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Aachen, (formerly Alphonse the Magnanimous, apparitions, 1, 2, 3; of Blessed Aix-la-Chapelle), 7, 60, 69, 207 Virgin Mary, 2, 90, 99, 131 73, 143; at, 11, 73 Amalfi, Italy, 126 Appollonea, St., 45 Abbey Church of Saint Mary Amaseno, Italy, 157–158 Apt, France, 110, 111 Magdalene at Vezelay, 105, Ambrose, St., 4–5, 6, 8, 67, 157 Aquitane, France, 88 109 American Commission for the Arameans, 86 Abbot Suger’s Chalice, 209 Protection and Salvage of Ararat, Mount, 4, 167–172, 181, Abgar V, King, 15–16 Artistic and Historic 182, 183; geopolitical Abgar VIII, 17 Monuments in War Areas obstacles to exploration of Abu Saud, Effendi, 136 (Monuments Commission), the region, 168, 172, 181 Acciaioli, Captain Leone degli, 74 Arbash Cipher, 89 129 Amiens, France, head of St. Arch of Titus, 198 acheiropoietoe (image made John the Baptist in, 82, 87–88 Aretas, King, 85, 86 not by human hands), 16, 47 Amphictyon, son of Deucalion, Arguelles, Ramon, 114 Acre, 59; bishop of, 57 180 Arian Christians, 66, 199, Acts of Pilate, 76; on Veil of Anastasios, Emperor, 142 200–201 Veronica, 43, 44–45 Andre of Montbard, 190 ArkImaging, 167 Acts of Thaddeus, 17 Andrew, St., 5, 11, 78, 123–126, Ark of Noah. See Noah’s Ark Acts of the Apostles, 46, 140, 221 Ark of the Covenant, 95, 182, 143, 145 angels, 84 184–205; creating, 185–186; Acts of Thomas, 127, 128 Anicetus, Pope, 122 Ethiopia and, 184, 185, 189, Adam, 93 Anjara, shrine of the Blessed 190–191, 193–194; in France, Adana Air Base, Turkey, 170 Virgin at, 80 185, 199–204; Ireland and, Addai, 16 Annas (adviser to the 194–197; Knights Templar Adler, Alan, 26–27, 31 Sanhedrin), 65 and, 184, 190–191, 204; Aedh, 196 Anne, St. (grandmother of powers of, 184, 186–187, 188, Aegeus (Roman proconsul), Jesus), 8, 11, 109–112, 209, 223 205; in , 198–199; in 124 Annunciation, the, 91–92 Rosslyn Chapel, Scotland, Aengus, 196 anorexia nervosa, 117 185, 204; Temple of Solomon Agrippina, 122 Anthony of Padua, St., 159–160, and, 188, 189 Ahio and Oza, 187 COPYRIGHTED203 MATERIALArmenia as landing site for Aistulf, 47 Antioch, Asia Minor, 208 Noah’s Ark, 168, 175, 178, 181, Aix-la-Chapelle. See Aachen, Antioch chalice, 209–210 182 Germany (formerly Aix-la- Antoninus of Piacenza, St., 76, Arnald-Amalric, 202 Chapelle) 78 Aroulf (French bishop), 17 Alaric, 67, 199 apocryphal Gospels, 62, 101, Artemis, goddess, 151 Albanopolis (now Baku), 142 102–103 Asclepiodotus, 52 Alexandria, Egypt, 81; St. Apollo, spear of, 210 Asclepius, 8 Mark’s body in, 146, 147, 148 Apollonj-Ghetti, Bruno, 120 Ashurbannipal, library of, 176 Alfonso VI, King, 49 apostles. See names of individual Asmodeus (demon), 203 Alfred, the canon of Durham, apostles Assumption of Mary, 92–93 10 Apostolic Palace, Rome, 1 Assyrians, 189

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Ataulphus, 199 Bernini, 122–123 Bron’s cauldron (Bran’s Athanagild, King, 68 Berosus, 169 cauldron, Cauldron of Athanasius, Bishop, 94 Bertelli, Ruggero, 63 Dagda), 206, 210 Athelstan (ruler of England), Bertz, Bill, 171 Brookhaven Laboratory, 29 70 Bevilacqua, Cardinal Anthony, Brother of Jesus, The Attila, 9 113 (Witherington), 137 Augustine (church writer), 124 Bible Code, The (Drosnin), 184 Bruce, James, 190–191 Augustine, St., 5, 45 Biblical Archeology Review, 133 Bruges, Belgium, 60 Auspicius, St., 110 biofeedback, 8 Bruges Grail, 209 Austria, 71, 73 Birth of Venice, 132 Brugioni, Dino, 171 Autun, France, 106 Black Sea, 174, 175, 179, 181 Bruse, Father Jim, 99 Ayios Anastasios Church, Black Virgin, 97 Bryce, Sir James, 169 Peristerona, 218 Blaise, St., 8–9, 45 Brydon, Robert, 192 Azarius, 189 Blessed Virgin Mary, 7, 11, 43, Bucklin, Dr. Robert, 22 80, 90–99, 109, 150, 151, Buddha, 6 Babylonian Captivity, 116, 189, 152–153; the Annunciation, Burke’s Peerage, 21 194, 197 91–92; apparitions of, 2, 90, Bush, George H. W., 167 Babylonian story of the flood, 99, 131; the Assumption, Byzantine armies, 47 176–178 92–93; feast days, 91–93; Byzantine art, depictions of Bagatti, P., 136 goddess role and, 93–95, 101; Jesus in, 17 Baima-Bollone, Pierluigi, 28 Immaculate Conception, 92; Bajazet, Sultan, 78 in the New World, 96–97; Cabrini, St. Francis, 46 Baldwin, King, 56 tomb of, 92, 93; Veil of Caesarea, Christian library at, Baldwin II, King, 58, 190 Veronica and, 46; weeping 42 Ballestrero, Cardinal of Turin, statues of, 2, 90–91, 99 Cahill, Dr. Thomas, 27 29 blood, 1, 5; of St. Gennaro, Caiaphas (high priest), 65 Bannockburn, battle of, 9, 154–157; of St. Lawrence (San Caligula, 46, 122 190 Lorenzo), 157–158; thixotropy Callahan, Dr. Philip, 98 baptism, 83 effect, 154–155, 156, 158. See Calvin, John, 62, 109, 143, 204 Barbet, Dr. Pierre, 23, 24 also individual Cambodia, 217 Barbujani, Guido, 144 bodies or body parts, Camino de Santiago, the Way Bari, Italy, 160, 165–166 incorrupt, 2, 3, 152–153, of St. James, 129–130 Barnabas (cousin of St. Mark), 158–159 Cammarata, Vincenzo, 216–217 148 Bollinger, Jim, 193 Camorra, the, 156 Baronio, Cardinal, 125 Bollone, Dr., 63 Canale, Marcello, 28 Baruch (Simon Brugh or Bonaventura (sister of St. Cantebury Cathedral, 142 Brach) (scribe), 194, 196 Catherine of Siena), 114 Capilla del Santo Caliz, di Sant Antonio in Bonaventure, St., 159 Valencia, 206–207, 208 Padua, 159 bones, 1, 2, 5; “manna” from. Cappella