Evaluation of Birds as Potential Indicator Species for Long Term Monitoring: Askot Landscape, Uttarakhand
Phase – 1 Report
BCRLIP Coordinator Sh. V. K. Uniyal
Bird Component Investigator Sh. R. Suresh Kumar
Project Assistant Ankita Bhattacharya
Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change Uttarakhand Forest Department World Bank Wildlife Instituute of India
January, 2015
Further Contact:
BCRLIP Coordinator Sh. V. K. Uniyal Department of Protected Area Network, WL Management and Conservation Education Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani Dehradun, India 248 001 Tell: 00 91 135 2646207 Fax: 00 91 135 2640117 E-mail; [email protected]
Bird Component Investigator Sh. R Suresh Kumar Department of Endangered Species Management Wildlife Institute of India, Chandrabani Dehradun, India 248 001 Tell: 00 91 135 2646161 Fax: 00 91 135 2640117 E-mail; [email protected]
Photo Credits: Front and Back Cover Photographs: Pankaj Kumar, Ankita Bhattacharya, Soni Bisht and Suresh Kumar Rana Main report Photographs: Suresh Kumar Rana and World Pheasant Asssociation (WPA)
Citation: Bhattacharya, A., Kumar, R. S. and Uniyal, V. K. (2015): Evaluation of Birds as Potential Indicator Species for Long Term Monitoring: Askot landscape, Uttarakhand, Phase 1 – Report, Wildlife Institute of India. Pp 29.
Contents
List of Tables ii
List of Figures iii
Acknowledgements iv
1 Background 1
2 Study area 2
3 Methods 4
4 Findings of the study 6
5 Future Plans 24
6 References 24
Annexure I: Checklist of birds of Askot Landscape with 25 reports of birds seen during this study
List of Tables
Table No. Table Name Page No.
1 a. List of villages surveyed along Gori river basin in Askot 6 Landscape 1 b. List of villages surveyed along Dhauli river basin in 7 Askot Landscape
2. Details of Phasianidae species found in Askot 9 Landscape (Madge and McGowan, 2002)
3. Details of anthropogenic disturbances in the 3 10 altitudinal ranges (del Hoyo et al. 1994) and methods to be used for the abundance estimation of select galliform birds 4. List of birds frequently seen around villages and forest 23 patches
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List of Figures
Figure No. Figure Name Page No.
1. Map showing boundary of Askot landscape along with four 3 sub watersheds 2. Potential Distribution map of Black Francolin with the 11 elevation range and habitat types across Askot Landscape 3. Potential Distribution map of Kaleej Pheasant with the 12 elevation range and habitat types across Askot Landscape 4. Potential Distribution map of Koklass Pheasant with the 13 elevation range and habitat types across Askot Landscape 5. Potential Distribution map of Satyr Tragopan with the 14 elevation range and habitat types across Askot Landscape 6. Potential Distribution map of Himalayan Monal with the 15 elevation range and habitat types across Askot Landscape 7. Potential Distribution map of Cheer Pheasant with the 16 elevation range and habitat types across Askot Landscape 8. Potential Distribution map of Hill Partridge with the 17 elevation range and habitat types across Askot Landscape 9. Potential Distribution map of Rufous – throated Partridge 18 with the elevation range and habitat types across Askot Landscape 10. Potential Distribution map of Chukar with the elevation 19 range and habitat types across Askot Landscape 11. Potential Distribution map of Snow Partridge with the 20 elevation range and habitat types across Askot Landscape 12. Potential Distribution map of Himalayan Snowcock with 21 the elevation range and habitat types across Askot Landscape 13. Encounter rate per km of select birds in the 8 micro 22 watersheds surveyed in Askot Landscape during winter
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Acknowledgements
We acknowledge World Bank and Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) for providing the necessary financial support for the Biodiversity Conservation and Rural Livelihood Improvement Project (BCRLIP). We thank Director and Dean of Wildlife Institute of India for facilitating the project and for their continuous support and encouragement during the project work. We also wants to thank Project Coordinator, Sh. V.K. Uniyal for giving an opportunity to work in this Project and providing constant encouragement and guidance for the study. We thank Divisional Forest Officer, Sub Divisional Forest Officer and Forest Department staff of Askot, Pithoragarh District for their immense support during field work. We thank the villagers of Askot landscape for providing accommodation and lovely food along with their warm support during the field work. Finally, we want to acknowledge our field assistants, Duryodhan Dharamshaktu, Rajender Singh Koranga, Lokesh Thakur and Deepak for their assistance and company during the field work. Without their support it would not have been possible to conduct the field study.
Common Rosefinch
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BACKGROUND
The Biodiversity Conservation and Rural Livelihood Improvement Project aims to conserve biodiversity in selected landscapes, including wildlife protected areas/critical conservation areas while improving rural livelihoods. The project intends to strengthen linkages between conservation and improving livelihoods of local communities that live in the neighborhood of biodiversity-rich areas through participatory approaches. This is a landscape level approach for conservation including biodiversity components like plants, fishes, birds, mammals and insects as well as a socio - economic component.
The Askot landscape in Uttarakhand is one such landscape selected out of seven sites for this project (Figure 1). The Askot landscape covers an area of 4463 square kilometers and the biogeographical elements of the Western Himalaya, the Central Himalaya and the Tibetan Plateau converge here. Physiographically, the landscape is a mix of lower, mid and higher Himalayas and is catchment of the river Kali, which defines the international border between India and Nepal. Rivers Kuti, Dhauli and Gori are the three main tributaries of river Kali in the landscape. The landscape has an altitudinal range of 700m to 5500m and covers six biomes viz. subtropical, warm temperate, cool temperate, sub alpine, alpine and nival (permanent snow). The corresponding climate types are subtropical, warm temperate, cool temperate, boreal, sub polar and polar (FES GIS data, 2006).
Birds have been considered as ecological indicators as they are ecologically versatile and live in all types of habitat (Koskimies, 1989). Birds respond to environmental changes over many spatial scales. They are also well suited for monitoring because (1) they advertise their presence through vocalizations, making them relatively easy to detect and identify, (2) they can be censused efficiently over large areas, and (3) their occurrence, abundance and reproductive success are influenced by the nature and configuration of surrounding habitats (Carignan, 2001). The landscape has a rich avifaunal diversity and is an Important Bird Area (IBA) under criteria A1, A2 (A1 – Threatened species; A2 – Restricted Range
1 species). The present report is on the work done on bird taxa during October, 2012- October, 2014. The study primarily focused on developing baseline data, identification of potential biological indicator species and preparation of checklist of birds in the landscape indicating frequent and rarely seen birds.
