Bridging the Gap Between Conservation and Development

REFERENCES Kruger LE, Shannon MA (2000). Getting to know BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT - A CASE STUDY OF Buytaert W, Zulkafli Z, Grainger S, Acosta L, ourselves and our places through participation in ASKOT LANDSCAPE, PITHORAGARH, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA Alemie TC, Bastiaensen J, Bievre BD, Bhusal civic social assessment, Soc. Nat. Resour. 13: J, Clark J, Dewulf A, Foggin M, Hannah DM, 461-478. A. Laha* and R. Badola Hergarten C, Isaeva A, Karpouzoglou T, Pandeya B, Paudel D, Sharma K, Steenhuis T, Lowry CS, Fienen MN (2013). Crowd Hydrology: Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India crowd sourcing hydrologic data and engaging Tilahun S, Hecken G V, Zhumanova M (2014) . *For Correspondence: [email protected] Citizen science in hydrology and water resources: citizen scientists, Ground Water 51: 151-156. opportunities for knowledge generation, ecosystem service management, and sustainable Misra KD, Bhushan KB, Upadhyay RK (2013). ABSTRACT development, Frontiers in Earth Science. 1-21. Science Club: an effective tool for promoting awareness and temper for science and technology In the light of the history of theoretical convergence between conservation and development, this paper reports Carr A (2004). Why do we all need community among school going students. Int J Soc Sci & science? Soc. Nat. Res. 17: 841-849. Interdis Res 2(3): 139-143. the findings of the Biodiversity Conservation and Rural Livelihood Improvement Project (BCRLIP), Askot landscape of Pithoragarh district, Uttarakhand. The findings are based on of 340 household questionnaire and Conrad Cathy C, Hilchey Krista G (2011). A review of Radhakrishna Sindhu, Binoy VV, Kurup Anitha assessment of the socioeconomic status of people and estimation of their dependency on natural resources citizen science and community-based (2014). The culture of environmental education: suggests that development preceded conservation and effective development of rural and backward regions is environmental monitoring: issues and insights from a citizen science experiment in possible through existing developmental institutions and agencies. In this regard, conservation ceases to be an opportunities. Environ Monit Assess 176: 273- India. Current Science 107(2): 176-178. end but has evolved as a means to mitigate the lacuna in development. 291. Roy HE, Pocock MJO, Preston CD, Roy DB, Keywords: Conservation debate, Askot landscape, Convergence development, Biodiversity conservation. Das SVG, Rao PS (2000). Participatory hydrological Savage J, Tweddle JC , Robinson LD (2012). monitoring (PHM) an effective tool for Final Report on behalf of UK-EOF . NERC community managed groundwater systems?, In Centre for Ecology and Hydrology and Natural INTRODUCTION Proc. Int. Conf. Land Resource Management for History Museum. food, employment and environmental security, The lacuna between development and conservation 2001). It was time to rethink whether the notion of Shirk JL, Ballard HL, Wilderman CC, Phillips T, New Delhi. Terminologically distinct and burdened with conservation and development are separate and Wiggins A , Jordan R (2012). Public respective theoretical, ideological, philosophical, dichotomous, 'take bold new approaches towards participation in scientific research: a framework Dickinson Janis L, Shirk Jennifer, Bonter David, historical and political underpinnings, the two reconciling economic developments with Bonney Rick, Crain Rhiannon L, Martin Jason, for deliberate design, Ecol. Sci. 17-29. domains of conservation and development are today conservation (Banerjee et al., 2003). An Phillips Tina, Purcell Karen (2012). The current Silvertown J (2009). A new dawn for citizen science. face to face with a crisis. A crisis articulated in myriad understanding was attained that conservation is state of citizen science as a tool for ecological Trends Ecol. Evol 24, 467-471. ways across natural and social sciences; a crisis that fundamentally an expression of human values (Baral research and public engagement. Front Ecol UNEP Year Book (2014). Emerging issues update: exudes desperateness to save and survive. Those who et al., 2007). That, if we try to carefully understand Environ, 291-297. realizing the potential of citizen science. wanted to save the biodiversity were labeled as a how conservation goals interact with human factors Fry BP (2011). Community forest monitoring in Wechsler D (2014). Crowdsourcing as a method of conservationist and the others sought development to and needs, we could use development as a means to a REDD: the 'M' in MRV? Environ. Sci. Policy 14: transdisciplinary research- tapping the full survive. Sincere efforts towards conservation and conservation end (Barrett et al., 1995). It is contended 181-187. potential of participants, Futures 60: 14-22. development lead to a point where one encumbered that ' for better or worse, people's attitudes and actions the other. This crisis thereon initiated dialogue and help to shape and reshape the world that will be left Wersma YF (2010). Birding 2.0: Citizen science and Gadgil M (2006). Science and the right to critical reflexivity across disciplines and sub- behind for future generations. Therefore, the effective monitoring in the web 2.0 world, Avian information. Eco Pol