Carafa, Duomo of Basilica of Mount Sion, 76 See “manna.” See also names of Naples, 155 Basilica of St. Justina, Padua, individuals Cappella del Tesoro, Duomo of 145 Bonus (Venetian merchant), Naples, 155 Basilica of St. Mark, Venice, 147 147 carbon 14 dating, 40, 89, 135, Basilica of St. Thérèse of the Bormann, Martin, 203 146; errors, 29, 30–31; of Child Jesus, Normandy, 112 Boston, Massachusetts, 9 Shroud of Turin, 2, 13–14, Basilica of the Holy Apostles, Botolph, St., 9 29–32, 33, 42 Rome, 141 Botticelli, Sandro, 132 Carcassonne, France, 199, 200 Basilica of the Holy Blood, St. Boulouge, chapel at, 96 Carmelite monasteries, 113 Basil’s Chapel, Belgium, 60 Bramante, 122 Carnivale, 211 Becket, St. Thomas à, Bran’s cauldron (Bron’s Carolingians, 109, 146, 199 archbishop of Canterbury, cauldron, Cauldron of Carthusian monks, 100 100 Dagda), 206, 210 Casanova, Baron, 110 Bede, St., 10 Bretons of France, 111 Castle Church, , Benedict, St., 10 brigantes, 132 9–10 Benedict XIV, Pope, 78 Brigit, Brigantine sea goddess, Cathars, 19, 185, 201–202, 204, Beneveto, Italy, 142 131–132 213 Benford, M. Sue, 31, 32, 36 Brigit, St., 132 Cathedral of Notre Dame, Bernadette, St., 152–153 British Society for the Turin Amiens, 87–88 Bernadine, St., 45 Shroud (BSTS), 24 Cathedral of Notre Dame, Bernard, St., 108, 190, 201 Brittany, 111 Chartres, 94, 95 25555 Index 10/7/04 8:56 AM Page 242

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Cathedral of Our Lady of the Church of San Bartolomeo, Andrew’s remains and, 125, Pillar, Sargossa, Spain, 11 Rome, 142 126; Shroud of Turin in, 18, Cathedral of St. John the Church of Santa Croce in 31; Veil of Veronica and, 46 Baptist, Chapel of the Holy Gerusalemme, Rome, 63–64, Constantius, Emperor, 52, 145 Shroud, Turin, 14 129 “Contest of the Singers at Cathedral of St. Thomas, Church of Santa Maria Sopra , The,” 213 Mylapore, 128 Minerva, Rome, 114 Coon, Carleton, 22 Cathedral of St. Vitus, Prague, Church of St. Catherine’s, Copper Scrolls, 190 146 Germany, 73 Coptic Church, Christian, 146, Cathedral of the Sacred Heart, Church of St. Francis, 148, 211 Newark, 113 Lanciano, 63 Cordero, Gil, 97 Cathedral San Lorenzo, Genoa, Church of St. Maria, Amaseno, Cornish legend of the Y’s, 208–209 158 173 Catherine dei Ricci, St., 153 Church of St. Matthew, , Cornucopia, the Horn of Catherine of Bologna, St., 153 150 Plenty, 206, 210 Catherine of Siena, St., patron Church of St. Sophia, Correnti, Verenando, 120 saint of Italy (Catherine di , 78 Council of Nicaea of 325, 54, Benincasa), 114–117; Dialogue Church of the Holy Cross, 93–94, 162 of, 116–117 Jerusalem, 63 Crispell, Tom, 171 Catholic Encyclopedia, 76, 93 Church of the Holy Sepulcher, crops, blessing the, 9 Catholic World News, 197 Jerusalem, 55 Crotser, Tom, 193 Cauldron of Dagda (Bran’s Church of the Intercession, Crown of Thorns, 11, 41, 58–59, cauldron, Bron’s cauldron), Russia, 218 60, 64, 82, 129; wounds made 206, 210 Church of the Most Holy by, 24 Cave of the Seven Sleepers, 103 Virgin, Ephesus, 94 crucifixion, 24 Cedrono, Giorgio, 47 Cid, El, 49 Crucifixion, the, 43–44, 54, 92, celibacy: the Cathar perfecti Cistercian order of monks, 108; 142–143; Crown of Thorns and, 201; St. Thomas’ views monastery of la Boissiere, (see Crown of Thorns); on, 128 France, 7, 57 Gospel accounts of, 15, 24; Celtic Grail, 206, 210–211 Claremont-Gannueau, nails of, 2, 11, 53, 58, 59–61, Central Intelligence Agency Charles, 136 64, 129; nail wounds, 23–24, (CIA), 4, 167, 171 Clare of Assisi, St., 153 29; the reed, 61; sacred blood Charlemagne, 7, 60, 68–69, 73, Clarke, Douglas, 91 of Jesus, 60–61; scourging, 74, 78, 96, 105, 110, 111, 150; Clement (early church writer 24, 43; sponge given to Jesus crown of, 109 and bishop), 148 to drink, 58, 59, 60, 61; Charles, Prince, 166 Clement I, Pope, 45, 46 Stations of the Cross (Way of Charles Martel (Charles the Clement III, Pope, 105 the Cross), 44; three crosses Hammer), 68, 200 Clement IV, Pope, 106 of, 52, 53, 65, 129; True Cross Charles of Borromeo, St., 60 Clement VI, Pope, 202 (see True Cross); wound from Charles the Bald, king of Clement of Alexandria, 103, 134 spear of Longinus, 24, 36, 43, France, 62, 95 Cleophas (brother of Joseph), 65, 76–77 (see also spear of Charroux Abbey, 62 133 Longinus) Chartres, France, 94, 95 Museum, 209 Crusades, 3, 7, 18, 47, 56, 57, 58, Chicago, Illinois, 160 Clotilde, Princess of Savoy, 21 61, 82, 87, 201–202, 208 Chinese belief in healing Coca-Cola advertisements, St. Currer-Briggs, Noel, 20–21 through gods, 8 Nicholas and, 164 Cuthbert, St., 9 Chios, island of, 129 Codex Atlanticus (da Vinci), 34 Cybele, goddess, 151 Chosroes I Anushirvan, King, Codex Valenciennes, 50 Cypriot Orthodox churches, 17, 78 Coel, king of the Britons, 52 theft of religious relics from, Chrétien de Troyes, 211 Comiskey, Bishop Brendan, 114 218 Christian Coptic Chruch, 146, Commodus, Emperor, 17 Cyprus, island of, 218, 219 148, 211 Confucius, 6 Cyprus v. Goldberg, 219 Christians of St. Thomas, 128 Constantine, Emperor, 52, 78, Cyril, Bishop, 55 Christina, Queen, 123 81, 102, 122, 123, 125, 133, 150, Czestochowa, Poland, 96 Christmas customs, 163–164 162; importance to Catholic Chronicon Paschale, 78 Church, 54–55; Spear of da Bomba, Donato, 48 Churchill, Winston, 75 Destiny and, 66 Dagobert, King, 95 Church of Cyprus, 218 Constantinople, 5, 58, 61, 78, Dagobert II, King, 200 Church of Our Lady of Fatima, 81–82, 103–104, 145; sacking Daguerre, Louis, 34 Brighton Park, 110, 111–112 of, 18, 56, 82, 103–104; St. D’Alema, Massimo, 216 25555 Index 10/7/04 8:56 AM Page 243

