Roman Empire Conquer

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Roman Empire Conquer ROMAN EMPIRE CONQUER THE TRIER ANCIENT URBAN the city became the residence of emperors Nowhere else north of the Alps can you in the western part of the Roman Empire CENTRE experience the Roman era more authen- in Late Antiquity. Trier unites UNESCO tically than in Trier. The centre of Antiq- World Heritage sites, Roman monuments uity in Germany is located here. The city CONTACT: and archaeological fi nds into an incom- was once one of the largest urban centres Generaldirektion Kulturelles Erbe Rheinland-Pfalz parable introduction into the culture of Direktion Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier in the Roman Empire. As a fl ourishing the everyday lives of the Roman city.I Weimarer Allee 1 D-54290 Trier centre of trade and administrative seat, Tel. +49 (0) 651 9774-0 [email protected] 0 200 m Burgen Schlösser Altertümer Rheinland-Pfalz | Visitor Services Tel. +49 (0) 651 460 8965 [email protected] Roman Villa Otrang ca. 35 km Trier Tourismus und Marketing GmbH Tourist Information City Museum An der Porta Nigra D-54290 Trier Simeonstift Tel. +49 (0) 651 97808-0 Porta Nigra Touristinfo [email protected] www.trier-info.de Cathedral Main station Main market Museum PHOTOS: Generaldirektion Kulturelles Erbe Rheinland-Pfalz Cathedral Burgen Schlösser Altertümer MOSEL Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier (Th. Zühmer) Trier Tourismus und Marketing GmbH srg Werbeagentur Mannheim Imperial Forum Baths Throne Room PRINTED: Roman Bridge Rheinisches Landesmuseum 2016. Subject to alterations. IMPERIAL BATHS Barbara Baths Imperial Baths www.zentrum-der-antike.de www.gdke-rlp.de Igel Column ca. 9 km www.burgen-rlp.de Amphitheater www.landesmuseum-trier.de N Kastel Hermit’s Cell ca. 30 km ROMAN VILLA OTRANG We bring history to life. ALL OF ROME STARTING AT 12 € MONUMENTS OF ANTIQUITY JOURNEY INTO WITH THE ANTIKENCARD TRIER THE PAST PORTA NIGRA BARBARA BATHS Discover the ancient urban centre with only one ticket. The Colossal city gate and fortifi - With its about 1,000 acres In Trier you meet testimony to cation: Trier’s landmark offers (more than 4 hectares) – about ANTIKENCARD BASIC includes admission into two Roman ancient times at every turn. an introduction into the past six soccer pitches – the monu- monuments of your choice as well as into the Landesmu- Awaiting visitors are nine UNESCO of Augusta Treverorum, Ger- mental baths from the 2nd cen- seum. With the ANTIKENCARD PREMIUM you can visit four many’s oldest city. During a tury AD were the second largest World Heritage sites, all within a Roman monuments – Porta Nigra, Amphitheater, Imperial visit to Trier you can discover baths in the entire Roman Empire small area: Porta Nigra, Amphi- Baths and the Forum Baths – the Landesmuseum, the Roman the eventful history of the at the time they were construced, a theater, Imperial Baths, Barbara IMPERIAL THRONE ROOM Villa Otrang and the Kastel Hermit’s Cell (Klause) near Trier. Baths, Imperial Throne Room, TRIER CATHEDRAL AND best preserved city gate north wellness oasis for visitors. The ther- THE CHURCH OF OUR LADY Additionally, both tickets offer reduced admission into the of the Alps. mal baths can be visited via a walk- Roman Bridge and the Igel Col- media theatre “In the Realm of Shadows”, into the City Mu- way with nine stopping points. umn near Trier as well as Trier seum Simeonstift, into the Trier Cathedral Museum as well Cathedral and the Church of as a 10% discount for the Roman toga tours and adventure Our Lady. performances (available in german) from the ttm – Trier AMPHITHEATER FORUM BATHS Tourismus und Marketing GmbH. Built in the 2nd century AD, the In the Forum Baths, archaeological evi- Trier