Weekly 13: 1895-1902. disciplines. Emerging out of this discourse was a psychology and ethical reasoning that underlie Conservation and Ecol 5(2). fundamental question - 'Is there a discrete reality of people's actions and views of nature is a key but too Goyal VC, Dixit Usha (2009). Student-community “biodiversity” different from the infinity of living often neglected dimension of conservation. interface: an innovative approach to beings, including plants, animals, micro-organisms, st Biodiversity is not the only entity affected by development, In Proc. 1 Conference on Systems Homo sapiens, and their interactions, attraction and conservation actions and policies, people's lives and & Management Innovation for R&D, NISCAIR, repulsion, co-creations and destructions (Abbot livelihoods also hang in the balance (Escobar et al., New Delhi. 1995). 32 ENVIS Centre on Himalayan Ecology ENVIS Bulletin Himalayan Ecology, Vol 24, 2016 33

PDF processed with CutePDF evaluation edition PDF processed with CutePDF evaluation edition These reflections had amply instructed that advocates Development discourse with environment only targets for the stable foundation for sustainable conservation. The of conservation and development together had to functioning of Earth?s life support system is a fundamental principle underlying landscape ecology address the lacuna between conservation and Pieterse contends that dissatisfied from mainstream prerequisite for future human development. Thus was that the places (or habitats) that so interest development to achieve their overarching objectives. development, that implied promotion of economic implying that integrated framework for sustainable conservationists are elements in a larger landscape growth via technology transfers, increase in development goals would ensure maximization of mosaic (Dunteman et al., 1983). Landscape level Conservation debate agricultural productivity and enhanced infrastructure synergies and managements of tradeoffs in conservation planning entailed consideration of development in the 1970's, the idea of development implementing sustainable development goals broad scale interconnected ecological systems that The emergence of such discourse was perhaps the was being redefined and geared in terms of (Mebratu et al., 1998). bring into its ambit dealing with the whole spectrum beginning, on one hand, of the new conservation 'satisfaction of needs', 'endogenous and self-reliant' of environmental problems. This is a critical debate and on the other of an alternative/reflexive and 'in harmony with the environment (Pieterse et al., Attempting a synergy between conservation and approach since in a human-dominated world, development. The new conservation debate was 1998). The World Commission on Environment and development? weighing the landscape requirements of wildlife vis- gaining prominence since the mid nineties when Development (WCED 1983) and its findings in a a-vis the needs of humans is a complicated matter. Soules original delineation of conservation biology report titled 'Our Common Future', also known as the Since then it is widely accepted that biodiversity loss Herein landscape level ecology played an important was being reframed, updated and made more (Brundtl and Report 1987) can be sited as its earliest and poverty are linked problems and that conservation role in ecosystem management. The traditional accommodative under the banner of conservation example. It was a first of its kind to lay out the and poverty reduction should be tackled together. The conservation methods targeting individual species science with the recognition that ecological dynamics environmental challenges facing the world, most common tool that emerged to combine was being reviewed to include the maintenance of not cannot be separated from human dynamics (Folke et presenting how environmental destruction would conservation and development was the adoption of the only the species but also its habitats through al., 2011). A forward-looking conservation was limit economic growth and poverty, in turn, would framework of integrated conservation and consideration of both human induced and natural envisioned to protect natural habitats where people contribute to environmental destruction. The report development (ICD) approach. The core philosophy of environmental factors. As Tong Wu puts it, the idea live and extract resources, to find mixes of economic reinvigorated the concept of sustainable development ICDP was to create community based programs, was to strike an appropriate balance between and conservation activities combining development proposed earlier in the World Conservation Strategy employing participatory methods to simultaneously development and conservation, entailing the with a concern for nature. This vision of Conservation of 1980 and defined it as - "development that meets empower rural residents and conserve threatened promotion of a more integrated socio-ecological science differed from earlier framings of conservation the needs of the present without compromising the species. Though successful ICDP's are very few, landscape contingent upon holistic criteria of biology as something that sustains and enriches ability of the future generations to meet their own measurable success in ICDP's is rare (Weins et al., sustainability. Emphasizing on integration as