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Damascus, Syria, 87 DNA testing, 82, 89, 118, 137, Eugenius III, Pope, 105 Dan (seafaring people), 195 144; Shroud of Turin and, Euphemia of Chalcedon, St., 59 Dan, tribe of, 195 28, 38 Eusebius, 16, 42, 44, 53, 95, 107, Danae, people of the goddess, Doctor at Cavalry, A (Barbet), 23 121, 138 195 doctor visits, results of, 223 Eve, 93, 94, 95, 213 Dandolo, Enrico, doge of Dogubayazit, Turkey, 168 Evening Telegraph (England), 82 Venice, 82 Dominican order, 115, 117 Evremar, Patriarch, 56–57 Danes, 195 Domitian, Emperor, 107, 138, Exodus, book of, 185–186 Dante Alighieri, 47 150, 151 Exuviae Sacrae Danu (Tuatha de Danaan), dove, symbol of the, 83 Constantinopolitanae, 78 people of the goddess, 195 Drosnin, Michael, 184 Ezekial, 66, 192 D’Arcis, Pierre, Bishop of Druids, 164, 210 Troyes, 19, 35 Duke University, 223 Falasha Jews, 193–194 Dartmouth study on efficacy Duomo di San Lorenzo, Fasnold, David, 182 of prayer, 223 Genoa, 208–209 Father Christmas Foundation, da Sangallo, Antoni, 122 164 David, King, 188 Eadgita, 70 Fatima, 191 Davidic bloodline, lineage of ebay, 220, 221, 222 favors, relics given to provide, Jesus and, 83, 106–107, 133, Edessa, 15–17, 18, 31, 128, 129 2, 7 212 Edward the Confessor, 45 feast of Cana, wedding, 92 da Vinci, Leonardo, 33–35 Egeria, 55 Federal Bureau of Dead Sea Scrolls, 83 Egypt and Egyptians, 194–195; Investigation (FBI), 4, 215, de Boron, Robert, 212 illness, beliefs about, 45; 217, 218–220; National Stolen Debretts, 21 mummies, carbon dating of, Art File, 220 de Charnay, Geoffrey, 19–20 29 Ferdinand and Isabella, 130 de Charny, Geoffrey, 19, 20, Eisner, Kurt, 71, 72 Fermin, St., 87 21 Elias, prophet, 80 Ferrua, Antonio, 120 de Charny, Margaret, 20 Elizabeth (sister of Blessed Festa, Giorgio, 153 de Charny family, 19, 20 Virgin Mary), 91–92 Fillan, St., 9 de Fabritiis, Donato Antonio, elution absorption method, 63 Fitzmyer, Reverend Joseph, 48 Emesa, Phoenicia, 81 135 Defense Intelligence Agency Enrico, Giuseppe, 22–23 Flavius Josephus, 169 (DIA), 171 Ephesus and Ephesians, 93–94, flogging, 24, 43 Delage, Yves, 23 103, 151; council of 431 at, 94 Flood, stories of the great. See de Lille de Charpigny, Hugh, 19 Epic of Gilgamesh, 176–178 Noah’s Ark de Mely, M., 78 Epiphanius (4th-century Florence, Italy, 117 de Molay, Jacques, 20, 35 Christian writer), 44 Florida, 171–172 de Pairaud, Hugues, 89 Epiphanius, Bishop (in forgery of relics, 6, 11, 24 De pignoribus sanctorum Cyprus), 94 Forster, Dr. Edmund, 71 (Guibert of Nogent), 60 Epiphanius of Salamis, Bishop, Foundation for the de Roussillon, Count Girart, 169 Preservation of Turkish 105 Epiphany, feast of the, 211 Monuments, 164 de Sarton, Wallon, 87 Erasmus, St., 45 Francis Assisi, St., 115 de Schoye, Repanse, 202 Erzurum, Turkey, 168 Franciscans, 59, 62–63, 159 Deucalion, 175, 180 Eschel, Hanan, 82 , 47, 56, 146, 199–200 Devan, Don, 27 Eschenbach, Wolfram von, 74, Frederick Barbarossa, 70 de Vergy, Jeanne, 19, 21 202, 212, 213 Frederick II Hohenstauffen, de Vergy family, 20 Essenes, 82, 83–84 70–71 de Villiers, Gerard, 21 Etheria of Galicia, 103 Free Corps, 72 di Clari, Robert, 18 Ethiopia: Ark of the Covenant Freedom of Information Act, Dictionaire Historique de Moreri and, 184, 185, 189, 190–191, 167 1759, Le, 202 193–194; Timkat celebration Freeh, Louis, 137 Diego, Juan, 96 in, 184, 185, 191, 194 Freemasonry, 190–191, 204 Digos (special Italian police Ethiopian Christians, 194 Frei, Dr. Max, 25, 28, 41 force), 215, 217 Ethiopian Orthodox church, French Revolution, 58, 61, 79, Dikman, Aydin, 219 184 106 Diocletian, Emperor, 52, 162 Etschmiadzin, Armenia, 78 Freres, Kouchakji, 209 Dionysus, Bishop of Eucharistic miracle of Freud, Sigmund, 34 Alexandria, 42 Lanciano, 62–63 Freund, Richard, 82 Divine Comedy (Dante), 47 Eucharius, St., 150 Fulk of Chartres, 190 25555 Index 10/7/04 8:56 AM Page 244

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furta sacra, 10 Greek Orthodox Church, 140, History of the Church (Eusebius), Futterer, Antonia Frederick, 146, 218, 219 42, 138 193 Gregory, Pope, 94 History of the Crusades, 18 Gregory, St., 69 Hitler, Adolf, 2, 66, 70, 71, Gabriel, archangel of God, 91 Gregory of Tours, 103 72–73, 74, 75, 76, 203 Gaius (Christian writer), 122 Gregory XI, Pope, 116 Hoare, Rodney, 30–31 Galician Holy Grail, 130 Gruber, Elmar, 35 Hofburg Museum, Vienna, 71, Garden of Eden, 16, 92 Guadeloupe, Our Lady of, 73, 76 Garlaschelli, Dr. Luigi, 158 96–99 “holy anorexia,” 117 Garza-Valdes, Dr. Leoncio, 32, Guarducci, Margherita, 120 Holy Blood, Holy Grail (Baigent 36, 98 Guibert of Nogent, 60 et al.), 89, 106 Gascoyne, Captain, 169 Guimont, Louis, 111 Holy Germanic Empire, 69–71 Gawain and the Green Knight, 211 Gundafor, King, 128 Holy Grail, 74, 95, 203, 206–215; Genesis, 213; Noah story in, Gypsies, 104 Antioch chalice, 209–210; as 175–176 bloodline of family of Jesus, Genevieve, St., 9 Habsburg, Geza von, 219 206, 211, 212–213; as a book, Gennaro, St., 3, 154–157 Habsburg, Dr. Otto von, 79 212; of the Celts, 206, Genoa Holy Grail, 208–209 Habsburgs, 