Amphitheater offered seat- dence of a Roman bath as well as the 30 Jahre remains of a monastery have been un- The admission for up to four children up to age 18 is in- ing for almost 18,000 specta- UNESCO-Welterbe covered. The fi nds of different building cluded in the ANTIKENCARD BASIC and PREMIUM. Both tors. The arena was a popular venue for an often bloody en- phases offer an understanding into Trier tickets are valid for the entire calendar year. tertainment programme. You Trier’s history. The preserved remains Römische Baudenkmäler, Dom und Liebfrauenkirche can view the chambers of the are on view in an impressive glass ROMAN BRIDGE gladiators and the wild ani- structure by the architect Oswald M. mals in the arena wall. Ungers. Exhibitions are held in the fa- cilities regularly. RHEINISCHES Explore Trier during one of the tours KAISERTHERMEN LANDESMUSEUM TRIER conducted on a regular basis: The structure from Late Antiquity The Rheinisches Landesmuseum Trier • City tours with visits to Roman is representative of the period of is one of the most important muse- ANTIKENCARD BASIC 12,00 € monuments, by night or with the 4th to the 5th century. A fasci- ums in Europe treating Roman An- “historical personalities”. ANTIKENCARD PREMIUM 18,00 € nating animated fi lm illustrates tiquity. Highlights are the largest this era, when Trier was an impe- gold coin hoard from the Roman • Adventure performances (in german) ANTIKENCARD GROUP* 10,00 € rial residence and thus one of the imperial period, the largest mo- in the Roman monuments Porta Nigra most important centres of the saic collection north of the Alps Kaiserthermen and Amphitheater. ** ANTIKENCARD SCHOOL 6,00 € Roman Empire. The impressive and the media theatre showing Available through: subterranean labyrinth of the massive ruin’s “In the Realm of Shadows”, a ** Admission into two Roman monuments and the Landes- Trier Tourismus und Marketing GmbH museum for a group of at least 15 persons. Valid one week service passageways invites visitors to a journey of discovery. unique multi-media show pre- Tourist Information from the time of purchase, no additional reductions. sented amidst gigantic Roman An der Porta Nigra D-54290 Trier OPENING HOURS ROMAN MONUMENTS ** Admission into all Roman monuments and the Landes- burial monuments. Tel. +49 (0) 651 97808-0, Porta Nigra, Imperial Baths, Amphitheater, Barbarathermen: OPNENING HOURS LANDESMUSEUM www.trier-info.de museum for a school class. Valid one week from the time of [email protected] Jan – Feb/Nov – Dec 9 a.m. – 4 p.m. March 9 a.m. – 5 p.m. Tuesday – Sunday 10 a.m. – 5 p.m., closed Mondays purchase, no additional reductions. April – September 9 a.m. – 6 p.m. October 9 a.m. – 5 p.m. For guided group tours: Tuesday – Friday open from 9.30 a.m. by appointment. Forum Baths: 9 a.m. – 5 p.m. (closed Mondays, open holidays) The ANTIKENCARD is available at all Roman ENTRANCE FEES: ENTRANCE FEES: Adults: museum 8,00 €, In the Realm of Shadows showing 8,50 €, Combi-Ticket 10,50 € Also visit the other museums in Trier: monuments, at the Rheinisches Landesmuseum Adults 4,00 €, reduced 3,00 € and further reductions available Reduced: museum 6,00 €, In the Realm of Shadows showing 6,50 €, Combi-Ticket 7,50 € and at the Tourist Information Trier. MULTIMEDIA GUIDE Porta Nigra and Kaiserthermen D, E, F, NL: each 2,00 € AUDIOGUIDE D,E,F,NL; Children’s guide D: TRIER CATHEDRAL MUSEUM: www.museum-am-dom-trier.de Multimedia Guide Porta Nigra is available on your Smartphone free of charge. Included in the price where available. Unfortunately reservations are not possible. CITY MUSEUM SIMEONSTIFT: www.museum-trier.de For more information: www.zentrum-der-antike.de For more information: www.landesmuseum-trier.de KARLMARXMUSEUM TRIER: www.fes.de/karl-marx-haus.