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STUDY AREA
The Askot conservation landscape is located in eastern Kumaun, in the state of Uttarakhand, and lies between the coordinates 80°15′ to 81°5′ E longitude and 29°5′ to 30°32′ N latitude, and is bounded by the international border with the Tibetan Autonomous region of the Peoples’ Republic of China in the north. The Kali River forms the boundary in the South-East of the landscape till Jauljibi, which also constitutes the border of India with the Kingdom of Nepal. Encompassing an area of 4463 sq. km, the entire project landscape is about 120 km long and in average, about 51.5 km wide. There is a great altitudinal range within the landscape, from 560 m amsl at Jauljibi, to 7434 m at the summit of Nandadevi East (Negi, 2012). Rivers Kuti, Dhauli and Gori are the three main tributaries of river Kali. The valleys formed by these rivers in the landscape are- Gori valley, Darma valley (Dhauli high altitude), Byans valley (Kuti high altitude) and Chaudans valley (Kuti low altitude). The heterogeneity in physiography, vegetation and climate makes the landscape an abode of a rich diversity of birds, some being endemic species of the western Himalayas. Being a transition zone ecosystem, the landscape is the eastern and western most limits of many bird species making it an important spot for a variety of bird species which need to be studied.
Figure 1: Map showing boundary of Askot landscape along with four sub watersheds (SWS)
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METHODS
Since baseline data is the standard information present or developed, on the basis of which further study is pursued and compared. The purpose of a baseline study is to provide an information base against which we can monitor and assess the progress of an activity and its effectiveness during implementation. Hence, it was important to find out what information is already available about the landscape and the birds occurring there. Not much study has been done before in Askot regarding birds at a landscape level, though there are some studies restricted to few valleys. Likewise, not much was known about the landscape in details other than an overview. Considering the importance of baseline data for the study, it was decided to begin the work by collecting baseline information with respect to birds, their occurrence in the landscape. Information on birds of western Himalayas and Askot landscape in particular was gathered through internet search (web resources), and from scientific journals and other published literature.
This was followed by a reconnaissance visit to the Gori Valley and a survey of the villages and forest patches to identify potential indicator bird species and to develop suitable methodologies to monitor. Subsequent to this a detailed field survey was carried out from August 2013 – September 2013. In September 2013 a high altitude survey to the alpine reaches of Chhipla-kedar and Najrikot in the Gori Valley was carried out. A questionnaire survey of the villagers was also carried out that involved systematic visits to different households in a village and through opportunistic interviews. The people interviewed were shown photographs of select bird species to known from them on the presence or absence of the species in the region. Information on probable location and status were obtained. The primary aim of this exercise was to identify the bird species that were familiar to local people. Also, that those identified species can be monitored by local people.
A detailed sampling for birds was carried out during December 2013 to February 2014 that represented winter and another sampling from April – June 2014 that represented summer. The entire Gori valley was divided into 11 sampling units each 10km apart in a straight line distance in Google Earth. The route selected consisted of 11 villages in
4 ascending order with the latitude and altitude ranging from 1000 to 2500 m. This covered 11 micro watersheds out of 22 in the Gori valley. In each sampling unit we selected a vertical trail of 3.5 km that traversed inside forest patches. These trails also connected villages. Each trail 3.5 km was then divided into 5 points and starting from the village the first three points were spaced 500 m apart and then the fourth and fifth was subsequently spaced 1km apart. From each point on the trail a horizontal transect of 600 m was walked. There, at three points spaced 200 m apart, “Point Counts” for birds was carried out. Point counts at each point lasted for 10 minutes. Call play back method was also used along select trails during the study to record responses of select galliform birds.
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FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
Through the literature survey an initial list of 480 birds was obtained, which was narrowed down to 300 species. This checklist was mainly based on reports of Raza (2005) on avifaunal diversity in Gori Ganga Valley and includes 195 birds recorded during all the visits to the area of this study. The checklist of birds of the area is listed as an Annexure.
The reconnaissance survey was carried out a period of 42 days during winter and 32 forest patches near villages in the Gori and Dhauli valleys were visited (16 each in Gori and Dhauli). The forest patches were selected depending on their accessibility (Table 1 & 2). Birds sighted en route to and in the places visited were recorded along with the vegetation type of the area.
Table 1 a: List of villages surveyed along Gori river basin in Askot Landscape
Villages along Gori GPS Location Elevation (m)
Waiga 30°04.388’N, 80°18.677’E 1774 Chhoribagad 29°56.875’N, 80°18.122’E 982-1009 Lumti 29°53.116’N, 80°19.681’E 919-1107 Jara 29°55.550’N, 80°19.833’E 1455 Bamoti 29°55.404’N, 80°20.197’E 1508 Jibli 29°56.155’N, 80°19.405’E 1334-1434 Sera 29°58.467’N, 80°18.759’E 1011-1135 Khartoli 29°59.361’N, 80°19.452’E 1533 Siling 29°58.525’N, 80°19.178’E 1393 Baram 29°51.160’N, 80°21.307’E 834 Kanar 29°54.253’N, 80°24.217’E 1825 Tejam 29°53.504’N, 80°24.318’E 1649 Golpha 30◦02.212’N,80◦21.274’E 1364-1942 Kumrar 29°45.402’N, 80°22.764’E 963 Walthi 30°03.355’N, 80°18.399’E 1800 Dhura 30°03.248’N, 80°18.959’E 1900
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Table 1b: List of villages surveyed along Dhauli river basin in Askot Landscape
Villages along Dhauli GPS Location Elevations Kalika 29°48.526’N, 80°29.536’E 800 Bajani 29°48.409’N, 80°29.315’E 1006-1400 Khumti 29°49.962’N, 80°27.681’E 1299-1800 Jimtar 29°49.902’N, 80°31.154’E 949 Chaupata 29°50.224’N, 80°31.150’E 1236 Jaikot 29°58.222’N, 80°40.965’E 1538 Bhawani 29°57.956’N, 80°40.690’E 1696 Pantha 29°58.985’N, 80°36.969’E 1007-1100 Rawatbasiya 29°48.973’N, 80°24.894’E 1277 Tham 29°49.213’N 80°25.109’E 1456 Pangu 29°58.985’N, 80°36.969’E 2141 Nu 30°04.020’N, 80°35.039’E 1850 Sobla 30°04.022’N, 80°35.051’E 1894 Tijam 30°04.010’N, 80°34.145’E 1977 Watan 30°03.592’N, 80°34.140’E 2107 Dar 30°04.298’N, 80°35.930’E 2122
Potential Indicator Species Following the reconnaissance and questionnaire surveys of the local people we identified galliform birds as the potential indicators for biodiversity monitoring. Most local people readily recognized galliform birds from the photographs shown to them. They also recognized the Grey Treepie and Slaty-headed Parakeet and reported these birds to be responsible for heavy crop loss.
