilosa V. grandiflora V. pannonica Lathyrus angulatus L. latifolius L. linifolius L. setifolius L. sphaericus Astragulus austriacus A. hamosus A. sesameus A. onobrychis A. spuneri