human lives advocating conservation for people needs" (Salafsky 2010). Post the 1992 Earth Summit 2009; Wells et al., 1999; William et al., 2004; Willis et opposed to segregation, efficient use of natural (Folke et al., 2011). More commonly this was the in Rio de Janiero sustainable development goals were al., 2011; Wu et al., 2009). Critics of ICD approach resources as opposed to prohibitive and restrictive parks vs. people debate, between nature protectionists adopted worldwide. However, the World Summit on contend that links between biodiversity conservation policies and the idea of the local community as being and social conservationists intending development Sustainable Development in Johannesburg in 2002 and poverty reduction are dynamic and locally an integral constituent of the sustainable landscape as oriented conservation. The question raised by this shifted focus from sustainable development to specific with diverse relations between the two. They opposed to being an intrusion upon it (Oakes et al., debate, was, how to reconcile strict conservation that poverty alleviation through Millennium propose a conceptual framework delineating clearly 2003). Landscape approach- a probable solution in requires elimination or drastic minimization of human Development Goals (MDG's). Though the concept of that 1) poverty and conservation are separate policy the light of the history of theoretical convergence use of natural systems with conservation that is almost sustainable development is highly contested (Sarkar realms 2) poverty is a critical constraint on between conservation and development, we present exclusively a human endeavor and requiring resource et al., 2005; Schaik et al., 2002) and critics of this conservation, 3) conservation should not compromise the findings of a World Bank funded landscape users to support conservation aims, in turn forcing paradigm contend that it is based on economic and not poverty reduction, and 4) poverty reduction depends project- Biodiversity Conservation and Rural advocates of conservation to take up human welfare ecological rationale some others have viewed it on living resource conservation (Jhonson et al., 2003). Livelihood Improvement Project (BCRLIP), in the and development issues. The need to address this optimistically (Sneddon et al., 2006; Sukuma et al., The new conservation debate, the idea of sustainable biodiversity rich Askot landscape of Pithoragarh dilemma has since then been translated into many 1994). Lele proposes to rethink sustainable development and lessons from failures of the ICD district, Uttarakhand, India. For this purpose, an projects that involve a mix of natural world and development in tune with not only environment approach instruct that novel model of conservation exhaustive study was conducted assessing the human welfare goals. According to Miller, this debate soundness that includes long term sustainability but planning and new policy instruments that attempt to socioeconomic status of the people dwelling in this appears to be an empirical disagreement about also intra - generational environmental justice and integrate biodiversity protection with human well- region that is compounded by several factors such as whether or not protected areas or integrated equality of life that would consider the notion of well being could help cross over the obstacles that the new (a) social position (b) quality of residence (c) conservation and development projects are effective being as the ability to experience nature for its own conservation debate triggered. Thus the scope of education (d) occupation and (e) income. Since instruments of conservation (Lele 2013). sake (Miller 2011). Others argue that along with conservation planning was broadened to the landscape conservation of biodiversity was a principle poverty amelioration an integration of development level, beyond the 'protected area' concept and objective of the project, dependence on natural witnessed the emergence of landscape ecology as a resources such as fuel wood, fodder, dwarf bamboo

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PDF processed with CutePDF evaluation edition PDF processed with CutePDF evaluation edition and Ophiocordyceps sinensis (it is a fungus found in STUDY AREA land and livestock ownership. Detailed and contingent working population, total income, literacy rate, high altitudes of Himalaya and Tibet and is an question sets about primary and various secondary economic amenities, SC/ST population. Based on the expensive biological resource), which is a non timber The Askot landscape lies between the 80° to 81° 5' E occupations were incorporated in the questionnaire to PCA of the VPs, a two step cluster analysis was further forest produce (NTFP), was also estimated. In this Longitude, and 29° 5' to 30° N Latitude at the tri be able to assess the effort put in each vocation in performed. The SPSS two step clustering component paper, we highlight the findings in one of the four junction of the borders of Nepal, India, and Tibet comparison to the income derived from them. is a scalable cluster analysis algorithm designed to valleys that constitute the landscape- Gori Ganga (China). It is spread over an area of approximately Detailed questions about agricultural practice, handle very large datasets. Capable of handling both valley (Fig. 1). During the