71, 73, 79 210–211; chalice from the Geoffrey (Cluniac abbot), 105 Hadad (sun god), 86 Last Supper, 157, 206–208; Geological Society of America, Hadrian, Pope, 68 Galician, 130; Genoa, 174 Hagopian, George, 170 208–209; the Grail castle, Germanorden, 72 Hail Mary, 94 202, 203, 213; literature, 19, Gervase of Tilbury, 19 Haithon, Johan, 169 108, 109, 202, 210, 211–213; Gervasius, 4–5 Hancock, Graham, 193–194 the medieval, 211–212; the Getty Museum, 219; Malibu, Hannah (mother of Samuel), Nanteos Cup, 209; as 216 110 receptacle used to preserve Gibraltar, 200 Hardouin, Lord, 217 blood of dying Jesus, 206; as Gilgamesh, 176–178, 180 Hart, Rob, 91 search for the divine within, Giselle de Razes, 200 Hautpoul-Blanchefort, 200, 214’ Sinclair family and, 204; Giuliani, Rudy, 137 202–203, 204 of Valencia, 206–208 goddesses, 93, 97, 151, 180, healing power, 45; of relics, 1, 2, Holy League, 79 210–211; Mary and goddess 7, 8, 46; sacramentals, 45, 46. Holy Place, The (Lincoln), 204 role, 93–95, 101; Mary See also individual relics “Holy Relics of Charlemagne Magdalene and goddess role, Hegesippus, 107, 108, 134, and King Athelstan, The,” 75 101 138 Holy Roman Empire, 68–69, Golan, Oded, 137 Heinrich I the Fowler, 70 73, 79 Goldberg, Peg, 219 Helen, St., 19 Holyrood, palace of, 57 Golden Calf, 186 Helena, St. (mother of Holy Shroud Congress of 2002, Golden Legend, The (Voragine), Emperor Constantine), 4, 5, 58–59 53 51–53, 54, 55, 58, 60, 63, 77, Horn, Siegfried, 193 Gonella, Luigi, 29 78, 81 Household of the Grail, The, 75 Gospel of John. See John, St., Heller, John, 26–27, 36 Hugh of Champagne, 211 Gospel of Henri, Bishop of Troyes, 19 Hugh of Lincoln, St., 100, 101 Gospel of John the Evangelist, Henry II, King, 100 Huns, 67 83, 150 Henry VIII, King, 209 Gospel of Luke. See Luke, St., II, Emperor, 55 Ichrusa.com Web site, 222 Gospel of Hercules Aerospace lab, 41 Ieper, Belgium, 61 Gospel of Mark. See Mark, St., Heremon Eochaidh, High King Immaculate Conception, 92 Gospel of of Ardagh, 195 Impression of the Stigmata of Gospel of Mary, 103 Herod, 3; Jerusalem palace of, St. Francis, 115 Gospel of Matthew. See 81; John the Baptist and, incorrupt bodies or body parts, Matthew, St., Gospel of 84–85 2, 3, 152–153, 158–159 Gospel of Nicodemus, 44, 76 Herodias, 81, 84, 85 India, flood story from, Gospel of Philip, 103 Herod of Agrippa, King, 130 178–179 Gospel of Thomas, 103, 126–127 Hickey, Barry, archbishop of infrared spectroscopy, 32 Goths, 67, 93, 123, 199 Perth, 90 Innocent VIII, Pope, 47, 78 Gove, Dr. Harry, 28, 29 High Flight Foundation, 182 Institute of Technology, Grail castle, 202, 203, 213 Hill, John, 197 Zurich, 29–30, 31 Grand Sainte Graal, 212 Himmler, Heinrich, 72–73, 75, International Crusade for Holy Greek flood story, 179–181 203 Relics (ICHR), 220 25555 Index 10/7/04 8:56 AM Page 245

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Internet, 3, 215; online auctions Crucifixion, the); Essenes Jude Thaddeus, St., 137–139, of relics, 3, 220–222 and, 83–84; family of, 140 Interpol, 4, 215, 217, 219 106–109, 133–134, 138–139, Julian, St., 9 Iraq, 9 149; Holy Grail as bloodline Julius II, Emperor, 145 Ireland: ancient, treasures of, of, 206, 211, 212; lineage of, Jumper, Dr. Eric, 27–28 210–211; the Ark of the 83, 106–107, 133, 212; married- Jupiter (god), 86 Covenant and, 194–197 Jesus theory, 106–108; Mary Justinian, Emperor, 67–68, 151 Iron Cross of Lombardy, 60 Magdalene and (see Mary Juvelius, Valter, 192 Irwin, James, 182, 193 Magdalene); Jesus and Isabella and Ferdinand, 130 miracle at wedding feast of Kaaba (sacred black stone), Isaiah, 66 Cana, 92; paintings of, 17–18, 55–56, 213 Ishodad of Merv, 50 35; resurrection of (see Kaas, Monsignor Ludwig, Ishtar, 95, 97, 180 Resurrection, the); sacred 120 Isidore of Seville, 169 blood of, 60–61; the Kaballah, 213 Isis, 95, 97, 109, 142 sudarium and (see Kanazawa College of Art, Islam, 55–56, 68, 86, 146, 184, sudarium); the Veil of Japan, 218 213; John the Baptist and, Veronica and (see Veil of Keating, Bishop John, 99 86–87 Veronica) Kebra Nagast, 189, 191 isotropy, 154 Jesus Conspiracy, The (Kersten Kersten, Holgar, 35 Israel, rescue of Falasha Jews and Gruber), 35 “Keyhole” project, 171 by, 194 Jesus the Magician (Smith), 77 Khalil, Sheik, 192 Israeli Antiquities Authority, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Kings: first book of (first Book 41, 137 Pasadena, 27, 28 of Samuel), 187; third book Israeli Government Geological Jewish War, The (Josephus), of, 188 Survey, 135 198 Kirschbaum, Englebert, 120 Italy and the trade in relics, 4, John, St., 80, 83, 151; Gospel of, Knight, Christopher, 35 215, 216–217 15, 39, 40, 46, 50, 65, 76, 80, Knights of Christ, 129, 190 84, 102, 141 Knights of Germany, 72 Jabel al Tariq, 200 John Damascene, St., 17 Knights of Malta, 88 Jackson, Dr. John, 27, 28 John of Damascus, St., 92 Knights of the Holy Sepulcher, Jackson, Michael, 218 John of Giscala, 197 59 Jackson, Stonewall, 6 John Paul II, Pope, 1, 80, 87, 91, Knights Templar, 20, 21, 35, 57, Jacob’s Pillow, 194, 196, 197 151, 208 59, 108, 192, 203, 204, 211, 212; James (brother of Jesus) (son of John the Baptist, St., 69, 80–89, Ark of the Covenant and, Alphaeus) (James the Lesser), 108, 150, 209; bones of, 81, 82, 184, 190–191, 204; Cathars 5, 95, 107, 132–137, 138, 140, 208; connection