Galliform birds such as partridges, francolins and pheasants are the most charismatic and conspicuous fauna of the Himalayan region. They are regarded as the most distinctive bird family due to their brightly colored plumage (Ali, 1981). Galliform birds were identified as the potential indicators for the following reasons i) they inhabit different types of habitat in different altitudinal gradients, ii) they can indicate the condition of their habitat and in turn can indicate the status of other birds depending on that habitat, iii) they are subjected to anthropogenic pressures and habitat destructions for which they can indicate positive and negative responses, iv) being large sized birds
7 with colorful plumages they are easily recognized by local people which can help in future monitoring plans. A total of five species of partridges, one species of francolin and five species of pheasants are known to occur in the Askot landscape, and most of which are reported showing a decreasing population trend (Raza, 2005). A list of galliform birds in the area is given in Table 2. Further, two of the five pheasant species in the Askot landscape Cheer Pheasant Catreus wallichii and Satyr Tragopan Tragopan satyra considered as Vulnerable and Near Threatened respectively. The region also forms the westernmost limit of distribution of Satyr Tragopan.
Potential distribution maps of the 11 galliform species that occur in the region were prepared based on the elevation ranges and habitat types they are found, information on which was obtained from literature. The potential distribution maps of the galliform birds prepared needs to be validated by intensive study through appropriate and systematic seasonal sampling. Of the 11 galliform species six were identified for intensive monitoring: Snow Partridge and Himalayan Monal in the higher elevations, Satyr Tragopan and Koklass Pheasant in the mid elevations, Black Francolin in the low elevations. The three elevational classes have been selected according to the type of anthropogenic disturbances in the habitat of the birds. The methodology for monitoring the three groups of galliform birds are also different (Table 3).
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Table 2: Details of Phasianidae species found in Askot Landscape (details from Ali and Ripley, 1981; Johnsgard 1986, 1988; Madge and McGowan, 2002; del Hoyo et al. 1994) Species Scientific Name Altitude (m) Habitat IUCN Status Himalayan Snowcock Tetraogallus himalayensis 3000-5000 Alpine meadows and scrub near snowline, bare stony ridges and steep Least Concern slopes Snow Partridge Lerwa lerwa 3000-5000 Alpine scrub and meadows close to the snowline on steep rocky or grassy Least Concern slopes interspersed with scattered dwarf juniper or rhododendron bushes Hill Partridge Arborophila torqueola 1500-4000 Ravines and slopes in undergrowth of moist dense oak and other evergreen Least Concern broadleaved forests Rufous-throated Partridge Arborophila rufogularis 1500-1800 Thick understory of broadleaved evergreen forests and secondary growth Least Concern Chukar Alectoris chukar 1200-4000 Open arid rocky hills, barren hillsides with scattered scrub, grassy slopes, Least Concern areas near dry terraced cultivated river valleys Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus 500-2500 Cultivated areas, tall grass and scrub, near rivers and canals Least Concern Satyr Tragopan Tragopan satyra 2400-3800 Dense undergrowth and montane bamboo clumps in temperate and Near subalpine oak-rhododendron, coniferous or broadleaved forests, scrub in Threatened steep hillsides Koklass Pheasant Pucrasia macrolopha 1600-4000 Coniferous, oak-deodar forests with dense undergrowth of bushes & Least Concern montane bamboo Himalayan Monal Lophophorus impejanus 2500-4500 Temperate & sub alpine oak, deodar, coniferous & rhododendron forests Least Concern with montane bamboo & grassy glades, alpine scrub & meadows Cheer Pheasant Catreus wallichi 1200-3050 Precipitious, often craggy hillsides with scrub & stunded trees, dissected by Vulnerable wooded ravines or with some scrub & grass cover, village grazing lands Kaleej Pheasant Lophura leucomelanos 500-3500 All types of forests with dense undergrowth & thickly overgrown steep Least Concern gullies
Table 3: Details of anthropogenic disturbances in the 3 altitudinal ranges (del Hoyo et.al, 1994) and methods to be used for the abundance estimation of the select galliform birds
Elevation Range Focal Species Anthropogenic pressures Sampling Methods
High Snow Partridge, Collection of medicinal herbs, Trail walk Himalayan Monal livestock grazing and collection of the (above 3000m) “caterpillar fungus” Cordyceps sinensis (locally called “Keerajari”) in masses during their breeding season.
Middle Satyr Tragopan, Extraction of bamboo (ringal) by the Call count Koklass Pheasant local people in huge amount which (up to 2500m) causes habitat and food resource destruction, overgrazing, fodder and fuelwood collection and agricultural use of land.
Low Black Francolin, Hunting, habitat loss due to fodder Call count Chukar Partridge and fuelwood collection and (up to 1500m) agricultural use of land
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Figure 2: Potential Distribution map of Black Francolin with the elevation range and habitat types across Askot Landscape
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Figure 3: Potential Distribution map of Kalij Pheasant with the elevation range and habitat types across Askot Landscape
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Figure 4: Potential Distribution map of Koklass Pheasant with the elevation range and habitat types across Askot Landscape
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Figure 5: Potential Distribution map of Satyr Tragopan with the elevation range and habitat types across Askot Landscape
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Figure 6: Potential Distribution map of Cheer Pheasant with the elevation range and habitat types across Askot Landscape
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Figure 7: Potential Distribution map of Himalayan Monal with the elevation range and habitat types across Askot Landscape
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Figure 8: Potential Distribution map of Hill Partridge with the elevation range and habitat types across Askot Landscape
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Figure 9: Potential Distribution map of Rufous-throated Partridge with the elevation range and habitat types across Askot Landscape
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Figure 10: Potential Distribution map of Chukar with the elevation range and habitat types across Askot Landscape
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Figure 11: Potential distribution map of Snow Partridge with the elevation range and habitat types across Askot Landscape
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Figure 12: Potential distribution map of Himalayan Snowcock with the elevation range and habitat types across Askot Landscape
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Encounter Rate Encounter rates of select species of birds in different forest patches of Gori valley was done. The survey unit was micro watershed. Eight micro watersheds within the altitudinal range 1000 m to 2700 m were surveyed. The work was done only in the lower and middle altitudes as it was winter and the higher altitudes were not accessible because of snow. Also, birds migrate to the lower altitudes during winter. A trail of 1.5 km was selected in a forest patch near to a village in each micro watershed. The sampling was done for birds in the morning from 7 a.m. to 11 a.m. Each trail was repeated twice after 2 week period. The micro watersheds covered were Kulka, Paina, Madkani River, Pehal, Ghosi, Jara, Jonli and Renchi. However, during the first survey, the encounter rate for birds was found to be very low. Only Hill Partridge, Khalij, Black Francolin and Himalayan Monal were encountered (Figure 13). The call count method could not be conducted as the above sampling was done during winter and the selected birds did not call during this season.