Recommended publications
  • CITIES of LIGHT Paris to Prague  12-Day Cruisetour with 10 Guided Tours in 4 Countries
    Cruise Motor coach N GERMANY RHINE Winningen Rüdesheim MAIN–DANUBE MAIN Bamberg CANAL LUXEMBOURG Cochem Prague Bernkastel Würzburg Trier Nuremberg CZECH REPUBLIC Heidelberg Rothenburg Paris MOSELLE FRANCE CITIES OF LIGHT Paris to Prague 12-day cruisetour with 10 guided tours in 4 countries DAY DESTINATION ACTIVITIES DAY DESTINATION ACTIVITIES 1 Paris We meet you at the Paris airport 6 Koblenz Marksburg Castle excursion & take you to your hotel; free time 7 Wertheim Full-day Heidelberg excursion 2 Paris Panoramic city tour including landmarks 8 Würzburg Tour baroque Bishops’ Residenz palace; along the Seine, a UNESCO Site, & free time free time to visit the Eiffel Tower or Louvre 9 Bamberg Guided city walk 3 Luxembourg Motor coach transfer with guided city tour 10 Nuremberg Motor coach transfer with Nuremberg city tour featuring the American Cemetery Prague Hotel check-in; free time Trier Embark your ship; evening at leisure 11 Prague Panoramic tour of city, a UNESCO Site, 4 Trier City tour featuring Porta Nigra including Old Town and Charles Bridge; & Trier Cathedral afternoon at leisure Moselle River Scenic cruising amidst vineyard-clad hills 12 Prague We take you from your hotel to Bernkastel Free time the Prague airport 5 Cochem Guided city walk with Reichsburg Castle Rhine River Cruise the Middle Rhine, a UNESCO Site PRELUBE TO EUROHASH 2021 4-15 August, 2021 ALL THIS IS INCLUDED: Deposit of $500 USD pp to confirm your cabin • 8-day cruise with river-view stateroom ANNUAL PROMOTION: $500 USD per person discount to • 2 nights each
    [Show full text]
  • An Honour and an Obligation
    An Honour and an Obligation Programme of investment in national UNESCO world heritage sites Transport Mobility Housing Urban and Rural Areas Transport Mobility Housing Urban and Rural Areas www.bmvbs.de Transport Mobility Housing Urban and Rural Areas Transport Mobility Housing Urban and Rural Areas Transport www.welterbeprogramm.de 2 3 Contents Preface World heritage in Germany 4 Splendour and everyday life World heritage in its urban environment 6 Funding Project selection 14 World Heritage Sites in Germany A brief overview of Germany’s world heritage 20 An honour and an obligation Involvement of the Federal Government at local level 40 Historic centres of Stralsund and Wismar 42 Cologne Cathedral 46 Roman monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier 50 Berlin Modernism Housing Estates 54 Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex in Essen 58 Muskauer Park / Park Muzakowski 62 Classical Weimar 66 Upper Middle Rhine Valley 70 Upper German-Raetian Limes 74 The Wadden Sea 78 Publication data 82 4 5 Preface World heritage in GERMANY Dear readers, All over the world, there are landscapes, cultural and natural sites from all German world heritage sites. Together with the projects se- which are of exceptional historic, artistic, scientific or scenic value. lected from the second call for projects in 2010, we are now funding These sites are our common heritage which must be preserved for fu- more than 200 projects in about 65 municipalities. They include the ture generations as they will serve, now and in the future, as constant restoration of the famous stone bridge in Regensburg, the refurbish- reminders of the multi-faceted stages in the history of mankind.