between and, 202, 204, 213; St. John 141; James bone box, 133–137 Mary Magdalene and, 89, the Baptist and, 88–89 James (son of Zebedee) 108, 109; cults centering on, Kolbe, Maximillian, 46 (James the Greater), 129–131, 85–86; feast day of, 83; skulls Koran, 85 150 of, 3, 5, 59, 60, 80–83, 87–89; Kore (goddess), 210–211 Januarius, St. See Gennaro, St. story of beheading of, 81, 85 Koreion, feast of, 211 Jeremiah, 194–195, 196 John the Evangelist, 92, 130, Korzhakov, General Alexander, Jeremias, 189 150; Gospel of, 83, 150 218 Jerome, St., 67, 81, 103 John XXII, Pope, 59 Krajicek, Richard, 218 Jerusalem, 5, 31, 41, 52, 58, 59, John XXIII, Pope, 1 Krakow, Poland, 74, 76, 78 78, 81, 191–193; Crusades and, Jordan, 80, 81 Kyot of Provence, 202 18, 56, 208; excavations of Jordan River, 4, 11, 80 Kyrgyz Academy of Sciences, family tomb in East Talpiot Joseph (husband of Blessed 149 section of, 135–136; first Virgin Mary), 92, 133 Kyrillos VI, pope of Alexandria, temple, 188, 189, 194, 197; Joseph of Arimathea, 15, 61, 92, 148 Knights Templar and, 20; 104, 209, 212 second temple, destruction Josephus, 133, 198 la Boissiere, France, Cistercian of the, 197–198; Temple Joshua, book of, 187 monks of, 7, 57 Mount, 191, 192; Titus and Josi, Enrico, 120 Lanciano, Eucharistic miracle destruction of, 24, 197–199; Josias, King, 189 of, 62–63 True Cross and, 52–53, 54, 55 Judas (Jerusalem wise man), Languedoc region, France, 199, Jesus, 7; baptism of, 83; body 52–53 202, 203, 213 parts of, 62; burial cloth of Judas Iscariot, 36, 102, 142–143 Lapa (mother of St. Catherine (see Shroud of Turin); Jude: A Pilgrimage to the Saint of of Siena), 114 Crucifixion of (see Last Resort (Trotta), 139 lapsit exillis, 213 25555 Index 10/7/04 8:56 AM Page 246

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Last Supper, 83, 84, 138, 139, Mangararo, Giacomo, 216–217 Memorial to Moses on Mount 140, 143, 150; chalice from “manna,” 3, 124, 125, 126, 152, Nebo, 80 the, 157, 206–208, 209, 210 160–161, 166 Menelik I, 189 Lawrence, St. (San Lorenzo), 3, Manoppello, Italy, Veil of Meriam, Mengistu Haile, 194 157–159, 207, 208–209 Veronica found in Capuchin Merovingian dynasty, 108, 109, Lawrie, Charles, 75 monastery in, 39, 48 199–200, 202–203 Lazarus, 35, 40, 102, 106, 148; Manu, tale of, 175, 179 Merrill, Major, 209 the Lazarium, 103; St. Ma’nu VI, 16–17 Meryem, Queen of Persia, 55 Thomas and, 127 Marco Polo, 169 Meryemana, 151 Lemaire, Andre, 133, 135 Marie, the Marquise de Mexico, 96–97 Leo, lector of Constantinople, Hautpoul, 202–203 Michael, Archangel, 213 18 Marie of Champagne, 211 Michael, St., 95, 184 Leo III, Emperor, 18 Marino, Joseph, 31, 32, 36 Michelangelo, 119, 122 Leo III, Pope, 68 Mark, St., 149; body of, microspectrophotometer, 28 Leo VI, Emperor, 103 146–148; Gospel of, 65, 81, 83, Milvian bridge, 66, 132 Leonelli, Marzia, 48 84, 85, 102, 133, 146–147 miracles: church’s stance on, Lia Fail (Stone of Destiny), 196, Markale, Jean, 89 109–110; relics and, 2, 5, 7, 8, 210 Marsailles, France, 106 152–153. See also individual Liber Pater (Roman god), 195 Martha, 104, 105 relics Life of St. Nino of Georgia, 50 Martin, St., 132 Molaise, St., 196 Lincoln, Henry, 204 Martin, St., patron saint of Monastery of Roncevalles, Lincoln Cathedral, England, Tours, 10 Augustinian, 130 100 Martin, Vito Terribile Wiel, 145 Monastery of the Apocalypse, Lindsay, Brett, 91 Martin the Humane, 207 Patmos, 151 Linoli, Dr. Odoardo, 63 Mary, Blessed Virgin. See Monastery of the Ark, Phrygia, Lirey, France, 19, 30 Blessed Virgin Mary 169 Lisbon, Portugal, 159–160 Mary, wife of Cleophas, 133 Montenegro, 88 Lodge of Killwinning, 190, 191 Mary of the , Montevergine, Benedictine Lomas, Robert, 35 basilica of St., Abbey of, 21 Lombards, 47, 142 Constantinople, 18 Montsegur, siege of, 202, 204, Longinus, 36, 65–66, 77; spear Mary Celeste, 95–96 213 of. See spear of Longinus Mary Jacobe, 105, 110 Moore, Dr. Clement, 164 Looking for a Miracle (Nickell), Mary Magdalene, 100–109, 110, Moors, 6, 131, 200, 207, 208 97–98 200; connection between Morrison, Jim, 6 Loomis, Laura Hibbard, 75 John the Baptist and, 89, 108, Moses and the Ark of the Lorraine, House of, 79 109; in the Gospels, 102–103; Covenant, 185, 186, 205 Los Alamos National Scientific the historic, 101; Jesus and, Mothers Night, 163 Laboratory, 36 101, 103, 104, 106, 109 Mount of Olives, 81 Louis I, duke of Savoy, 20 Mary Salome, 105, 110 Muhammad, 55–56 Louis IX, King, 58, 106 Masada, 107 Muhammad Ali, 126–127 Louis XI, King, 109 mass spectrometry, 30, 32 Mukawaer, 80 Lourdes, 1, 112, 153 Matera, Father, 166 Muntinlupa Prison, Lucifer, 213 Matthew, St., 124, 148–150; Philippines, 114 Luke, St., 5, 95, 96; bones and Gospel of, 65, 83, 84, 102, 121, Muslims, 188. See Islam body parts of, 3, 144–146; 133, 143, 149; tomb of, Myra, Turkey, 160, 161, 162, Gospel of, 15, 44, 65, 76, 80, 149–150 164–165 83, 84, 102, 145 Mattingly, Stephen, 32, 36 Luther, Martin, 9, 60, 109, 118, Mauritius (commander of Nabatean people, 85 164 Theban Legion), 66 Nag Hammadi Gospels, 106 Maxellendis, St., 217 Nag Hammadi library, 126 Maccabees, second book of, 189 Maxentius, 52 nails of the Crucifixion. See McCrone, Dr. Walter, 26–27, 29, Maximian, 66 Crucifixion, the, nails of 30 Maximilla, wife of Aegeus, Naim, Asher, 194 Machaerus, fortress at, 81, 85 124 Nanteos Cup, 209 Magyars, 70 Maximinus, St., 105 Naples, 154–156 Mainz, archbishop of, 11 Mecca, 55–56, 213 Napoleon, 21, 58, 71, 73, 88, 155, Majella, St. Gerard, 153 Medina, 55–56 208 Malchus, centurion, 121 Mediterranean Sea, 174 Nast, Thomas, 164 Malta, 88, 145 Melnikoff, Sergey, 149 Nathaniel Bartholomew, 140 Mandeville, Sir John, 78 Melrose Abbey, 6 National Geographic, 137 25555 Index 10/7/04 8:56 AM Page 247

