Birds of Oak Forests in the Kumaon Himalaya, Uttar Pradesh, India

FORKTAIL 16 (2000): 131-146

Birds of oak forests in the Kumaon Himalaya, Uttar Pradesh, India

AISHA SULTANA and JAMAL A. KHAN

We surveyed 19 patches of oak forests in three districts of the Kumaon Himalaya to document the status of birds from April 1995 to July 1997. Totals of 203, 85 and 84 species of birds were recorded by using species richness counting, point counts and line transect methods respectively. Totals of 182, 81 and 162 bird species were recorded from Almora, Nainital and Pithoragarh districts respectively. These, together with records from other relevant published sources, have been combined to produce a checklist of 382 bird species for the Kumaon Himalaya. It is recommended that further surveys should be conducted in Almora and Nainital districts.

INTRODUCTION STUDY AREA

The oak forests in the Kumaon Himalaya, Uttar Pradesh The surveys were conducted in three districts i.e. have been studied in detail by plant ecologists (Saxena Almora, Nainital and Pithoragarh of the Kumaon and Singh 1982, Saxena et al. 1985, Singh and Singh Himalaya (28°43'55" and 30°30'12"N latitude and 1986). However, very little current information exists 78°44'30" and 80°45'E longitude). We covered 19 oak on major animal communities (e.g. avian, mammalian patches of different sizes during these surveys (Fig. 1) etc.) which inhabit oak forests in the Kumaon Himalaya. between an altitudinal range of 1,200 to 3,500 m (Table Therefore, we carried out extensive surveys in extant 1). The Kumaon Himalaya are mountainous and oak patches to document the status of birds from April divisible into subtropical (300 to 1,500 m), temperate 1995 to July 1997. (1,500 to 3,500 m) and alpine (>3,500 m) zones (Saxena

Figure 1. Location of sites covered during surveys in the Kumaon Himalaya (for site names, see Table 1) 132 AISHA SULTANA & JAMAL A. KHAN Forktail 16 (2000)