    [Show full text]
  • March 2011 Volume 16, Issue 6
    www.tcago.org March 2011 Volume 16, Issue 6 Small is Beautiful By Karen Flynn rom time to time, we church musicians find our- selves leading small choirs or playing on smaller F instruments. In these situations, it is very helpful to know some repertoire that is optimized for 'small'. In March, TCAGO will present a program focusing on just this kind of repertoire. The program will be held on Satur- day , March 5 at Mayflower Church, 106 E. Diamond Lake Road, Minneapolis (located just west of the Diamond Lake Road exit from I-35W), from 9-12 AM . The presenters will be Nancy Grundahl and Dorothy Williams - adult choir di- rector and organist, respectively, at Mayflower. The program will begin with continental breakfast and a social time. Both choral and organ sessions will be held during the morning, concluding at noon. There will also be a sale of organ music taking place that morning before and after the program, and during the mid-morning break. Our recent organ music sales have proven to be very popular. Come, browse and buy! Also, you are encouraged to do- nate to the sale any organ music you no longer need. All TWINTWIN CITIES CITIES CHAPTER CHAPTER TWINTWIN CITIES CITIES CHAPTER CHAPTER profits go into the TCAGO Program Committee budget. — — — — In the interest of bringing TCAGO to the attention of more local musicians, there will be no charge to attend this ses- sion. Please share the information about this program with any colleagues who are not currently AGO members. We would love to have them attend! TCAGO Calendar of Events
    [Show full text]
  • Die Älteste Stadt Deutschlands the Oldest City in Germany Willkommen in Trier Welcome to Trier
    DIE ÄLTESTE STADT DEUTSCHLANDS THE OLDEST CITY IN GERMANY WILLKOMMEN IN TRIER WELCOME TO TRIER D Trier ist Deutschlands älteste Stadt. Ein Monument der Zeitgeschichte. Und ein fas- zinierendes Reiseziel. Historische Baudenkmäler, einmalige Kirchenanlagen und pracht- volle römische Kulissen machen einen Besuch der romantischen Moselstadt zu einem unvergesslichen Erlebnis. Auf den Fundamenten ihrer über 2000-jährigen Vergangenheit präsentiert die einstige Kaiserresidenz Kunstinteressierten und Naturliebhabern ein einzig- artiges kulturhistorisches Angebot. Die Vielfalt der hier vorhandenen Epochen und Stile verleihen der Stadt ihren unverwechselbaren Charakter. e Trier is Germany’s oldest city. A monument of history. And a fascinating travel destination. Historical monuments, unique churches, and splendid Roman backdrops make a visit to the romantic Moselle city an unforgettable experience. On the foundation of its over 2000-year-old past, the former Roman Imperial residence presents to those interested in art and to nature lovers as well a singular offer in cultural history. The variety of the periods and styles assem- bled here lends the city an inimitable character. Porta Nigra (UNESCO Weltkulturerbe) Porta Nigra (UNESCO World Cultural Heritage) Dom und Liebfrauenkirche Cathedral and Church of Our Lady AllgemeIneS & geSchIchTe FASZINIERENDE General information & history WELTKULTUR FASCINATING WORLD CULTURE Basilika Roman Imperial Throne Room Kaiserthermen Imperial Baths KArL-Marx (1818-1883) Karl marx (1818-1883) Begründer des modernen Sozialismus, Ständige Ausstellung zu Leben und Werk: Karl-Marx Haus, Brückenstraße 10 Founder of modern socialism, Permanent exhibition on his life and work: Karl Marx Haus, Brückenstrasse 10 D Weltkulturgüter der UNESCO hat Trier viele zu bieten: Besonders das römische Amphitheater, die Kaiserthermen und die Konstantin-Basilika geben der Stadt ein unverwechselbares Gesicht.