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National Security Agency original sin, 92 Pietà of Michelangelo, 119 (NSA), 4 Ortona, Italy, 126 Pilate, 15, 53, 54 Navarra, Fernand, 170 Osiris, 97 pilgrimages, 1, 6, 7, 11, 20, 51–52, Nazarius, St., 5, 8 Otto I, 70 68, 81, 95, 96, 103, 105, 111, Nazi Germany, 72–74, 75, 76, Otto III, 76 112; to Bari, Italy, 165; for 203 Otto the Great, 70 feast of St. Thomas in Nazorean church, 107 Our Lady of Guadeloupe, Ortona, 126; to Padua, 159; to Nebo, Mount, 193 96–99 Santiago de Compostela, Nero, Emperor, 121, 122 Oxford Research Laboratory, 129–130, 131 Neuvy, France, 61 29–30, 31 Pillar of Scourging, 129 New Amsterdam, 166 Oza and Ahio, 187 Pio, Padre, 46, 153 New Grange, 210 Pisterzi, Father Italo, 158 Nezir, Mount, 178 Padua, Italy, 145, 159 Pius XI, Pope, 112, 118, 119 Nicaea, Council of, in 325, 54, Palestine Exploration Fund, Pius XII, Pope, 118, 119, 120 93–94, 162 191 Poitiers, battle of, 68 Nicetas, 78 Pamphilus, 42 Poletto, Cardinal Severino, Nicholas, St., 160–166; bones Pandora, 93 37–38 of, 3, 160–161, 166; legend Papias, 149 pollen sampling; of Shroud of and customs associated Pappalardo, Vincenzo, 216 Turin, 2, 25, 28, 29, 41; of with, 162–164 Paris, France, 9, 58 sudarium, 41 Nicholas V, Pope, 122 Parker, Captain Montague Polycarp, St., bishop of Nickell, Joe, 97–98, 137 Brownslow, 192–193 Smyrna, 4–6 Nicodemus, 44, 76 Parsifal, Wagner’s, 203 Polycrates, bishop of Ephesus, Niketas Choniates, 18 Parzival (Eschenbach), 74, 212, 141 Nimrud, 176 213 Poor Clares convent, sisters of Nineveh, 55, 176 Passover Plot, The (Schonfield), the, 21 Nino, St., 50 35–36, 77, 89 Powell, Patty, 90, 91, 99 Noah’s Ark, 4, 167–183; Patmos, island of, 150–151 Powell family, 209 Babylonian story of the ark, Patrick, St., 195 Powers, Gary, 171 176–178; evidence of a great Patton, General George S., Jr., Pozzuoli, Italy, 156 flood, 172–175; geopolitical 74–75 prayer, efficacy of, 223 difficulties in researching, Paul, Czar, 88 Prince, Clive, 34–35 168, 172, 181; Greek story of Paul, St., 4, 5, 122, 134, 140, 144, Priscillian, 126 the ark, 179–181; Indian story 145, 148, 151 Prometheus, 180 of the ark, 178–179; modern Paul V, Pope, 48 Protasius, 4–5 explorers and, 169, 181–183; Paul VI, Pope, 120, 126, 148, 151 protective power, belief in size of, 167–168; story of Pelagius, Pope, 141 relics’, 2, 6, 9, 17, 223 Noah, 175–176; U.S. secret Pelayo, Bishop of Oviedo, Protestant churches, trade in intelligence and, 4, 167, 49–50 relics and, 10 170–172; witnesses to, Pepin, 47 Protevangelism of Saint James, 169–170 Perdono, 126 The, 110 Normans, 160 Persians, 17, 47, 55 Ptolemy, 141 North Sea, 174 Peter, St., 5, 15, 39, 46, 50, 68, Pullara, Vincenzo, 137, 139 Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, 118–123, 134, 136, 143, 148, 150; Pursglove, Kevin, 220 59 chalice from the Last Supper Pyrrha, wife of Deucalion, 180 Nouri, Prince (an archbishop and, 157, 207; crucifixion of, Pythagoreans, 8 of Babylon), 169 122, 123; Mary Magdalene novenas, 112 and, 101, 103, 107; wife of, 139 Rabanus, archbishop of Mainz, Numbers, book of, 186, 187 Petrucci, Pancrazio, 48 104 Pfeiffer, Father Heinrich, 39, 46 Raffiotta, Silvio, 216 O Cebreiro, Spain, 130 Pharisees, 134, 135, 149 Rahn, Otto, 203 ODESSA, 203 Philip, Prince (husband of RAI2 (Italian state television), Odor of Sanctity, 153 Queen Elizabeth), 118 158 Old Testament prophecy Philip, St., 140–141, 141 Raiders of the Lost Ark, 184, 185 regarding the true Savior, 66, Philip of Valois, 45 Raphael, 122 106–107 Philistines, 187 Ravenscroft, Trevor, Spear of Olearius, Adam, 169 Pia, Secondo, 14–15, 22, 23 Destiny and, 66–76, 78, 79 Ollam Fodhla, 195 Piaf, Edith, 113 Reading, abbey at, 11 Order of the Star, 20 Piazza San Marco, Venice, 147 reconquista, 56, 68, 131, 207 Origen, 103 Picknett, Lynn, 34–35 Reformation, 48, 118, 125 25555 Index 10/7/04 8:56 AM Page 248

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Refutation of All Heresies Round Table, Knights of the, grave of St. Peter in the (Epiphanius), 94 211, 212 Grottos beneath, 119–121, 123 Foundation, 222 Royal Engineers, 191, 192 St. Sylvester, church of, Rome, religious relics, 118; classes of, 7, Royal Monastery of 88 25, 220; “multiplicity” of, 60; Guadeloupe, Toledo, 25 St. Victor, church of, powers attributed to, 2, Royal Ontario Museum, 133, Marseilles, 108–109 8–9; trade in (see trade in 136 Saladin, 57 religious relics); veneration Rule, St. (or St. Regulus), 125, Saldarini, Cardinal (custodian of, history of, 4–6. See also 126 of Shroud of Turin), 38 individual relics and categories Runciman, Steven, 18 Salome, 81, 84, 85 of relics Russia, looting of artifacts of, Samaria, 150 Rennes-le-Château, France 217–218 Samson-Purkinje effect, 98 (earlier called Rhedae), 199, Russian Orthodox Church, 218 Samuel, 110 200, 202–204 Russian Revolution, 88, 170 Samuel, first Book of (1 Kings), Resurrection, the, 