Table 1. Sites covered during bird surveys in the Kumaon from 07h00-08h30 in the morning and 16h00-17h30 Himalaya in the evening. Bird species were recorded within a radius of 20 m. This was followed by sampling of birds by line Site name Code Patch Altitudinal size range transect and species richness counting methods in the Naini Tal Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary. Six line transects, each 500 Kunjakharak 1 14.5 1900-2500 m in length and 500 m apart, were monitored from Vinayak 2 15.32 1900-2400 07h00-09h00 to census the birds. There were nine Mukteshwar 3 11.75 1500-2400 monitoring sessions of each transect. A total of 71 bird Gager 4 3.25 1700-2300 lists were compiled in Binsar using the species richness Maheshkhan 5 22 1900-2300 counting method. Each list consisted of only 20 Almora consecutive different bird species seen. No species was Jageshwer 6 21 1800-2300 included more than once on each list. This was followed Sitlakhet 7 11.25 1700-2200 by the sampling of the bird communities in five oak Pandavkholi 8 13.23 1800-2500 patches of the Askot Wildlife Sanctuary, using the species Ranikhet 9 3 1880-2100 richness counting method, and a total of 54 bird lists Sundardunga 10 25.75 2500-3500 Pindari 11 21.5 2500-3500 were compiled. Lahur 12 49.5 2100-3000 During surveys in the pre-monsoon season of 1997, Binsar 13 11.25 1600-2500 birds were sampled by monitoring of 121 points and by Pithoragarh compiling 110 lists in different localities of the Kumaon Dhaphiadhura 14 34.36 1200-2500 Himalaya. The points were established randomly at each Majhtham 15 25 1300-3200 site and monitored for 20 minutes only as more than Duku 16 52 1290-2700 one point was monitored per day. Birds were counted Sobala 17 28.12 1900-3500 within a fixed radius of 20 m. The points were separated Munsiyari 18 30.5 2300-3000 by a minimum distance of at least 100 m. At each point, Mechh 19 23.25 1800-2200 data were collected on the following parameters: 1. Bird species et al. 1985). The vegetation in the Kumaon Himalaya is 2. Group size, sex (if identifiable) predominantly forest, and mostly belongs to moist 3. Radial distance and vertical distance temperate type (Champion and Seth 1968). There are 4. Activity five main forest types found in the whole of the Kumaon 5. Tree species Himalaya. These are sal forests (found up 1,200 m), pine forests (1,200-2,400 m), oak forests (1,300-3,200 6. Portion of the tree which was used by bird (upper m), mixed broadleaf forest (foothills to 3,300 m) and canopy, middle canopy, lower canopy, stem) and Betula utilis forest (3,200-3,500 m). The major tree ground species found in different sites included Quercus leucotrichophora, Q. lanata, Q. floribunda, Q. semecarpifolia, Data analysis Tsuga dumosa and Rhododendron arboreum, in association The total number of species for each site was calculated with Viburnum species, Myrica esculenta, Alnus by adding the number of different species cumulatively nepaulensis, Swida oblonga, Lyonia ovalifolia, Persea duthieii from either point counts or from different lists compiled and Lindera pulcherrima. The dominant shrub species in the area. All bird records from point counts, line were Myrsine africana, Arundinaria species, Berberis transect monitoring and species lists were pooled aristata, Rubus species, Daphnae species, Mahonia together to prepare a combined checklist for all surveyed nepaulensis and Pyracantha species. sites. All individual sightings of birds were pooled for each locality and bird species were ranked according to following abundance categories: METHODOLOGY 1 = rare (0-5 sightings) Sampling of birds 2 = common (6-25 sightings) 3 = abundant (26-50 sightings) The sampling of bird communities was initiated in 4 = very abundant (>50 sightings) Ranikhet region in the pre-monsoon season of 1995, followed by a survey and intensive study in the Binsar The species abundance scores for each site were Wildlife Sanctuary in Almora district in the pre- summed together to calculate mean rank abundance monsoon season of 1996. During the post-monsoon score for a species reflecting its overall abundance for season of 1996, surveys were carried out in the Askot the Kumaon Himalaya. The values of mean rank Wildlife Sanctuary in Pithoragarh district, and these abundance varied between 0 to 2.5. The total number were followed by surveys in the whole of the Kumaon of bird species were also classified according to their Himalaya during the pre-monsoon season of 1997. feeding guild and status following Ali and Ripley (1987), The species richness counting method (MacKinnon using the guild classification suggested by Karr (1971). and Phillipps 1993), point count method (Bibby et al. 1992) and line transect method (Emlen 1971) were used for sampling birds in oak patches. The study was initiated RESULTS in Ranikhet where 21 points were established in oak forest. The points were randomly established, with a Table 2 provides the number of bird species sampled minimum interval of 100-150 m and were monitored by different methods. A total of 203, 85 and 84 species Forktail 16 (2000) Birds of oak forests in the Kumaon Himalaya, Uttar Pradesh, India 133