Figure 13: Encounter rate per km of select birds in the 8 micro watersheds surveyed in Askot Landscape during winter
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During the second survey a total of 147 km was walked and involved an effort of close to 300 hr spent sampling for birds during winter and summer in the area. There was however not enough Point Count data required for the analysis and therefore a list of frequently occurring birds near the villages and in the forest patches adjoining the villages is presented (Table 4).
Table 4. List of birds frequently seen birds recorded during the survey around villages and forest patches
Frequently Seen around villages Frequently seen in forests Rufous Sibia Rufous Sibia Black Francolin Black Drongo Spotted Dove Black Bulbul Eurasian Collared Dove Hill Partridge Red billed Blue Magpie White throated Laughingthrush Slaty-headed Parakeet Scarlet Minivet Green-backed Tit Black-lored Tit Lineated Barbet Striated Laughingthrush Streaked Laughing Thrush Black headed Jay Large billed Crow Eurasian Jay Common Myna Blue whistling Thrush House Sparrow Blue capped Rockthrush Russet Sparrow Pink browed Rosefinch Himalayan Bulbul Yellow bellied Fantail Scaly bellied Woodpecker Himalayan Red-flanked Bush-robin
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Future Plans
The first phase of the project identified indicator bird species for long term monitoring in the Askot landscape, which is the galliform birds. These birds are large, highly vocal during breeding season and are readily recognized by local people and can be used for long-term monitoring. It is proposed that in future a detailed study of these select birds will be taken up, which will include estimating the populations and relate this to the anthropogenic disturbances. Few of these birds specifically the Koklass pheasant, which is primarily a mid-elevation species occurring in broadleaf forests with good under- storey has never been studied in detail in India. The mid-elevation broadleaf forests support the highest diversity of birds and are also amongst the most threatened forest types and so future studies will focus more on this forest type.
References Ali, S. and Ripley, S.D. 1981. Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 2: Megapodes to Crab Plover. Oxford University Press Carignan, V. and Villard, M. 2001. Selecting Indicator Species to monitor ecological integrity: A Review. Département De Biologie, Université De Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada. Del Hoyo, J., Elliot, A. and Sargatal, J. 1994. Handbook of the birds of the world. Lynx dicions. Birdlife International. Madge, S. and McGowan, P. 2002. Pheasants, Partridges and Grouse. Christopher Helm, London. Negi, C.S., 2012. ‘Sustaining life and livelihood: A case study of Askote conservation landscape, Central Himalaya’, International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 4(4), 164-178 Johnsgard, P.A. 1986. The Pheasants of the World. Oxford University Press, New York. Johnsgard, P.A. 1988. The Quails Partridges, And Francolins of the World. Oxford University Press, New York. Raza, H.R. 2005. Diversity and rarity in floral and avifaunal assemblages in the Western Himalaya: A study of patterns and mechanisms to devise viable biodiversity conservation strategies’. PhD Thesis. Wildlife Institute of India
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Annexure: I
Checklist of birds found in Askot Landscape with birds seen during the field study highlighted in red
FAMILIES COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME ALTITUDE (m)
Phasianidae SNOW PARTRIDGE Lerwa lerwa 3000-5000
HIMALAYAN SNOWCOCK Tetraogallus himalayensis 4000-5000
CHUKAR Alectoris chukar 1800
BLACK FRANCOLIN Francolinus francolinus 1600-1800
HILL PARTRIDGE Arborophila torqueola 2000-2400
SATYR TRAGOPAN Tragopan satyra 2800-3100
KOKLASS PHEASANT Pucrasia macrolopha 1800-2600
HIMALAYAN MONAL Lophophorus impejanus 2600-3200
RUFOUS-THROATED Arborophila rufogularis 1000-2400 PARTRIDGE
KALIJ PHEASANT Lophura leucomelanos 1800-2500
CHEER PHEASANT Catreus wallichii 2500
Anatidae RED-CRESTED POCHARD Netta rufina 700
GOOSANDER Mergus merganser 700
Picidae SPECKLED PICULET Picumnus innominatus 2200
GREY-CAPPED PYGMY Dendrocopos canicapillus 1700 WOODPECKER
BROWN-FRONTED Dendrocopos auriceps 1800-2200 WOODPECKER
FULVOUS-BREASTED Dendrocopos macei 2000 WOODPECKER
YELLOW-CROWNED Dendrocopos mahrattensis WOODPECKER
RUFOUS-BELLIED Dendrocopos hyperythrus 2100-2700 WOODPECKER
HIMALAYAN WOODPECKER Dendrocopos himalayensis 1800-2100