course of the study, it was 4,500km2 (Fig. 1). The total study area includes part of seasonal crops, expenses of agriculture and loss continuous and categorical variables and attributes, it realized that there is a lacuna between the issue of Munsyari and whole of Dharchula intermediate/ incurred in the same were inquired to understand their requires only one data pass in the procedure (SPSS, sustainable utility of natural resources by people k h e s t r a p a n c h a y a t . T h e l a n d s c a p e i s primary occupation. Questions regarding natural 2001). In this manner, three clusters of VPs were living in or near forests and ensuring conservation physiographically a mix of lower, mid and higher resource consumption, its harvest, marketing derived. The three principle components through community participation and livelihood Himalaya, spread from sub-tropical to alpine altitude strategies and economic worth were also inquired in characterizing the clustering of the VPs are as improvement. This lacuna was of development that as zones. It experiences extremely cold winters and very order to assess their physical and mental investments follows- Cluster 1 has large settlements, large citizens of the state people living in and around hot summers Surrounding the Askot musk deer to earn a living. Apart from information about the working population and more households that are forests, on the hills and in remote places are as much sanctuary, 5.9% of this bio-diverse landscape is income, information about various expenses was also economically well off. Cluster 2 has the female biased entitled as the rest of the country. By development, we Reserve Forests and Van Panchayats (VP) constitute collected. Using generic term for settlements such as population and is relatively further away from the understand a process of 'enlarging people' choices' 46.42% of the landscape and are some of the most village was avoided as they are referred differently for road than the VPs of cluster 1 and cluster 3 has high (HDR 1990). Since according to the United Nations pristine areas of high biodiversity values. Agriculture administrative clarity, such as Gram Sabha and literate populat every VP is composed of numerous Development Project, development is ultimately best land cover is 2.3% and Civil and Soyam Revenue land Revenue village. Instead, the forest governance unit of toks or hamlets, wherein the number of households measured by its impact on individual lives, we about 45.2%. With a population density of about 10- a settlement Van Panchayat (VP), was taken into would range from 1 to above 100. Given that most endeavored to provide some insights from the data 2 15 people/km , the population in the landscape consideration. A Principal Component Analysis hamlets or toks are lineage bound societies, a collected to understand how the different existing comprises of Ban Rajis (Particularly Vulnerable (PCA) was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0 representative, a stratified and proportionate agencies of development could mitigate the gap. The Tribe), the Bhotias or Shaukas/ Rungs/ Byansis and on the VPs identified in the Gori Ganga valley using sampling of the total number of households in every gap between livelihood improvement/ development the Barpatiya scheduled tribes and Shilpkars who are logical variables of relevance derived from Census tok, for every sampled VP was doneFollowing this and conservation has been recognized to be listed as scheduled castes and Thakurs. The Bhotias/ 2001, Govt. of Uttarakhand. Principal Component methodology, 340 intensive questionnaires were essentially caused by 1) Livestock loss 2) Crop loss Shaukas/Rung (composed of varied lineages) largely 3) Health matters and 4) Poor public works Analysis is a statistical technique that linearly conducted. A breakup of the number of interviews infrastructure in other words inappropriate access to inhabit the Gori, Darma, Byans and Chaudans valleys transforms an original set of variables into a conducted in the three clusters is as follows - Cluster development. This paper attempts to answer if it is and are mostly pastoralists and traders. The Shilpkars substantially smaller set of uncorrelated variables that 1- 226, Cluster 2 95 and Cluster 3-19 and some basic possible to conflate the different developmental usually provide skilled and agricultural labor and represents most of the information in the original set of characteristics of VP's in these clusters is shown aspects holistically to facilitate not only improved Thakurs are mainly involved in agriculture. variables. The selected variables were altitude, below (Table 1). livelihood but living conditions, thereby enlarging distance from town, population density, sex ratio, total METHODOLOGY people' choices and consequently leading to conservation of biodiversity. Table 1. Comparison of essential features of the VPs in the three cluster Based on the information collected in a pilot survey, a mixed questionnaire was prepared considering the Cluster Total Sample d Avg. Sex Literacy Altit ude Distance Dis tance

household as the unit of sampling. A mixed no. of VP house- Ratio rate (m) from the from the VP hold size ( %) reserve. road (km) questionnaire is one where both open and close ended (SE) forest (km) questions are included (Mittal et al., 1986) The Min. Max. Mi Max.