    [Show full text]
  • Karl Marx and the Ruins of Trier
    European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire ISSN: 1350-7486 (Print) 1469-8293 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cerh20 Beneath the shadow of the Porta Nigra: Karl Marx and the ruins of Trier Edith Hall To cite this article: Edith Hall (2011) Beneath the shadow of the Porta Nigra: Karl Marx and the ruins of Trier, European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire, 18:5-6, 783-797, DOI: 10.1080/13507486.2011.618326 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13507486.2011.618326 Published online: 04 Jan 2012. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 155 View related articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=cerh20 Download by: [British Library] Date: 22 February 2017, At: 09:58 European Review of History—Revue europe´enne d’histoire Vol. 18, Nos. 5–6, October–December 2011, 783–797 Beneath the shadow of the Porta Nigra: Karl Marx and the ruins of Trier Edith Hall* Centre for the Reception of Greece & Rome, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, UK Roman Trier may first have begun to fall into architectural decay after the fall of the Roman Empire, but its buildings only began their current life as ruins with Napoleon Bonaparte. Roman Trier was reinvented at exactly the time when Karl Marx was growing up within its walls. Marx spent his childhood and adolescence in a house so near the Porta Nigra – one of the most famous Roman landmarks in Europe, then a museum housing Roman antiquities – that he could almost touch it from the window.
    [Show full text]
  • Culture and Contrasts, Lifestyle and Leisure
    DRESDEN Where opera never ends. www.germany.travel Culture and contrasts, lifestyle and leisure 2014 / Vibrant Towns Vibrant Towns & Cities! 2013 Towns Vibrant & Cities! www.germany.travel • Richard Wagner Bicentennial Festivities in 2013 • Reopening of the Mathematisch-Physikalischer Salon • 36th Dresden Music Festival, 11th May – 2nd June 2013 • 43rd International Dixieland Festival, 12th–19th May 2013 86 towns and cities, more than 120 sightseeing attractions, information on lots of events www.facebook.com/Dresden.Marketing Follow us on Google+ @DD_Marketing www.dresden.de/highlights 2013/2014 edition Pictures: Dresden © F. Schrader · Wagner © iStockphoto.com / HultonArchive · Globe © Mathematisch-Physikalischer Salon, Dresden State Art Collections, Karpinski · Dixieland © S. Dittrich DDM12-103_AZ_Kampagne-2013_dt_210x297_BD_RZ_editierbar.indd 1 29.01.13 10:08 Image 4c 175 270 VKI DZT englisch 01.13_Image 4c 175 270 VKI DZT 01.13 04.02.13 14:47 Seite 1 The World at Home in Germany... ...welcome to M Adventure trip. Experience Germany's most exciting cities at their best in one of the 37 M Hotels across the country. We look forward to your visit Discovery tour. • always in the city centre, close to the railway station or the airport • in comfortable and elegant hotels • with warm hospitality and first-class service Journey into the future. • with delicious German and international cuisine We look forward to welcoming you to M in these locations: Welcome to the Audi Forum Ingolstadt. Berlin · Bonn · Braunlage (Harz Mountains) · Bremen · Darmstadt Dresden · Düsseldorf · Frankfurt · Fulda · Gelsenkirchen · Halle Where the heart of the brand beats. Where tradition and innovation meet – in the Audi Forum Ingolstadt: Hamburg · Hanover · Heringsdorf (Usedom) · Bad Homburg · Kiel new car collection, production, mobile museum, shops, concerts, programme cinema, restaurants and conference rooms.
    [Show full text]
  • Touchdown in the Haert of Romance!