Table 2. The number of species recorded at different sites in the Table 3 provides the classification of 197 bird species Kumaon Himalaya by different sampling methods according to their feeding guilds. The highest number (58.6%) of birds belonged to the insectivorous guild Sites SRCM PC LT and the lowest number (2.4%) to the nectarivorous guild NNSNNSNNS Nainital in the bird community in the Kumaon Himalaya. At Kunjakharak 4 39 8 22 district level the contribution of insectivorous birds Vinayak 3 35 8 12 varied slightly and was highest in Almora district Mukteshwar 4 42 8 21 (65.3%) and lowest in Pithoragarh district (59.4%). The Gager 3 39 4 13 birds were also classified according to their status in the Maheshkhan 5 49 8 29 Kumaon Himalayas (Table 4). The contribution of Total 19 78 36 35 resident birds was maximum (81.7%) in the community and it varied very little between the three districts. Almora Jageshwer 11 70 9 34 Sitlakhet 5 57 4 21 DISCUSSION Pandavkholi 3 44 4 15 Ranikhet - - 78 62 Sundardunga 18 108 4 7 The Kumaon Himalaya have been explored relatively Pindari 8 73 12 22 poorly as far as bird communities are concerned. There Lahur 6 53 8 22 are about 55 published accounts of birds from the Binsar 71 154 - - 54 84 Kumaon Himalayas. The most important of these were Total 122 185 119 75 54 84 those by Hudson (1930), who documented 124 bird species occurring on seven hills around Nainital between Pithoragarh 6,000 and 8,500 ft; Briggs (1931), who documented 83 Dhaphiadhura 34 111 8 28 bird species in Ranikhet forest, and Tak (1995), who Majhtham 4 49 9 29 documented 127, 94 and 82 species of birds from Duku 9 86 6 16 Nainital, Almora and Pithoragarh districts respectively. Sobala 31 117 12 20 The present study covered the same area in Ranikhet, Munsiyari 5 58 4 14 as well as the same period of the year as that of Briggs Mechh 3 41 4 9 Total 86 160 43 40 (1931), who also observed the birds in the Cantonment forests lying between Chobatia and Dhobi Ghat Nullah Overall total 254 203 198 85 54 84 in Ranikhet. We have compared the birds recorded in the present study with that of Briggs (1931) for Ranikhet SRCM = Species richness counting method, PC = Point count, forest only. Out of 83 birds recorded in 1931 and 114 LT = Line transect, N = Number of bird lists, points or transects, NS = Number of bird species birds in 1995, there are 68 common species, 15 species are exclusive to 1931 and 46 species were recorded only in 1995. The exclusive birds in 1931 include the Golden Table 3. The bird species sampled in different districts of the Eagle Aquila chrysaetos, Collared Falconet Microhierax Kumaon Himalaya according to their feeding guild caerulescens, Velvet-fronted Nuthatch Sitta frontalis and Long-billed Vulture Gyps indicus. It is surprising that District I G F O C N many species found to be quite common in Ranikhet in Nainital 51 4 4 10 6 3 1995, such as Grey-headed Woodpecker Picus canus, Almora 110 15 11 25 19 5 Lesser Yellownape P. chlorolophus, and four leaf warblers Pithoragarh 103 9 10 19 15 4 Phylloscopus were not found at all by Briggs (1931). Overall total 119 18 14 28 19 5 Briggs made observations on birds for a period of 42 days only, and it is likely that he missed many species that we recorded in our sampling. We feel that more Table 4. Bird species according to their status in three districts of the Kumaon Himalaya work is required in the Kumaon Himalaya, especially in Nainital and Almora districts for a more comprehensive District R RM M V comparison of status of several species such as Cheer Nainital 65 10 3 - Pheasant Catreus wallichii and Himalayan Monal Almora 151 26 8 - Lophophorus impejanus. Pithoragarh 130 23 7 - One of the major objectives of our two years study Overall 166 27 10 - on the bird communities was to evaluate the different sampling methods. The line transect (Emlen 1971) and R = Resident, R/M = Resident/migratory, M = Migrant, V = Vagrant point count methods (Bibby et al. 1992) have been used very extensively to sample bird communities. We initially thought of using the line transect method in the Kumaon were sampled by compiling 254 bird lists, monitoring Himalaya, considering its robustness and ease in of 198 points and 54 line transects in three districts of computation. However, there were no previous studies the Kumaon Himalaya, respectively. A total of 197 providing an indication of the efficiency of the method species and other casual records of birds have been in sampling birds, except our own efforts in Ranikhet, combined to produce a comprehensive checklist of 222 where birds were sampled by using point counts as well bird species, along with information on altitude, status as the line transect method, in 1995. We compared the and mean abundance values of each species for the whole proportion of birds sampled on point counts as well as of the Kumaon Himalaya (Appendix). 134 AISHA SULTANA & JAMAL A. KHAN Forktail 16 (2000) on line transects with that of our checklist of birds of Champion, H. G. and Seth, S. K. (1968) A revised survey of the forest Ranikhet based on random searches. A maximum of types of India. Government of India publication, New Delhi. approximately 60% of birds was sampled by both Davis, D. (1946) Occurrence of the White-bellied or Snow Pigeon methods and there was no significant difference in the (Columba leuconota leuconota) at a low level in the Kumaon Himalaya. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 46: 184-185. [ = D] number of birds sampled by point and line transects Drijvers, R. (1995) Horned Grebe Podiceps auritus: a new species for (P>0.05). Carol Inskipp (pers. comm.) suggested the India. Forktail 10: 175- 176. [= Dr] use of the species richness counting method for further Emlen, J. T. (1971) Population densities of birds derived from transect surveys. This method emerged as the most efficient counts. Auk 88: 323-342. method of sampling bird populations based on the Field, F. (1922) Notes on the nesting of the Himalayan Tree Creeper number of bird species recorded per unit effort (Certhia himalayana). J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 28: 1138-1139. [= F] compared to point counts and line transect methods. Finn, F. (1899) (Exhibition of two living specimens of a new species Therefore, we recommend use of the species richness of Indian weaver-bird.) Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 1899: 77-78. [ = counting method for sampling the birds in general Fi] ornithological surveys in the Himalayas. Ganguli, U. (1966) Three weeks of birdwatching in Ranikhet in au- The unequal sampling of birds by different methods tumn. Newsletter for Birdwatchers 6(2): 3-6. [= G] at different sites does not allow any rigorous treatment Ghorpade, K. D. (1976) Bird notes on an entomological expedition of differences in species richness of each site. We believe to tthe Pindari glacier, Kumaon Himalaya. Newsletter for Birdwatchers 16(1): 2-9. [= Gh] a majority of sites such as Pindari in Almora and Gray, J. E. (1829) Pp. 29, 48 in C. Cuvier and E. Griffith, The animal Kunjakharak in Nainital still require intensive sampling kingdom, Aves 3. [Gray] of bird communities. Considering this, further surveys Gray, J. E. and Hardwicke, T. 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Aisha Sultana and Jamal A. Khan*, Conservation Ecology Research Group, Centre of Wildlife & Ornithology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202 002, India.