77; Shroud Rusticus (Venetian merchant), 187 of Turin and. See Shroud of 147 San Antonio, Texas, Turin, the Resurrection and archdiocese of, 220 Revelations, book of, 150 SA, 72 Sandia Lab, New Mexico, 28 Rhedae, France (later called “sacramentals,” healing Sanhedrin, 54, 133 Rennes-le-Château), 199, through, 45, 46 Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, 200, 202–204 Sacred Sepulcher of Neuvy, 61 Rome, 63–64, 129 Rig Veda, 178–179 Sadducees, 134 Santa Sophia, Constantinople, Robert the Bruce, 6, 190 St. Andrew’s Cathedral, 125 82 Rodoin, 69 St. Anne d’Auruy, 111 Santiago de Compostela, Rohm, Ernst, 71, 72 St. Anne de Beaupre, near 129–130, 131, 207 Roime, 132 Quebec, 111 Saracens, 70, 110, 123, 147 Roman Catholic Cathedral: St. Anne de-la-Palue, 111 Sarah (servant girl), 104, 105 Edinburgh, 126 Sainte-Chapelle, Chambrey, 21, Saul. See Paul, St. Roman : 31 Sauniere, Father Berenger, altars, relic requirement for, Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, 57, 58, 202–203, 204 3, 7, 221; blood of St. 59, 73, 88 Savoy, House of, 14, 20, 21 Gennaro and, 154; canonical St. Chaumont, Lyonnais, 88 Saxons, 68, 69–70 texts, 140; the Cathars and, St. Corneille of Compiegne, Schoch, Dr. Robert, 174 201–202, 213; classification of church of, 143 Schonfield, Guy, 42 relics, 7, 25, 220; collection of St. George Fights Evil, 218 Schonfield, Hugh, 35–36, 89 relics, 1, 2–3; Constantine’s St. Gildard Convent, Nevers, scientific investigation of importance to, 54–55; on 153 authenticity of relics. See manna of the saints, 152, 161; Sainte Gudule convent, specific scientific methods and Shroud of Turin and (see Brussels, 57 individual relics Shroud of Turin, Catholic sainthood: process, 112–113, 152. Scotland, 9, 125, 190 Church and); storage of See also names of individual Sea of Galilee, 11 relics, 1; trade in relics and, 3, saints Sea of Marmara, 174 5, 217, 221; Veil of Veronica St. John’s Basilica, Ephesus, 151 Sebaste, Samaria, 81 and, 39, 40, 48–49; Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer, Les, Sephardic Jews, 22, 200 veneration of relics and, 4–7; 104 Septimania, 200 women and, 93, 108 St. Mary of Zion, Axum, 191, Serafin, Tom, 221–222 Romanovs, 118 193 Serra, Father Junipero, 1 Rome, Italy, 5, 47, 66, 67, 78, St. Mary’s, Krakow, 74 Severus, Bishop, 155 123, 126, 142; Ark of the St. Maximin (previously Villa Severus Alexander, Emperor, Covenant in, 198–199; Lata), 105, 106, 109 128 catacombs, 93; chalice from Saint-Medard de Soissons, (Persian general), the Last Supper in, 157, 207 monks of, 62 55 Romero, Archbishop Oscar, 1 St. Patrick’s Cathedral, New Shardan, the, 195 Roozemond, Robert, 218–219 York, 113 Sheba, queen of, 189, 193 Roskovitsky, Lieutenant St. Paul’s Cathedral, London, Shiite Muslims, 56 Vladimir, 170 140 Shroud Congress of 1989 in Rosslyn Chapel, Scotland, 185, St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican, 47, Bologna, 41 191, 204 48, 68, 69, 78, 118, 119, Shroud of Turin, 13–38, 33, 82; Rothschild, Baron Edmond de, 122–123, 140; chapel of availability for study, 13, 29, 192 Veronica, 47, 48; search for 38; blood evidence, 28, 29, 63; 25555 Index 10/7/04 8:56 AM Page 249

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as burial cloth of Jesus, 13, 14, Sonnini, C. S., 140 Tamar Tephi, Princess, 194, 195 21, 39; carbon 14 dating of, 2, Soviet Union, looting of Tammuz, 97 13–14, 29–32, 33, 42; Catholic artifacts of former, 217–218 Tara, Irish sacred center, 196, Church and, 13, 37; contact Spanish missionaries in the 197 method for creation of, 36; New World, 96, 97 Tarshish, 194–195 creation of, theories about, Spartacus, slave revolt of, 24 Tartessus, 195 32–37; DNA evidence and, 28, Spear of Destiny, The Taylor, Porcher, 167 38; fires endured by, 21, 31–32; (Ravenscroft), 66, 75 Templar Treasure at Gisors “flash” theory, 37; folding of, spear of Longinus, 65–79; (Markale), 89 17; image depicted by, 13, 28; death of Jesus and, 24, 36, 43, Temple Mount, 191, 192 lining replacement in 1868, 65; Hofburg Spear (lance of Temple of Artemes, 151 21; painting, regarded as a, St. Maurice), 71, 73, 76, Temple of Solomon (first 14, 19, 26, 27, 35, 36; 78–79; in Krakow, Poland, temple) (Jerusalem), 188, 189, paranormal cause of image 76, 78; Old Testament 194, 197 on, 37; photographing of, prophecy and, 66; other Teresa of Avila, St., 153 14–15, 22–23; pollen sampling versions of the story, 76–79; Tessiore, Giorgio, 31 of, 2, 25, 28, 29, 41; power of, 2, 66, 69, 70, 75; Thaddeus, 16 provenance of, 15–22; Ravenscroft and history of, Theban Legion, 66 religious bias and 66–76, 78, 79; in the Vatican, Theodoric I, 67 authenticity of, 13, 23; repairs 76, 78 Theodosius I, Emperor, 5, 6, 67 to, 21, 31, 32, 37–38; the Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Theophilus of Antioch, 169 Resurrection and, 2, 11, 13, 37; Studies, 75 Theresa, St., 1, 9, 46 scientific testing of, 2, 13–15, Sphinx, 174 Thérèse of Lisieux, St., 112–114 22–32, 63; “scorch” theory for SS, 72, 203 Thessalonica, 67 creation of, 36; size of, 13, 17; Stations of the Cross (Way of thin-layer chromatography the sudarium and, 41–42; the Cross), 44 test, 63 textile testing of, 2, 27–28, 29; stealing of religious relics, 6, thixotropy effect, 154–155, 156, vapor-diffusion method for 10–11, 47–48, 147, 160, 215. See 