questionnaire sought brief general information about n.

every household member in terms of their education, 1 13 8 7 (0.2) 110 66 898 2320 1 7 1 2

reasons for discontinuity of education, occupation, 2 26 7 6 (0.3) 1 26 67 1 186 2 367 1 44 1 33 place of work and source/s of income, housing 3 11 2 5.7 (0.5) 114 79 3132 3607 25 32 17 25 establishment, water facility, sanitation, the source of illumination, access to the public distribution system, Fig.1. Google image map of Gori Ganga watershed

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PDF processed with CutePDF evaluation edition PDF processed with CutePDF evaluation edition FINDINGS as VPs in cluster 3 (Rs 1, 57,992/household/ annum), (66.8%). However, the number of people who pursue consumed Fuel wood requirement on the whole (Fig. are better than the second cluster (Rs 60,463/ higher studies after completion of high school is the 2) and for summer and winter separately (Fig. 3). Since the upsurge of antagonistic disciplines of household/ annum). least (29.8% male and 21.3% female) in cluster 3. The development economics and conservation, a great older generation had discontinued or irregular deal of importance is given to the value of natural schooling owing to migration to high altitude villages resources in the lives of rural communities. It is with their parents every year for 5-6 months. However believed that different socioeconomic groups will since income levels are high among them, the number perceive and use NTFP's differently. Few studies from of educated people among younger generations, who Southern Africa indicate that 'poorer households do not necessarily accompany their parents or possibly use greater amounts and are more reliant grandparents for entire six months, is high. The upon NTFP's compared to richer households within Bhotia's have limited occupations but derive high Fig. 3. Fuel-wood requirement with increase in the same community' (Shackleton and Shackleton livelihood security from them. They have mostly altitude for VPs of cluster 1 and 2 2006). In order to test this hypothesis, we assessed the natural resource dependent occupations such as socioeconomic status of the people segregated as VP's woolen cottage industry, cultivation, and harvesting fodder (dry fodder + green grass + leaf litter) (Fig. 4), Cluster 3 comprises of thirteen summer migratory of the different cluster and estimated their dependency of medicinal plants and Ophiocordyceps sinensis and dwarf bamboo usage (Fig. 5) and trend of villages inhabited mostly by scheduled tribes (69%) on NTFP. Socioeconomic assessment of people in the pastoralism. Found in remote nooks and corners of Ophiocordyceps sinensis collection (Fig. 6 was who have 2% reservation in public services. These Gori valley there being no universally agreed upon high altitude Himalaya, most medicinal plants have estimated. It was found that there is no significant villages had come up on both sides of an ancient trade definition of socioeconomic status we have put high market value. Subsequently, income from these difference among VPs in cluster 1 and 2 in terms of route between India and Tibet. Post India-China war together an understanding of the same from the migration to summer dwellings is high. The Bhotias dependency on fuel wood, dwarf bamboo, and in 1962 the trade and consequently the route was various interpretations (Derek et al., 1990) of are in fact known to be one of the economically, fodder. Cluster 3 showed four times less fuel wood closed and livelihoods of many were disrupted. socioeconomic status in order to comprehend socially, and educationally richest tribal communities requirement because they need fuel wood for only six Those who had accumulated some capital moved to socioeconomic status with respect to the Askot in India (Mukhopadhyay et al., 2010). VPs in cluster 2 months and moreover located above the tree line, the plains with enterprising aspirations. The landscape. In this context, we consider have poor socioeconomic status compared to cluster 1 they use twigs of shrubs like Ratpa (Rhododendron Scheduled tribes have been documented to be a very socioeconomic status as an individual or groups' and 3. This cluster has 72% OBC population and campanulatum), Jhed (Juniperus communis) and Bil enterprising community (Fischer et al., 2007; position within a hierarchical social structure nearly half of the remaining population belongs to the (Juniperus communis). Rangarajan et al., 2014). Though the quality of dependent on a combination of variables such as scheduled caste. The scheduled castes have 20% residence in the migratory villages is low since they social position, quality of residence, education, reservation in public services and posts. Though live in stone houses and do not have any form of occupation, and income. VPs of cluster 1, closer to the housing quality is better (73.7% houses with lintered/ sanitation facility, their standard of living is better road with 75% OBC population (for whom there are tin roof and 77.9% sanitation facility) than both the than average when they are not migrating. twenty seven percent reservations) were found to have other cluster of VP's and approximately 51% of the average quality of residence (67.5% households with working age population away from home, less lintered tin roof and sanitation facility) with moderate secured livelihood options have reduced the overall educated population (22.2% male and 17.7% female socioeconomic status of these VPs. It can be said that pursuing higher education). Having a high diversity of VPs with proximity to the road and natural resource Fig. 4. Animal units and fodder requirements in VPs occupations and average security from the different rich areas have better socioeconomic conditions. This of the three clusters in Gori valley occupations in comparison to the other clusters they is so because the variety of employment opportunities are economically well-off. Their average household available by virtue of being by the road side and size is larger than the other two clusters and nearly having access to easy means of commutation 50% of the working population in the age group of 15- enhances people' capabilities and scope of livelihood 59 is away from home. Since these villages are closer improvement. Similarly the natural resources to the motor able road, employment options and Fig. 2. Average annual fuel-wood consumption per available to those staying close to profitable resources opportunities create a diverse range of occupations household in the three clusters of Gori valley enhance their capabilities to earn by utilizing them. available to them. Consequently annual income (Rs An endeavor to estimate dependency on natural 77,940/- household/annum) even though not as high Literacy rate among them is highest (78.9%) in resources highlights the dependency pattern for the Fig.5. Average household dwarf bamboo comparison to cluster 1 (66.1%) and cluster 2 various natural resources as shown below in Table 2. (Drepanostachyum falcatum) usage

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PDF processed with CutePDF evaluation edition PDF processed with CutePDF evaluation edition Those living in the VPs of cluster 1 and by the road increased manifolds. At an individual scale, their quotient that villagers would get from various milk above, they would have to travel for almost three side, having access to LPG, consume relatively less demands have not escalated but cumulatively the products keeping them healthy despite work load and hours to the district hospital in Pithoragarh. 95% and fuel wood than those who are away from the road. In impacts of sufficing each of the individual demands cold climate. 81% of the respondents affirmed to there being cluster 2 owing to has a serious impact. conservation through the accredited social health activist (ASHA) and adoption of scientifically adjudged sustainable Crop loss auxiliary nurse midwife (ANM) for the village, but practices, then development has to precede livelihood that they are often away from the village and rarely improvement. Analysis of the weighted response of respondents visit areas under their supervision apart from times of towards perceived factors of crop loss reveals that the dissemination of oral polio vaccine. Insights VPs in cluster 1 lose most of the crop to wild animals, drought, hail storm, birds and lack of irrigation. The Poor public woks infrastructure The study put forth certain insights that we think cant VPs in cluster 2 are also troubled mostly by wild towards bridging the theoretical gap between animals followed by birds and hail storm. For the VPs No roads or poor condition of roads is a huge development and conservation in practice. According in the cluster, 3 crop losses are mostly due to drought hindrance to any kind of developmental activity in to the 2011-2012 Uttarakhand per capita/ per month and feral cattle. The people in the region are this region. Even livelihoods derived from consumption expenditure for rural areas based on the predominantly practitioners of subsistence terrace sustainable use of natural resources will benefit the Fig. 6. Ophiocordyceps sinensis collection from VPs Rangarajan, the methodology is Rs 1041.95 agriculture involving rudimentary sedentary tillage local community only when it can be marketed. of the three clusters from 1996 till 2014 (Rangarajan 2014). The average monthly per capita growing Rabi and Kharif crops. Depending on the Marketing of goods however sometimes become a income estimated from the survey for the VPs of production, crops are either only consumed or when hindrance because of routes where transportation Dependence on dwarf bamboo for kidney bean cluster 1, 2 and 3 is Rs. 927.85, Rs. 839.76 and Rs. in excess sold to local contractors or in the nearest