APPENDIX

Bird species recorded in Kumaon during surveys from 1995-1997 and by other authors

SPECIES Altitudinal Almora Nainital Pithoragarh range (m) Localities Other refs Localities Other refs Localities Other refs (1995-1997 surveys) CHUKAR 1800 I, S T&S Alectoris chukar Wacchum BLACK FRANCOLIN 1600-1800 3, 10 B, T, W H, I, K&S, 2 An, T, T&S Francolinus francolinus M, R, T HILL PARTRIDGE 2000-2400 3,,11, N 18 H, I, K&S, T, Y 2,5-7 Arborophila torqueola 12,14 HIMALAYAN QUAIL K&S Ophrysia superciliosa WESTERN TRAGOPAN Gray Tragopan melanocephalus SATYR TRAGOPAN 2800-3100 6 I Tragopan satyra KOKLASS PHEASANT 1800-2600 3,6,14 G&H, Gr, H, I, K&S, M, 2,8 Br, T Pucrasia macrolopha L, T, W T, Y, Yo HIMALAYAN MONAL 2600-3200 6 T, W I, T T Lophophorus impejanus RED JUNGLEFOWL T H, T Br, T Gallus gallus KALIJ PHEASANT 1800-2500 3,6,10-12, Ah, O, T, W 1,13, Ahm, H, I, K&S, 2-9 Br, T, T&S Lophura leucomelanos 14,15 16-18 Si, T, Y, Yo CHEER PHEASANT 2500 11 Ha, Il, W H, I, K&S, Catreus wallichii Ra, T, Yo 136 AISHA SULTANA & JAMAL A. KHAN Forktail 16 (2000)

SPECIES Altitudinal Almora Nainital Pithoragarh range (m) Localities Other refs Localities Other refs Localities Other refs