RUFOUS WOODPECKER Celeus brachyurus 1000
LESSER YELLOWNAPE Picus chlorolophus 1800-2200
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FAMILIES COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME ALTITUDE (m)
GREATER YELLOWNAPE Picus flavinucha 1700-2400
STREAK-THROATED Picus xanthopygaeus 1700 WOODPECKER
SCALY-BELLIED Picus squamatus 1800-2400 WOODPECKER
GREY-HEADED WOODPECKER Picus canus 1800-2500
BLACK-RUMPED FLAMEBACK Dinopium benghalense 1000-1700
GREATER GOLDENBACK Chrysocolaptes lucidus 1100
Ramphastidae GREAT BARBET Megalaima virens 1800-2600
BROWN-HEADED BARBET Megalaima zeylanica 800
LINEATED BARBET Megalaima lineata 1200-1600
COPPERSMITH BARBET Megalaima asiatica 2100
BLUE-THROATED BARBET Megalaima haemacephala 1500
Upupidae COMMON HOOPOE Upupa epops 1800-2200
Coraciidae INDIAN ROLLER Coracias benghalensis
DOLLARBIRD Eurystomus orientalis 1000
Alcedinidae COMMON KINGFISHER Alcedo atthis
WHITE-THROATED Halcyon smyrnensis 1000 KINGFISHER
CRESTED KINGFISHER Megaceryle lugubris 1000-2800
PIED KINGFISHER Ceryle rudis
Cuculidae PIED CUCKOO Clamator jacobinus 2600
CHESTNUT-WINGED CUCKOO Clamator coromandus 2000
LARGE HAWK CUCKOO Hierococcyx sparverioides 2000-2500
INDIAN CUCKOO Cuculus micropterus 1100
EURASIAN CUCKOO Cuculus canorus 1800-2400
ORIENTAL CUCKOO Cuculus saturatus 1500-3300
LESSER CUCKOO Cuculus poliocephalus 1500-3200
ASIAN KOEL Eudynamys scolopacea 1000-1800
GREATER COUCAL Centropus sinensis 2100
Psittacidae ALEXANDRINE PARAKEET Psittacula eupatria
ROSE-RINGED PARAKEET Psittacula krameri 900
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FAMILIES COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME ALTITUDE (m)
SLATY-HEADED PARAKEET Psittacula himalayana 1800-2400
PLUM-HEADED PARAKEET Psittacula cyanocephala 1800-2200
RED-BREASTED PARAKEET Psittacula alexandri 2300
Apodidae HIMALAYAN SWIFTLET Collocalia brevirostris 3600
WHITE-THROATED Hirundapus caudacutus 2000-2600 NEEDLETAIL
WHITE-RUMPED NEEDLETAIL Zoonavena sylvatica 1800-2400
ASIAN PALM SWIFT Cypsiurus balasiensis 2000-2500
ALPINE SWIFT Tachymarptis melba 1900-2600
COMMON SWIFT Apus apus 1800-2400
FORK-TAILED SWIFT Apus pacificus 1900
HOUSE SWIFT Apus affinis 2000
Strigidae MOUNTAIN SCOPS OWL Otus spilocephalus 600-2600
COLLARED SCOPS OWL Otus bakkamoena 2000
SPOT-BELLIED EAGLE OWL Bubo nipalensis 900-2100
TAWNY FISH OWL Ketupa flavipes 1500
BROWN WOOD OWL Strix leptogrammica 1800-2400
TAWNY OWL Strix aluco 1200-4250
ASIAN BARRED OWLET Glaucidium brodiei 1800-2500
JUNGLE OWLET Glaucidium cuculoides 2000
COLLARED OWLET Glaucidium radiatum 1800
SPOTTED OWLET Athene brama 900
BROWN HAWK OWL Ninox scutulata 2000
Caprimulgidae GREY NIGHTJAR Caprimulgus indicus 1600-2300
LARGE-TAILED NIGHTJAR Caprimulgus macrurus 1700-2000
Columbidae ROCK PIGEON Columba livia 1200
HILL PIGEON Columba rupestris 2400-2700
SNOW PIGEON Columba leuconota 2000-2600
ORIENTAL TURTLE DOVE Streptopelia orientalis 1200-2500
LAUGHING DOVE Streptopelia senegalensis 1500
SPOTTED DOVE Streptopelia chinensis 1800-2000
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FAMILIES COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME ALTITUDE (m)
EURASIAN COLLARED DOVE Streptopelia decaocto 1800-2400
EMERALD DOVE Chalcophaps indica 900
YELLOW-FOOTED GREEN Treron phoenicoptera PIGEON
WEDGE-TAILED GREEN Treron sphenura 1800-2400 PIGEON
Accipitridae OSPREY Pandion haliaetus 2000-3300
BLACK-SHOULDERED KITE Elanus caeruleus
BLACK KITE Milvus migrans 1800
RED KITE Milvus milvus
BRAHMINY KITE Haliastur indus
LESSER FISH EAGLE Ichthyophaga humilis
LAMMERGEIER Gypaetus barbatus 1800-3000
EGYPTIAN VULTURE Neophron percnopterus 2000-2200
WHITE-RUMPED VULTURE Gyps bengalensis 1900-2500
LONG-BILLED VULTURE Gyps indicus 1500-2500
HIMALAYAN GRIFFON Gyps himalayensis 1800-3000
EURASIAN GRIFFON Gyps fulvus 1500-2500
RED-HEADED VULTURE Sarcogyps calvus 2000-2200
CINEREOUS VULTURE Aegypius monachus 1800-2600
CRESTED SERPENT EAGLE Spilornis cheela 1900-2500
PALLID HARRIER Circus macrourus 2600
CRESTED GOSHAWK Accipiter trivirgatus
SHIKRA Accipiter badius 2200
BESRA Accipiter virgatus 3000
EURASIAN SPARROWHAWK Accipiter nisus 1600-2700
NORTHERN GOSHAWK Accipiter gentilis 1700-2400
WHITE-EYED BUZZARD Butastur teesa 1200
COMMON BUZZARD Buteo buteo
LONG-LEGGED BUZZARD Buteo rufinus 1500-3700
ORIENTAL HONEY BUZZARD Pernis ptilorhynchus
BLACK EAGLE Ictinaetus malayensis 1800-2500
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FAMILIES COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME ALTITUDE (m)
STEPPE EAGLE Aquila nipalensis