158 creation of, 36; the Veil of also translation (taking of a Thomas, St., 92, 126–129 Veronica, properties shared relic) “three Marys” tradition, 104, with, 40 Stein, Dr. Walter Johannes, 75 105, 110 Shroud of Turin Research Steinhardt, Michael, 216, 217 Thule (secret society), 71–72 Project (STURP), 24–26, 27, Stephanus, St., 158 Tiberius, Emperor, 44–45, 46, 29, 36, 37 Stephen, St., 5, 69, 140 54 Siberia, 114 Stephen II, Pope, 47 Timothy, 5 Sicarii, 142 Stephen IX, Pope, 105 Titus, 24, 197–199 Siegen, Germany, 74 stigmata, 2, 3, 115–116, 153; St. Toledo, Spain, 199, 200 Sign and the Seal, The (Hancock), Catherine of Siena and, 115, tombaroli (tomb raiders), 215, 194 116 216 Sig runes, 72–73 Story of a Soul (St. Thérèse of Tonantzin (Mexican goddess), Simeon, St., 11 Lisieux), 112, 114 97 Simocatta, Teofilatto (aka strega (Italian liquor), 142 Tonsman, Dr. Jose Asta, 98–99 Theophylact Simocrates), 47 Stuarts, 123 Torrija Lavoignet, Dr. Rafael, Simon Magus, 121–122 sudarium, 40–42; provenance 98 Simon of Cyrene, 43 of, 42, 49–50; scientific study Torrocella Bueno, Dr. Javier, 98 Simon the leper, 102 of, 41; the Shroud of Turin Toulouse, France, 199 Simon the Zealot, 139–141 and, 41–42; significance of, tourism, religious, 1, 11, 81, 130. Sinclair family, 204 39–40 See also pilgrimages sinning, punishment for, 45 Sufis, Indian, 8 Tower of St. Rule, 125 Sixtus II, Pope, 157, 207, 208 Sumeria and Sumerians, 176, trade fairs, 7, 11 Sixtus IV, Pope, 21 177, 178, 179 trade in religious relics, 3–4, Skeptical Inquirer, 137 Sunni Muslims, 56 9–11, 215–222; Cammarata Skorzeny, Otto, 203 Sylvester I, Pope, 107, 122 case, 216–217; conflicting Smith, George, 176 Synopsis de Apostol (bishop of laws, 219; criticism of, 6, 118, Smith, Morton, 148 Tyre), 140 220, 221–222; online, 3, Society of St. Nicholas, 165 Syriac Christian Church, 16 220–222 Soemundarson, Nicholas, 18 Trajan, 107 Sol Invictus of Constantine, tabots, 184, 185, 194 translation (taking of a relic), 163 Tacitus, 45 10, 69, 103, 106, 117, 128–129, Solomon, King, 188–189 Talmud, 189 217 25555 Index 10/7/04 8:56 AM Page 250

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transubstantiation, miracle of Vandals, 67, 123 Wadi Kharrar, Jordan, 80, 89 the, 62, 207 vaporograph, 33 Wagner, Richard, 203 Treatise on Anatomy (Da Vinci), Vatican, 22, 35; relics housed at Waheeb, Mohammed, 80, 34 the, 11, 48, 59–60, 76; St. 81 Treatise on Relics (Calvin), 143 Peter’s Basilica (see St. Peter’s Walburga, St., in Bavaria, 152 Trematore, Mario, 31 Basilica, Vatican); Wadi Walsh, Father Finbarr, 91 Trier, Cathedral at, 11 Kharrar and, 80 Ward, Keith, 40 Trier, Germany, 60, 150 Veil of Veronica, 112; copies of, Warren, Lieutenant Charles, Trotta, Liz, 139 48; described, 39, 40, 47; the 191–192 True Cross, 55–58, 59, 60, 82; name of the pious woman, Warren’s Shaft, 191 churches and 42–43; provenance of, 42–49; Way of the Cross (Stations of containing a piece of, 7, 11, scientific testing of, 2, 39, 40; the Cross), 44 55, 57, 63, 129; power of the, the Shroud of Turin, Way of Seven Falls, 44 2; St. Helena and, 51–53, 77; properties shared with, 40; weeping statues, 2, 3, 90–91, scientific testing of, 2; scroll significance of, 39; size of, 39; 99 hung over the head of Jesus, the story, 40, 42–44 Welsh tales: of a great flood, 54, 58, 64; story of discovery Venice, city of, 58, 60, 117; St. 173–174; Holy Grail literature of, 51–53; today, 63–64 Mark’s body and, 146–148 and, 211, 212 Turin, Italy, 21. See also Shroud Venus, 132 West, John Anthony, 174 of Turin Veres, Michael, 217 Whanger, Alan, 41 Turin Shroud, In Whose Image?, Vespasian, Emperor, 45, Whitaker, Gary, 91 The (Picknett and Prince), 34 107 Willian the Conqueror, 9 Turkey: Culture Ministry, 165; Vesuvius, Mount, 155, 156 Wilson, Ian, 15, 19, 20 exploration for Noah’s Ark, Vezelay, Burgundy, 105, 106, Winchester Cathedral, Holy 170 109 Sepulchre Chapel of, 19 Twain, Mark, 154, 155 Vianney, St. John, 153 Witherington, Ben, 137 “Twas the Night Before Victor Emmanuel III, King, women: Catholic Church and, Christmas,” 164 22–23 93, 108; goddesses. See Tyron, abbey in, 88 Victoria, Queen, 191 goddesses. See also names of Victricius, Bishop, 5 individuals Uhlenhuth’s zonal Villa Lata (later St. Maximin), Woolley, Sir Leonard, 178 precipitation reaction, 63 105, 106, 109 Woolsey, James, 167 Umayyad dynasty, 56 Ville du Pay, France, 88 Worldwide Congress “Sindone Umayyad Mosque, 86–87 Vincent, Louis Hughes, 192 2000,” 31 Umberto II, 22 Vinland Map, 26, 27 Wyatt, Ron, 181–182 U.S. Conference of Research on Virgin and Child with St. Anne, the Holy Shroud, 24 33–34 Xavier, St. Francis, 153 University of Arizona, Tucson, Visigoths, 67, 68, 199–200, 29–30, 31 202 Yale University, 26 Ur, city of, 178 Vittorio, Donato, 40 Yearam, Haji, 169 Urban III, Pope, 105 Vladimir, archbishop of Yohanan (crucifixion victim), Urban VIII, Pope, 48 Bishkek and Central Asia, 51 Utnapishtim, 175, 176–178 149 U-2 spy planes, 170–171 von Thurn und Taxis, Prince, Zacharias, prophecy of, 60 71–72 Zealots, 84, 139 Valencia, Holy Grail of, Voragine, Jacobus de, 53, Zegrean, Sebastian, 217 206–208 104–105, 108, 133, 134, 147 Zeus, 179–180 Valerian, Emperor, 157, 207 VP-8 image analyzer, 28 Zumarraga, Bishop, 96 van Boland, Father John, 47 Vril (secret group), 72 Zwingli, Ulrich, 109