    Arvidsjaur Reykjavik enchanting Trier Tampere Oslo Stockholm Mainz Glasgow Göteborg you! Koblenz Dublin Riga Kerry Kaunas Kaiserslautern London Gdansk Minsk Speyer Frankfurt-Hahn Wroclaw Katowice Worms Santiago de Bratislava Compostela Budapest Biarritz Verona Balaton Santander Milan Venice Porto Montpellier Bologna Madrid Reus Pisa Gerona Faro Jerez de la Pescara Frontera Valencia Rome Bari Majorca Alghero Malaga Granada Fès Marrakech Tenerife Fuerteventura Touchdown in the heart of Romance! Only one hour to castles, kings, Kaisers and the beautiful Loreley We welcome you to the Central Rhine Valley, designated as a Unesco World Cultural Heritage site. Enjoy the sights of the region. From the cities of Worms, Speyer, Kaiserslautern, Trier, Koblenz and Mainz, as well as the Rhine and Moselle Valleys, walk in the footsteps of Germany’s history. Some of the country’s most valuable historical treasures are only a short drive away from Frankfurt-Hahn Airport. And once you have had your fi ll, simply take a connection to the next destination: Madrid, Budapest, London or Stockholm perhaps? However, fi rst and foremost: we are glad to have you as our guest! www.hahn-airport.de EV 105x210 4c UK.indd 1 14.12.2007 14:06:43 Uh Trier inviting Mainz you! Koblenz Kaiserslautern Speyer Worms A feeling that goes under your skin... Treat yourself to a holiday of pure romance and full of passion. Six towns in south- west Germany invite you to partake in exciting experiences, creative pleasures and unforgettable memories. The romantic cities of Trier, Koblenz, Mainz, Worms, Speyer and Kaiserslautern – all boasting a wealth of history, all situated along the Rhine and Moselle rivers and all of them marked by legendary castles and palaces, mighty cathedrals and churches, crooked old streets and modern shopping arcades, alluring culinary specialities and world-famous wines.
    [Show full text]
  • Romanesque Architecture and Its Artistry in Central Europe, 900-1300
    Romanesque Architecture and its Artistry in Central Europe, 900-1300 Romanesque Architecture and its Artistry in Central Europe, 900-1300: A Descriptive, Illustrated Analysis of the Style as it Pertains to Castle and Church Architecture By Herbert Schutz Romanesque Architecture and its Artistry in Central Europe, 900-1300: A Descriptive, Illustrated Analysis of the Style as it Pertains to Castle and Church Architecture, by Herbert Schutz This book first published 2011 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2011 by Herbert Schutz All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-2658-8, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-2658-7 To Barbara TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations ..................................................................................... ix List of Maps........................................................................................... xxxv Acknowledgements ............................................................................. xxxvii Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 Chapter One................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Antiquitiescard TRIER Bundestags-, Kommunal- Und Europawahlen
    Diese Druckschrift wird im Rahmen der Öffentlichkeitsarbeit der Landesregierung Rheinland- Pfalz herausgegeben. Sie darf weder von Parteien noch Wahlbewerbern im Zeitraum von sechs CENTER OF ANTIQUITY Monaten vor einer Wahl zum Zwecke der Wahlwerbung verwendet werden. Dies gilt für Landtags-, AntiquitiesCard TRIER Bundestags-, Kommunal- und Europawahlen. Missbräuchlich ist während dieser Zeit insbesondere die Verteilung auf Wahlveranstaltungen, an Informationsständen der Parteien sowie das Einlegen, Aufdrucken und Aufkleben parteipolitischer Informationen oder Werbemittel. Untersagt ist gleichfalls die Weitergabe an Dritte zum Zwecke der Wahlwerbung. Auch ohne zeitlichen Bezug zu einer bevorstehenden Wahl darf die Druckschrift nicht in einer Weise verwendet werden, die als Parteinahme der Landesregierung zugunsten einzelner politischer Gruppen verstanden werden In 17 BC, the Roman Emperor Augustus founded the city könnte. Den Parteien ist es gestattet, die Druckschrift zur Unterrichtung ihrer eigenen Mitglieder The buildings of the ancient Roman town and the archaeological zu verwenden. „Augusta Treverorum“ on the banks of the Moselle River. This fi nds in the State Museum are conveniently combined in one makes Trier the oldest city in Germany. In the period of Late Discover Trier with the ticket: The AntiquitiesCard Basic entitles the holder to access Antiquity, the town saw a glamorous rise, becoming “Roma two Roman buildings and the State Museum, while holders of Secunda” – the second Rome. Emperor Constantine, who the AntiquitiesCard Premium may visit four Roman Buildings, ascended the throne in 306 and went down in world history as AntiquitiesCard the State Museum, the Roman Otrang Villa and the Kastel the fi rst Christian Emperor, resided in Trier. In the 4th century Hermitage near Trier.