INDIAN PEAFOWL TT T Pavo cristatus MALLARD H, T Anas platyrhynchos SPECKLED PICULET 2200 G K&S 5 Picumnus innominatus GREY-CAPPED PYGMY WOODPECKER W K&S T Dendrocopos canicapillus BROWN-FRONTED WOODPECKER 1800-2200 3,,10, Br, G, T, W 16,17 H, K&S, 4-9 Dendrocopos auriceps 11,14 M, Sr, T FULVOUS-BREASTED WOODPECKER K&S Dendrocopos macei YELLOW-CROWNED WOODPECKER B, T K&S Dendrocopos mahrattensis RUFOUS-BELLIED WOODPECKER 2100-2700 3,6,11,15 G, W 1,13,16,17 Ah, Br, K&S, O 2-9 Dendrocopos hyperythrus HIMALAYAN WOODPECKER 1800-2100 3,6,10-12, Br, G, T, W 13,17 Ah, Br, H, I, 2-9 T Dendrocopos himalayensis 14,15 K&S, Si, Sr RUFOUS WOODPECKER K Celeus brachyurus LESSER YELLOWNAPE 1800-2200 3,19 G K&S Picus chlorolophus GREATER YELLOWNAPE 1700-2400 3,8 Ko, K&S 2,8 T&S, Whym Picus flavinucha STREAK-THROATED WOODPECKER O K&S T Picus xanthopygaeus SCALY-BELLIED WOODPECKER 1800-2400 3,10,11, G, T, W H, K&S, M, 2,8,7 Picus squamatus 14,19 Sr, T GREY-HEADED WOODPECKER 1800-2500 3,10-12, G, W 16-18 K&S 2,4,8-9 T Picus canus 14 BLACK-RUMPED FLAMEBACK T Dinopium benghalense GREATER FLAMEBACK W K&S Chrysocolaptes lucidus GREAT BARBET 1800-2600 3,6,10, B, G, T, W 1,16,18 Ah, H, I, K&S, 2,5,8,9 T&S Megalaima virens 11,19 Si, Sr, T, Y BROWN-HEADED BARBET MT Megalaima zeylanica LINEATED BARBET K&S Megalaima lineata BLUE-THROATED BARBET 2100 W K&S 4 Megalaima asiatica COPPERSMITH BARBET ST Megalaima haemacephala INDIAN GREY HORNBILL K&S Ocyceros birostris GREAT HORNBILL H Buceros bicornis COMMON HOOPOE 1800-2200 3,11,14 Br, T, W M, Si, Sr, T 8,9 T&S Upupa epops INDIAN ROLLER 800 Jauljivi T, T&S Coracias benghalensis DOLLARBIRD WSh Eurystomus orientalis COMMON KINGFISHER WH, M Alcedo atthis WHITE-THROATED KINGFISHER 1000 T H, M, Sr T&S Halcyon smyrnensis Salyani CRESTED KINGFISHER W H, I, T T, T&S Megaceryle lugubris PIED KINGFISHER 12300 M Ceryle rudis Bearsinghia BLUE-BEARDED BEE-EATER K&S Nyctyornis athertoni GREEN BEE-EATER M, S T Merops orientalis CHESTNUT-HEADED BEE-EATER 2100 Si 9 T&S Merops leschenaulti PIED CUCKOO Br, W Clamator jacobinus CHESTNUT-WINGED CUCKOO I Clamator coromandus Forktail 16 (2000) Birds of oak forests in the Kumaon Himalaya, Uttar Pradesh, India 137

SPECIES Altitudinal Almora Nainital Pithoragarh range (m) Localities Other refs Localities Other refs Localities Other refs

LARGE HAWK CUCKOO 2000-2500 3, 10, H, T, Y 2,7 Hierococcyx sparverioides 11,14 INDIAN CUCKOO 1900-2400 3,6,10,12 B, T, W 4,8 Cuculus micropterus EURASIAN CUCKOO 1800-2400 3,6,11,12 B, Br, T, W H, I, T 7 Cuculus canorus ORIENTAL CUCKOO B, T, W H, T Cuculus saturatus ASIAN KOEL Br, T Eudynamys scolopacea GREATER COUCAL I, S Centropus sinensis ALEXANDRINE PARAKEET K&S Psittacula eupatria ROSE-RINGED PARAKEET 900 M T Psittacula krameri Baram SLATY-HEADED PARAKEET 1800-2400 3,14 G, R, T, W 13 Ah, Br, H, K&S, 2-5,8 T, T&S Psittacula himalayana M, Sr, T PLUM-HEADED PARAKEET 1800-2200 3,10,14 T I, K&S, S, T T, T&S Psittacula cyanocephala RED-BREASTED PARAKEET 2300 13 Br, K&S Psittacula alexandri HIMALAYAN SWIFTLET T&S Collocalia brevirostris WHITE-THROATED NEEDLETAIL 2000-2600 6,11,14 ?Sr 4,5,9 Hirundapus caudacutus WHITE-RUMPED NEEDLETAIL 1800-2400 3,11,15,19 8,7 Zoonavena sylvatica ASIAN PALM SWIFT 2000-2500 3,6 8,7 Cypsiurus balasiensis ALPINE SWIFT 1900-2600 3,6,11 R, T H, K&S, Sr, T 5,8 Koe: Rathi Tachymarptis melba COMMON SWIFT 1800-2400 3 Apus apus FORK-TAILED SWIFT 1900 ?W Apus pacificus Salyani HOUSE SWIFT Br, R, T, W Br, H, K&S, T T&S Apus affinis MOUNTAIN SCOPS OWL B, G, T H, T Otus spilocephalus COLLARED SCOPS OWL 2000 Otus bakkamoena Salyani SPOT-BELLIED EAGLE OWL T&S Bubo nipalensis TAWNY FISH OWL Br Ketupa flavipes BROWN WOOD OWL 1800-2400 3 ?W H 2 Strix leptogrammica TAWNY OWL H, T Strix aluco COLLARED OWLET 1800-2500 3 R, T 16 H, K&S, Si, T, Y 2,8,9 Glaucidium brodiei ASIAN BARRED OWLET 2000 G H, K&S, M, T T&S Glaucidium cuculoides Salyani JUNGLE OWLET ?W K&S Glaucidium radiatum SPOTTED OWLET 900 Athene brama Baram BROWN HAWK OWL 2000 Ninox scutulata Salyani GREY NIGHTJAR 1600-2300 3,19 13 4-8,9 Caprimulgus indicus LARGE-TAILED NIGHTJAR 1700-2200 3 M Caprimulgus macrurus ROCK PIGEON 1200 Gh, W Didihat T, T&S Columba livia HILL PIGEON 2400-2700 10,11,12 Columba rupestris SNOW PIGEON 2000-2600 6 5,8 D, T&S Columba leuconota ORIENTAL TURTLE DOVE 1200-2500 3,6,10-12, G, T, W 1,13,16-18 H, K&S, M, 2-8,9 Br, T&S Streptopelia orientalis 14,19 Si, T 138 AISHA SULTANA & JAMAL A. KHAN Forktail 16 (2000)