IMPERIAL EAGLE Aquila heliaca
GOLDEN EAGLE Aquila chrysaetos 1850, 3000-5000
BONELLI’S EAGLE Hieraaetus fasciatus 2000-2300
RUFOUS-BELLIED EAGLE Lophotriorchis kienerii 1500
CHANGEABLE HAWK EAGLE Spizaetus cirrhatus 1700-1800
MOUNTAIN HAWK EAGLE Spizaetus nipalensis 2200-2400
Falconidae COLLARED FALCONET Microhierax caerulescens
COMMON KESTREL Falco tinnunculus 1800-2400
EURASIAN HOBBY Falco subbuteo 1800
LAGGAR FALCON Falco jugger 1000
PEREGRINE FALCON Falco peregrinus 3000
Phalacrocoracidae INDIAN CORMORANT Phalacrocorax fuscicollis 500-1200
GREAT CORMORANT Phalacrocorax carbo 500-2000
Ciconiidae BLACK STORK Ciconia nigra 1200
ASIAN FAIRY BLUEBIRD Irena puella 1800
Chloropseidae GOLDEN-FRONTED LEAFBIRD Chloropsis aurifrons 1800
ORANGE-BELLIED LEAFBIRD Chloropsis hardwickii 2300
Laniidae BAY-BACKED SHRIKE Lanius vittatus 2000
LONG-TAILED SHRIKE Lanius schach
GREY-BACKED SHRIKE Lanius tephronotus 2100-2200
Corvidae EURASIAN JAY Garrulus glandarius 1800-2500
BLACK-HEADED JAY Garrulus lanceolatus 1800-2400
YELLOW-BILLED BLUE Urocissa flavirostris 2100-2600 MAGPIE
RED-BILLEDBLUE MAGPIE Urocissa erythrorhyncha 1800-2200
COMMON GREEN MAGPIE Cissa chinensis 1200-1600
RUFOUS TREEPIE Dendrocitta vagabunda 2100
GREY TREEPIE Dendrocitta formosae 1800-2300
SPOTTED NUTCRACKER Nucifraga caryocatactes 2000-3000
RED-BILLED CHOUGH Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax 3000-4500
29
FAMILIES COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME ALTITUDE (m)
YELLOW-BILLED CHOUGH Pyrrhocorax graculus 2600
HOUSE CROW Corvus splendens 1700-2000
LARGE-BILLED CROW Corvus macrorhynchos 1800-2800
Oriolidae BLACK-NAPED ORIOLE Oriolus chinensis 2200
EURASIAN GOLDEN ORIOLE Oriolus oriolus 1800-3500
BLACK-HOODED ORIOLE Oriolus xanthornus 1200
MAROON ORIOLE Oriolus traillii 1800-2400
Campephagidae BLACK-WINGED Coracina melaschistos 2100-2400 CUCKOOSHRIKE
LONG-TAILED MINIVET Pericrocotus ethologus 1800-2300
SHORT-BILLED MINIVET Pericrocotus brevirostris 1800-2400
SCARLET MINIVET Pericrocotus flammeus 1800-2100
BAR-WINGED FLYCATCHER- Hemipus picatus 1800-2100 SHRIKE
Rhipiduridae YELLOW-BELLIED FANTAIL Rhipidura hypoxantha 2100-2500
WHITE-THROATED FANTAIL Rhipidura albicollis 1800-2400
WHITE-BROWED FANTAIL Rhipidura aureola
Dicruridae BLACK DRONGO Dicrurus macrocercus 2100
ASHY DRONGO Dicrurus leucophaeus 1700-2600
WHITE-BELLIED DRONGO Dicrurus caerulescens 2000
BRONZED DRONGO Dicrurus aeneus 1700
LESSER RACKET-TAILED Dicrurus remifer 1800 DRONGO
SPANGLED DRONGO Dicrurus hottentottus 1800-2100
Monarchidae ASIAN PARADISE- Terpsiphone paradisi 1800-2400 FLYCATCHER
Cinclidae BROWN DIPPER Cinclus pallasii 2100-2500
Turdidae BLUE-CAPPED ROCK THRUSH Monticola cinclorhynchus 1800-2400
CHESTNUT-BELLIED ROCK Monticola rufiventris 2100-2500 THRUSH
BLUE ROCK THRUSH Monticola solitarius 1300-3000
BLUE WHISTLING THRUSH Myophonus caeruleus 1800-2700
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FAMILIES COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME ALTITUDE (m)
PIED THRUSH Zoothera wardii 1500-2400
PLAIN-BACKED THRUSH Zoothera mollissima 1000-3000
LONG-TAILED THRUSH Zoothera dixoni 2100-2300
SCALY THRUSH Zoothera dauma 2100-2400
LONG-BILLED THRUSH Zoothera monticola
TICKELL’S THRUSH Turdus unicolor 2200-2400
WHITE-COLLARED Turdus albocinctus 2300-2800 BLACKBIRD
GREY-WINGED BLACKBIRD Turdus boulboul 2100-2600
CHESTNUT THRUSH Turdus rubrocanus 1200-2600
DARK-THROATED THRUSH Turdus ruficollis 1800-2200
MISSLE THRUSH Turdus viscivorus 1900-2400
Muscicapidae DARK-SIDED FLYCATCHER Muscicapa sibirica 1800-2300
ASIAN BROWN FLYCATCHER Muscicapa dauurica 900-1800
RUSTY-TAILED FLYCATCHER Muscicapa ruficauda 2500
SLATY-BACKED Ficedula hodgsonii 900 FLYCATCHER
RUFOUS-GORGETED Ficedula strophiata 1800-2100 FLYCATCHER
RED-THROATED Ficedula parva FLYCATCHER
SNOWY-BROWED Ficedula hyperythra 1800-2400 FLYCATCHER
LITTLE PIED FLYCATCHER Ficedula westermanni 1800-2000
ULTRAMARINE FLYCATCHER Ficedula superciliaris 1800-2600
BLUE-THROATED BLUE Cyornis rubeculoides 1800-2100 FLYCATCHER
SLATY-BLUE FLYCATCHER Ficedula tricolor 1800-3000
VERDITER FLYCATCHER Eumyias thalassina 1800-2500
SMALL NILTAVA Niltava macgrigoriae 2100-2300
RUFOUS-BELLIED NILTAVA Niltava sundara 1800-2400
GREY-HEADED CANARY Culicicapa ceylonensis 1700-2400 FLYCATCHER
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FAMILIES COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME ALTITUDE (m)
SIBERIAN RUBYTHROAT Luscinia calliope 1500
WHITE-TAILED RUBYTHROAT Luscinia pectoralis 2700-4000
INDIAN BLUE ROBIN Luscinia brunnea 2100-2300