depends on mules and horses. It would thus not be cultivation is high only in those villages where it is 2309.82, respectively. This income is Rs 114.10 and market. The study reveals that significant amounts of possible to sustain any such enterprise if costs of cultivated on a large scale for commercial purpose. Rs 202.19 less than estimated per capita per month crop loss are incurred due to animals and birds, packaging exceed the profits that could be made. There is no use of baskets in VPs of cluster 3 since the consumption expenditure for households of cluster 1 seasonal variability, pests and to some extent also livestock usually grazes in the pastures. There is also Schools and 2. This implies that first of all, the per capita negligence during Ophiocordyceps sinensis harvest. no large scale farming that requires storage in income in the two clusters has to be upscaled to the baskets. VP's of cluster 2 that were found to have low Health matters Owing to the rise and spread of government funded estimated consumption expenditure by rural poverty socioeconomic status, reveal relatively high winter education and the 100% literacy mission there are standard and then improved further. There are fuel wood dependency and also a steady rise in the The study unearthed critical health issues primary schools in almost every Gram Sabha, nonetheless more issues that need to be addressed to number of people collecting Ophiocordyceps encountered among women - out of the 340 however, children who want to study further often help communities reduce their expenses. Livestock sinensis. It instructs that low socioeconomic status of households interviewed, approximately 11% women complain about the dearth of high schools and inter and crop loss, health matters and poor public works VPs in this cluster is driving people to take to in their reproductive age suffer from various uterine colleges. Though education is considered a infrastructure are some such critical issues. harvesting of Ophiocordyceps sinensis since its high disorders largely due to the neglect of hygiene. In significant indicator of development it can hardly be order to understand why possible reproductive considered so in the region. It has turned into a market value could improve their economic status. Livestock loss Increased dependency in terms of fuel wood, infections could arise, we delved into the sanitation hindrance for many who want to pursue higher and hygiene practices of the women. It was found that however, could also be perceived as an altitudinal Agriculture and livestock rearing are the two primary education since they have to quit because that would young girls and women are made to live in seclusion artifact. Thus the hypothesis that poorer households occupations of the people in the region. The study entail them to go away from home. Inaccessibility to during their menstrual period and after delivery often using greater amounts and being more reliant upon reveals that in the past two years there have been 466 high schools closer home is one of the reasons for in cattle sheds for reasons of purity (holiness) and NTFP's can be generalized to communities living in livestock deaths due to diseases and 259 deaths due to pollution (uncleanness). It should be considered that Table 2. Seasonal calendar of natural resources mountains. However having assessed the predation. FMD being the most prevalent cause of women with vulnerable immunity could become consumed socioeconomic status and natural dependency, the death among livestock, 75% of the total livestock susceptible to zoonotic diseases then. As if a disease question nonetheless remains - how to ensure deaths due to disease were goats. Goats sell anywhere was not enough, seeking specialized treatment in this conservation of the biodiversity? It is accepted that between Rs.1500 to Rs.5000 depending on their remote, rural region is an added disadvantage. For these forests have always been the home for some health and age. Purchasing cattle involves expenses minor illness, people mostly go to pharmacists or people and the only difference since then and now between Rs 1,500 - 10,000 depending on the breed private clinics but for complicated or specialized with respect to forests is that the number of people and age. Losing livestock not only involves expenses diagnoses and treatment, such as those mentioned benefitting from them directly or indirectly has but also causes an imbalance in the nutritional