SPECIES Altitudinal Almora Nainital Pithoragarh range (m) Localities Other refs Localities Other refs Localities Other refs

LAUGHING DOVE Br, O, T H, T Streptopelia senegalensis SPOTTED DOVE 1800-2000 10 G, T, W H, Sr, T 2 T, T&S Streptopelia chinensis EURASIAN COLLARED DOVE 1800-2400 3,10,15 T, W I 2 T, T&S Streptopelia decaocto EMERALD DOVE 900 Chalcophaps indica Baram YELLOW-FOOTED GREEN PIGEON H Treron phoenicoptera WEDGE-TAILED GREEN PIGEON 1800-2400 3,10 Br, T, W H, I, T 2,5,8 Treron sphenura WHITE-BREASTED WATERHEN S Amaurornis phoenicurus RUDDY-BREASTED CRAKE Har Porzana fusca COMMON MOORHEN M Gallinula chloropus COMMON COOT I Fulica atra EURASIAN WOODCOCK H, I, K&S, T Scolopax rusticola COMMON SNIPE 1800 3 Gallinago gallinago COMMON REDSHANK T&S Tringa totanus GREEN SANDPIPER H, I, T Tringa ochropus GREAT THICK-KNEE K&S Esacus recurvirostris IBISBILL K&S Ibidorhyncha stuthersii LONG-BILLED PLOVER K&S Charadrius placidus LITTLE RINGED PLOVER H, T Charadrius dubius RED-WATTLED LAPWING 1200 R, T M T Vanellus indicus Basarkhet SMALL PRATINCOLE K&S Glareola lactea WHISKERED TERN H, I, T Br Chlidonias hybridus OSPREY I Pandion haliaetus BLACK-SHOULDERED KITE S Elanus caeruleus BLACK KITE 1800 3 Br, G, O, T, W Br, H, I, M, T, T&S Milvus migrans Sr, T RED KITE N&D Milvus milvus BRAHMINY KITE H, T Haliastur indus LESSER FISH EAGLE H, T T Ichthyophaga humilis LAMMERGEIER 1800-3000 3,6,11,12 Br, G, I, N, 1,13,18 Br, H, I, K&S, 2-7 T, T&S Gypaetus barbatus T, W M, Si, T EGYPTIAN VULTURE Br, G, I, T H, I, K&S, M, T T&S Neophron percnopterus WHITE-RUMPED VULTURE G, O, T H, K&S, Sr, T Gyps bengalensis LONG-BILLED VULTURE O, T K&S T Gyps indicus HIMALAYAN GRIFFON 1800-3000 3,6,11,12, G, O, T 1,13,16,18 Ah, H, K&S, 2-9 T, T&S Gyps himalayensis 14,15,19 M, Sr, T EURASIAN GRIFFON K&S T Gyps fulvus RED-HEADED VULTURE 2000-2200 3 Br, G, O, T Br, H, I, K&S, 2,5,8 T Sarcogyps calvus M, T CINEREOUS VULTURE K&S Aegypius monachus CRESTED SERPENT EAGLE 1900-2500 3,6,11,12 T, W 1,13,18 K&S, T 2-7 T, T&S Spilornis cheela Forktail 16 (2000) Birds of oak forests in the Kumaon Himalaya, Uttar Pradesh, India 139