    [Show full text]
  • Defensive Structures
    Defensive Structures Defensive Structures Bastion (Wikipedia) A bastion is a structure projecting outward from the main enclosure of a fortification, situated in both corners of a straight wall (termed curtain), with the shape of a sharp point, facilitating active defense against assaulting troops. It allows the defenders of the fort to cover adjacent bastions and curtains with defensive fire. The bastion was designed to offer a full range on which to attack oncoming troops. Previous fortifications were of little use within a certain range. The bastion solved this problem. By using cannon to cover the curtain side of the wall, the forward cannon could concentrate on oncoming targets. Types Various types of bastions have been used throughout history. Solid bastions are those that are filled up entirely, and have the ground even with the height of the rampart, without any empty space towards the center. Void or hollow bastions are those that have a rampart, or parapet, only around their flanks and faces, so that a void space is left towards the center. The ground is so low, that if the rampart is taken, no retrenchment can be made in the center, but what will lie under the fire of the besieged. A flat bastion is one built in the middle of a courtain, or enclosed court, when the court is too large to be defended by the bastions at its extremes. The term is also used of bastions built on a right line. A cut bastion is that which has a re-entering angle at the point. It was sometimes also called bastion with a tenaille.
    [Show full text]
  • Rome's Northern European Boundaries by Peter S. Wells
    the limes hadrian’sand wall Rome’s Northern European Boundaries by peter s. wells Hadrian’s Wall at Housesteads, looking east. Here the wall forms the northern edge of the Roman fort (the grass to the right is within the fort’s interior). In the background the wall extends northeastward, away from the fort. s l l e W . S r e t e P 18 volume 47, number 1 expedition very wall demands attention and raises questions. Who built it and why? The Limes in southern Germany and Hadrian’s Wall in northern Britain are the most distinctive physical remains of the northern expansion and defense of the Roman Empire. Particularly striking are the size of these monuments today and their uninterrupted courses Ethrough the countryside. The Limes, the largest archaeological monument in Europe, extends 550 km (342 miles) across southern Germany, connecting the Roman frontiers on the middle Rhine and upper Danube Rivers. It runs through farmland, forests, villages, and towns, and up onto the heights of the Taunus and Wetterau hills. Hadrian’s Wall is 117 km (73 miles) long, crossing the northern part of England from the Irish Sea to the North Sea. While portions of Hadrian’s Wall run through urban Newcastle and Carlisle, its central courses traverse open landscapes removed from modern settlements. The frontiers of the Roman Empire in northwestern Europe in the period AD 120–250. For a brief period around AD 138–160, Roman forces in Britain established and maintained a boundary far- ther north, the Antonine Wall. The frontier zones, indicated here by oblique hatching, are regions in which intensive interaction took place between the Roman provinces and other European peoples.
    [Show full text]
  • Church Unity, Luther Memory, and Ideas of the German Nation, 1817-1883
    That All May be One? Church Unity, Luther Memory, and Ideas of the German Nation, 1817-1883 Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Landry, Stan Michael Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 23/09/2021 16:04:45 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193760 THAT ALL MAY BE ONE? CHURCH UNITY, LUTHER MEMORY, AND IDEAS OF THE GERMAN NATION, 1817-1883 by STAN MICHAEL LANDRY _____________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2010 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we Certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Stan Michael Landry entitled: "That All May be One? ChurCh Unity, Luther Memory, and Ideas of the German Nation, 1817-1883" and reCommend that it be aCCepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _________________________________________________________________________________ Date: 8 Feb. 2010 Susan A. Crane _________________________________________________________________________________ Date: 8 Feb. 2010 Susan Karant-Nunn _________________________________________________________________________________ Date: 8 Feb. 2010 Peter W. Foley Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final Copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby Certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direCtion and reCommend that it be aCCepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement.
    [Show full text]