ORANGE-FLANKED BUSH Tarsiger cyanurus 2000-2400 ROBIN
GOLDEN BUSH ROBIN Tarsiger chrysaeus 1200-1500
WHITE-BROWED BUSH ROBIN Tarsiger indicus 1800-2200
ORIENTAL MAGPIE ROBIN Copsychus saularis 900
RUFOUS-BACKED REDSTART Phoenicurus erythronota 2100-2800
BLACK REDSTART Phoenicurus ochruros 2400-4000
BLUE-CAPPED REDSTART Phoenicurus 1800-2300 coeruleocephalus
BLUE-FRONTED REDSTART Phoenicurus frontalis 1800-2200
WHITE-CAPPED WATER Chaimarrornis 1800-2500 REDSTART leucocephalus
PLUMBEOUS WATER Rhyacornis fuliginosus 2100-2600 REDSTART
WHITE-TAILED ROBIN Myiomela leucura 1200-2700
LITTLE FORKTAIL Enicurus scouleri 2100-2600
SLATY-BACKED FORKTAIL Enicurus schistaceus 300-1600
SPOTTED FORKTAIL Enicurus maculatus 1800-2300
PURPLE COCHOA Cochoa purpurea 1000-3000
COMMON STONECHAT Saxicola torquata 900
PIED BUSHCHAT Saxicola caprata 1800-2200
GREY BUSHCHAT Saxicola ferrea 1800-2400
DESERT WHEATEAR Oenanthe deserti 2100
Sturnidae SPOT-WINGED STARLING Saroglossa spiloptera 1000-2000
CHESTNUT-TAILED STARLING Sturnus malabaricus 1500-2000
BRAHMINY STARLING Sturnus pagodarum 1800-2200
COMMON MYNA Acridotheres tristis 1000-3000
BANK MYNA Acridotheres ginginianus 1800-2300
JUNGLE MYNA Acridotheres fuscus
32
FAMILIES COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME ALTITUDE (m)
HILL MYNA Gracula religiosa 1800-2000
Sittidae CHESTNUT-BELLIED Sitta castanea 2100-2600 NUTHATCH
WHITE-TAILED NUTHATCH Sitta himalayensis 1500-3000
VELVET-FRONTED Sitta frontalis 2600 NUTHATCH
WALLCREEPER Tichodroma muraria 1800-2400
Certhiidae EURASIAN TREECREEPER Certhia familiaris 1800-2600
BAR-TAILED TREECREEPER Certhia himalayana
RUSTY-FLANKED Certhia nipalensis 2100-2400 TREECREEPER
Troglodytidae WINTER WREN Troglodytes troglodytes 2100-2500
Remizidae FIRE-CAPPED TIT Cephalopyrus flammiceps 2200-2700
Paridae RUFOUS-NAPED TIT Parus rufonuchalis 2100-2400
RUFOUS-VENTED TIT Parus rubidiventris 2100-2700
SPOT-WINGED TIT Parus melanolophus 2200-2600
COAL TIT Parus ater 2200-2600
GREY-CRESTED TIT Parus dichrous 1800-2000
GREAT TIT Parus major 1800-2500
GREEN-BACKED TIT Parus monticolus 1800-2600
BLACK-LORED TIT Parus xanthogenys
YELLOW-BROWED TIT Sylviparus modestus 1800-2500
BLACK-THROATED TIT Aegithalos concinnus 2000-2600
WHITE-THROATED TIT Aegithalos niveogularis
Hirundinidae PLAIN MARTIN Riparia paludicola
EURASIAN CRAG MARTIN Hirundo rupestris 1800-2400
BARN SWALLOW Hirundo rustica 1000
RED-RUMPED SWALLOW Hirundo daurica
WIRE-TAILED SWALLOW Hirundo smithii 2100
NEPAL HOUSE MARTIN Delichon nipalensis 2300
ASIAN HOUSE MARTIN Delichon dasypus
Regulidae GOLDCREST Regulus regulus
33
FAMILIES COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME ALTITUDE (m)
Pycnonotidae BLACK-CRESTED BULBUL Pycnonotus melanicterus 1500-2400
RED-WHISKERED BULBUL Pycnonotus jocosus 1800-2600
HIMALAYAN BULBUL Pycnonotus leucogenys 1800-2000
RED-VENTED BULBUL Pycnonotus cafer 2300
ASHY BULBUL Hemixos flavala 2000
MOUNTAIN BULBUL Hypsipetes mcclellandii 1800-2500
BLACK BULBUL Hypsipetes leucocephalus 1000-2400
Cisticolidae BRIGHT-HEADED CISTICOLA Cisticola exilis 1800-2100
STRIATED PRINIA Prinia criniger
GREY-BREASTED PRINIA Prinia hodgsonii
JUNGLE PRINIA Prinia sylvatica 1000
ASHY PRINIA Prinia socialis
PLAIN PRINIA Prinia inornata 1800-2200
Zosteropidae ORIENTAL WHITE-EYE Zosterops palpebrosus 2300
Sylviidae CHESTNUT-HEADED TESIA Tesia castaneocoronata 1800-3300
BROWNISH-FLANKED BUSH Cettia fortipes 2100-2300 WARBLER
CHESTNUT-CROWNED BUSH Cettia major 1800-2200 WARBLER
YELLOWISH-BELLIED BUSH Cettia acanthizoides 2400 WARBLER
ABERRANT BUSH WARBLER Cettia flavolivacea 700-2700
GREY-SIDED BUSH WARBLER Cettia brunnifrons 2100-2300
SPOTTED BUSH WARBLER Bradypterus thoracicus 3000-4000
BLYTH’S REED WARBLER Acrocephalus dumetorum 2100
COMMON CHIFFCHAFF Phylloscopus collybita 2100
SMOKY WARBLER Phylloscopus fuligiventer 2100-2600
TICKELL’S LEAF WARBLER Phylloscopus affinis 2700
SULPHUR-BELLIED WARBLER Phylloscopus griseolus 2000-2200
BUFF-BARRED WARBLER Phylloscopus pulcher 1800-2200
ASHY-THROATED WARBLER Phylloscopus maculipennis 1200-1800
LEMON-RUMPED WARBLER Phylloscopus chloronotus 1800-2600
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FAMILIES COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME ALTITUDE (m)
HUME’S WARBLER Phylloscopus humei 2100-2400
LARGE-BILLED LEAF Phylloscopus magnirostris 2100-2300 WARBLER
GREENISH WARBLER Phylloscopus trochiloides 2000-2600
GREEN-CROWNED WARBLER Seicercus burkii 1800-2600
WESTERN CROWNED Phylloscopus occipitalis 1800-2400 WARBLER
BLYTH’S LEAF WARBLER Phylloscopus reguloides 1900-2400
WHISTLER’S WARBLER Seicercus whistleri