SPECIES Altitudinal Almora Nainital Pithoragarh range (m) Localities Other refs Localities Other refs Localities Other refs

PALLID HARRIER T&S Circus macrourus CRESTED GOSHAWK K&S Accipiter trivirgatus SHIKRA 2200 3 O, T Accipiter badius ?BESRA ?W Accipiter virgatus EURASIAN SPARROWHAWK 1600-2700 3,11,14 2-7 T&S Accipiter nisus NORTHERN GOSHAWK 1700-2400 3 8, 7 Accipiter gentilis WHITE-EYED BUZZARD Br Butastur teesa COMMON BUZZARD K&S Buteo buteo LONG-LEGGED BUZZARD H, K&S, T Buteo rufinus BLACK EAGLE 1800-2500 3,10,14 1,13 H, I, K&S, M, T 2,5,8 Ictinaetus malayensis STEPPE EAGLE G H, K&S, T Aquila nipalensis IMPERIAL EAGLE H, T Aquila heliaca GOLDEN EAGLE R, T K&S Aquila chrysaetos BONELLI’S EAGLE 2000-2300 3 Br 8 Hieraaetus fasciatus CHANGEABLE HAWK EAGLE 1700-1800 3 } G Br 5,8 Spizaetus cirrhatus MOUNTAIN HAWK EAGLE 2200-2400 3 } K&S 2 Spizaetus nipalensis COLLARED FALCONET R, T Br Microhierax caerulescens COMMON KESTREL 1800-2400 3,11,12, Br, G, O, T, W 1 H, T 2-7 T&S Falco tinnunculus 14,19 EURASIAN HOBBY 1800 10 ?W K&S, Sr Falco subbuteo LAGGAR FALCON H Falco jugger PEREGRINE FALCON K&S T Falco peregrinus LITTLE GREBE H, T Tachybaptus ruficollis ?GREAT CRESTED GREBE ?I Podiceps cristatus HORNED GREBE Dr Podiceps auritus INDIAN CORMORANT M Phalacrocorax fuscicollis GREAT CORMORANT H, T Phalacrocorax carbo CATTLE EGRET S Bubulcus ibis INDIAN POND HERON M, S Ardeola grayii BLACK STORK 1200 G Ciconia nigra Basarkhet ?ASIAN FAIRY BLUEBIRD M! Irena puella GOLDEN-FRONTED LEAFBIRD K&S Chloropsis aurifrons ORANGE-BELLIED LEAFBIRD 2300 W 4 Whym Chloropsis hardwickii BAY-BACKED SHRIKE Br Lanius vittatus LONG-TAILED SHRIKE Br, G, Gh M T, W Lanius schach GREY-BACKED SHRIKE 2100-2200 3,11,12 K&S 2,5,8 T&S Lanius tephronotus EURASIAN JAY 1800-2500 3,6,10-12, O, T, W 1,13,16-18 H, K&S, S, 2-9 Br Garrulus glandarius 14,15,19 Sr, T 140 AISHA SULTANA & JAMAL A. KHAN Forktail 16 (2000)

SPECIES Altitudinal Almora Nainital Pithoragarh range (m) Localities Other refs Localities Other refs Localities Other refs