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PDF processed with CutePDF evaluation edition PDF processed with CutePDF evaluation edition It can be said that in order to facilitate all the above Moberg F, Nilsson M, Osterblom H, Ostrom E, Sneddon C, Howarth RB, Norgaard RB (2006). the most crucial component is an infrastructural Persson A, Peterson G, Polasky S, Steffen W, Sustainable Development in a post-Brundtl and development that will facilitate the people of this Brian W, Westley F (2011). Reconnecting to the world. Ecol. Econ. 57: 253–268. region to enlarge their capabilities and discover and biosphere. Ambio 40: 719–738. enhance their capacities. Theoretically speaking Sukuma R (1994). Human-wildlife conflict in India: even if possible, the hurdles that this vision entail are Griggs D, Smith MS, Rockström J, Öhman MC, An ecological and social perspective. In Social not only plenty but multi-tiered. This is possible only Gaffney O, Glaser G, Kanie N, Noble I, Steffen Ecology (ed. 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PDF processed with CutePDF evaluation edition PDF processed with CutePDF evaluation edition Mittal AK (1986). British administration in Kumaon Delhi: Concept Publishing Company (P) Ltd., LANDSLIDE HAZARD ZONATION MAPPING: A CASE STUDY OF UTTARKASHI Himalayas- A historical study-1815-1947. Delhi: 762. Mittal publication, 207. DISTRICT, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA Fischer B, Christopher T (2007). Poverty and Derek W (1990). First Attempts -Abdul Hamid and biodiversity: Measuring the overlap of human A. K. Ray* and R. J. Pandey Nain Singh. In (Derek,W. ed.) The Pundits - poverty and the biodiversity hotspots, Ecol. Eco., Department of Geography and Natural Resource Management School of Sciences, Uttarakhand Open University, British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia, 62: 93–1 01. Haldwani, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 39. Rangarajan C (2014). Report of the expert group to *For Correspondence: [email protected] Mukhopadhyay SC (2010). Man and Environment of review the methodology for measurement of the Upper Ganga Basin Uttaranchal. In (Nagina S, poverty. The government of India, Planning Jana NC , Bhagat RB, ed.) State of Natural and Commission. ABSTRACT Human Resources of India; Part 2. (2010), New Landslides are one of the most important types of natural hazards during monsoon in the Himalayan mountainous region of India. These affect adversely both human and animal lives, cause enormous damage to properties, and blocks communication within and outside the region and lead to an additional financial burden on the state and national economy. The occurrence and intensity of landslides have increased enormously during the last two decades in Uttarakhand. Landslide hazard zonation mapping is, thus, one of the important issues for urban and rural development planning in the state in general and mountainous region, in particular. This paper presents the outcome of the study conducted along the Yamuna and Bhagirathi (Ganges) river valleys in Uttarkashi district that suffers frequent landslides every year. The main source of the data for this study consists of Survey of India Topographical sheet, geological map, Cartosat DEM and ground control points (GCPs) of previous landslide locations occurred in September 2010. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Multi- Criteria Evaluation (MCE) techniques have used to evaluate the stability of landslide disaster to produce landslide hazard zonation map. ArcGIS, Global Mapper, Google Earth pro, and Microsoft Excel software were used to generate various thematic layers and statistical analyses, respectively. Six parameters, i.e., land use land cover, road proximity, drainage, geology, slope and landslide locations were used for hazard zonation. The zonation designates into five categories, viz., “very low hazard”, “low hazard”, “moderate hazard”, “high hazard” and “very high hazard”. The generated thematic maps of these parameters were standardized using pairwise comparison matrix known as AHP. A weight for each criterion was generated by comparing them with each other according to their importance. The final hazard zonation analysis revealed that a large part (26.33%) area of these tehsil falls under very high to high hazard zone, 16.93% in moderate hazard zone, 8.58% in low hazard zone and 48.16% under very low hazard zones. Such hazard zonation maps provide guidelines to develop master plan for the town planning for its sustainable development. The very low hazard zone represents slope between 0-15°, land use either a wasteland with a scrub or without scrub, distance to road proximity is 50 m and drainage distance proximity 50m. This study evidences significance of the use of a GIS database created from existing digital map, satellite data, AHP, MCE technique and field investigations for the assessment of landslide hazard zones in disaster prone Himalayan mountainous region.

Keywords: Landslide hazard zonation, Analytical hierarchy process, Multi-criteria evaluation technique, GIS.

INTRODUCTION

Landslides are one of the most frequently occurring Himalaya. The term “landslide” basically means a disasters affecting human life and property in slow to rapid downward movement of instable rock

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