GREY-HOODED WARBLER Seicercus xanthoschistos 1900-2500
BLACK-FACED WARBLER Abroscopus schisticeps 1500-2500
LESSER WHITETHROAT Sylvia curruca 900
COMMON TAILORBIRD Orthotomus sutorius 1800
Timaliidae WHITE-THROATED Garrulax albogularis 1800-2600 LAUGHINGTHRUSH
STRIATED LAUGHINGTHRUSH Garrulax striatus 1800-2700
SPOTTED LAUGHINGTHRUSH Garrulax ocellatus
WHITE-CRESTED Garrulax leucolophus 2000 LAUGHINGTHRUSH
RUFOUS-CHINNED Garrulax rufogularis 600-1800 LAUGHINGTHRUSH
STREAKED Garrulax lineatus 1800-2500 LAUGHINGTHRUSH
VARIEGATED Garrulax variegatus 2200-2700 LAUGHINGTHRUSH
CHESTNUT-CROWNED Garrulax erythrocephalus 2300-2600 LAUGHINGTHRUSH
RUSTY-CHEEKED SCIMITAR Pomatorhinus 1800-2500 BABBLER erythrogenys
WHITE-BROWED SCIMITAR Pomatorhinus schisticeps 1500 BABBLER
STREAK-BREASTED SCIMITAR Pomatorhinus ruficollis 1800-2400 BABBLER
35
FAMILIES COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME ALTITUDE (m)
SCALY-BREASTED WREN Pnoepyga albiventer 1900-2400 BABBLER
BLACK-CHINNED BABBLER Stachyris pyrrhops 750-2400
JUNGLE BABBLER Turdoides striatus 1600
SILVER-EARED MESIA Leiothrix argentauris 2200
RED-BILLED LEIOTHRIX Leiothrix lutea 1000-2400
CUTIA Cutia nipalensis 1350-2500
WHITE-BROWED SHRIKE Pteruthius flaviscapis 2100-2400 BABBLER
GREEN SHRIKE BABBLER Pteruthius xanthochlorus 2000-2300
BLUE-WINGED SIVA Minla cyanouroptera 2100-2300
BAR-WINGED SIVA Minla strigula 2100-2500
WHITE-BROWED FULVETTA Alcippe vinipectus 2000-2500
RUFOUS SIBIA Heterophasia capistrata 1800-2600
WHISKERED YUHINA Yuhina flavicollis 1900-2700
STRIPE-THROATED YUHINA Yuhina gularis 2100-2600
BLACK-CHINNED YUHINA Yuhina nigrimenta 300-1800
WHITE-BELLIED YUHINA Yuhina zantholeuca 360-2250
BLACK-THROATED Paradoxornis nipalensi 2300 PARROTBILL
Alaudidae ASHY-CROWNED SPARROW Eremopterix grisea 2100 LARK
ORIENTAL SKYLARK Alauda gulgula
Dicaeidae THICK-BILLED Dicaeum agile 1000-3000 FLOWERPECKER
YELLOW-BELLIED Dicaeum melanoxanthum 2200 FLOWERPECKER
FIRE-BREASTED Dicaeum ignipectus 2100-2500 FLOWERPECKER
Nectariniidae PURPLE SUNBIRD Nectarinia asiatica 1200-1700
MRS GOULD’S SUNBIRD Aethopyga gouldiae 2100-2600
GREEN-TAILED SUNBIRD Aethopyga nipalensis 2000-2500
BLACK-THROATED SUNBIRD Aethopyga saturata 2100-2200
36
FAMILIES COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME ALTITUDE (m)
CRIMSON SUNBIRD Aethopyga siparaja 900
FIRE-TAILED SUNBIRD Aethopyga ignicauda 1800-2300
Passeridae HOUSE SPARROW Passer domesticus 1800-2000
RUSSET SPARROW Passer rutilans 2100
EURASIAN TREE SPARROW Passer montanus 1900-2200
CHESTNUT-SHOULDERED Petronia xanthocollis PETRONIA
Motacillidae WHITE WAGTAIL Motacilla alba 2300
WHITE-BROWED WAGTAIL Motacilla maderaspatensis
YELLOW WAGTAIL Motacilla flava
GREY WAGTAIL Motacilla cinerea 1800-2200
PADDYFIELD PIPIT Anthus rufulus
LONG-BILLED PIPIT Anthus similis
TREE PIPIT Anthus trivialis
OLIVE-BACKED PIPIT Anthus hodgsoni 1800-2300
ROSY PIPIT Anthus roseatus
UPLAND PIPIT Anthus sylvanus
Prunellidae ALTAI ACCENTOR Prunella himalayana
RUFOUS-BREASTED Prunella rubeculoides 1800-2400 ACCENTOR
BLACK-THROATED Prunella atrogularis ACCENTOR
Ploceidae BLACK-BREASTED WEAVER Ploceus benghalensis
STREAKED WEAVER Ploceus manyar
BAYA WEAVER Ploceus philippinus 1400
FINN’S WEAVER Ploceus megarhynchus
Estrildidae RED AVADAVAT Amandava amandava 1200
INDIAN SILVERBILL Lonchura malabarica 1200
WHITE-RUMPED MUNIA Lonchura striata 1500-2100
SCALY-BREASTED MUNIA Lonchura punctulata 2100
Fringillidae FIRE-FRONTED SERIN Serinus pusillus 2500
37
FAMILIES COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME ALTITUDE (m)
YELLOW-BREASTED Carduelis spinoides 2100-2500 GREENFINCH
EUROPEAN GOLDFINCH Carduelis carduelis 2500
PLAIN MOUNTAIN FINCH Leucosticte nemoricola 3600-4200
SPECTACLED FINCH Callacanthis burtoni 2500
DARK-BREASTED ROSEFINCH Carpodacus nipalensis 2000-2500
COMMON ROSEFINCH Carpodacus erythrinus 1800-2400
PINK-BROWED ROSEFINCH Carpodacus rodochrous 2100-2400
VINACEOUS ROSEFINCH Carpodacus vinaceus 2100-2300
SPOT-WINGED ROSEFINCH Carpodacus rodopeplus 2300-2500
SCARLET FINCH Haematospiza sipahi 1500-1700
BROWN BULLFINCH Pyrrhula nipalensis 2200-2500
RED-HEADED BULLFINCH Pyrrhula erythrocephala 2400-3600
BLACK-AND-YELLOW Mycerobas icterioides 2100-2700 GROSBEAK
COLLARED GROSBEAK Mycerobas affinis 2500
SPOT-WINGED GROSBEAK Mycerobas melanozanthos 2400
Emberizidae CRESTED BUNTING Melophus lathami 1700-1900
ROCK BUNTING Emberiza cia 1800-2300
WHITE-CAPPED BUNTING Emberiza stewarti 1500-3000
CHESTNUT-EARED BUNTING Emberiza fucata 2000-2400
Eurylaimidae LONG TAILED BROADBILLL Psarisomus dalhousiae 1200
38