BLACK-HEADED JAY 1800-2400 3,6,10-12, G, T, W 1,13,16-18 H, I, K&S, 2-7 Br, T Garrulus lanceolatus 14,15,19 Si, T YELLOW-BILLED BLUE MAGPIE 2100-2600 6,10-12,19 T, W M 2-7 Urocissa flavirostris RED-BILLEDBLUE MAGPIE 1800-2200 3,10,11, G, T, W 16 Ah, H, I, K&S, 2,5,8 T, T&S Urocissa erythrorhyncha 14,19 M, Sr, T COMMON GREEN MAGPIE Whym Cissa chinensis RUFOUS TREEPIE G Dendrocitta vagabunda GREY TREEPIE 1800-2300 3,10,11,14, W 18 K&S, M 2,5 T, T&S Dendrocitta formosae 15,19 SPOTTED NUTCRACKER K&S Nucifraga caryocatactes RED-BILLED CHOUGH T&S Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax YELLOW-BILLED CHOUGH 2600 11 T&S Pyrrhocorax graculus HOUSE CROW 1700-2000 3,12,14,15,19 B, T, W 1,13,16-18 Si, T 2,4,7,9 Br, T Corvus splendens LARGE-BILLED CROW 1800-2800 3,6,10-12, G, T, W 1,13,16-18 H, I, K&S, M, 2-9 Br, T, T&S Corvus macrorhynchos 14,15,19 Si, Sr, T, Y BLACK-NAPED ORIOLE 2200 3 Oriolus chinensis EURASIAN GOLDEN ORIOLE Br, R, T, W T&S Oriolus oriolus BLACK-HOODED ORIOLE S Oriolus xanthornus MAROON ORIOLE 1800-2400 3,11,15 K&S 2-9 Oriolus traillii BLACK-WINGED CUCKOOSHRIKE 2100-2400 3,6,11 W H, T 2,5-9 Coracina melaschistos LONG-TAILED MINIVET 1800-2300 3,6,10-12, G, W 1,13,17,18 H, K&S 2-7 Br, T Pericrocotus ethologus 14,,19 SHORT-BILLED MINIVET TRo, T Pericrocotus brevirostris SCARLET MINIVET 1800-2100 3,6,10-12, Si, Sr 2-8 Pericrocotus flammeus 14,19 BAR-WINGED FLYCATCHER-SHRIKE 2100 3,10 R, T K&S, M Hemipus picatus YELLOW-BELLIED FANTAIL 2100-2500 6,11,14, G, W H, K&S, T 2,5,8 Rhipidura hypoxantha 15,19 WHITE-THROATED FANTAIL 1800-2400 3,10 13,16 K&S, M, Si 4,8,7 T, T&S Rhipidura albicollis WHITE-BROWED FANTAIL T Rhipidura aureola BLACK DRONGO T H, Si, Sr, T T, T&S Dicrurus macrocercus ASHY DRONGO 1700-2600 3,6,10-12, G, T, W 1 H, T 2,5,8 Br Dicrurus leucophaeus 14,19 WHITE-BELLIED DRONGO K&S Dicrurus caerulescens BRONZED DRONGO 1700 3 K&S 2 Dicrurus aeneus LESSER RACKET-TAILED DRONGO 1800 17 T Dicrurus remifer SPANGLED DRONGO 1800-2100 3,10,19 K&S 5,8 Dicrurus hottentottus ASIAN PARADISE-FLYCATCHER Br, W I T&S Terpsiphone paradisi BROWN DIPPER 2100-2500 6,11 W K&S 8 T Cinclus pallasii BLUE-CAPPED ROCK THRUSH 1800-2400 3,6 Br, T, W 1 Br, H, Sr, T 8 Monticola cinclorhynchus CHESTNUT-BELLIED ROCK THRUSH 2100-2500 3,11,12, Br, W 13 Br, H, K&S, T 2,5-7 Monticola rufiventris 14,15 BLUE ROCK THRUSH R, T, W H, K&S Monticola solitarius BLUE WHISTLING THRUSH 1800-2700 3,6,10-12, G, T, W 13,16-18 Ah, H, I, K&S, 2,5-7 Br, T, T&S Myophonus caeruleus 14,15,19 M, Si, Sr, T ?PIED THRUSH ?W Zoothera wardii Forktail 16 (2000) Birds of oak forests in the Kumaon Himalaya, Uttar Pradesh, India 141

SPECIES Altitudinal Almora Nainital Pithoragarh range (m) Localities Other refs Localities Other refs Localities Other refs

PLAIN-BACKED THRUSH K&S Zoothera mollissima LONG-TAILED THRUSH 2100-2300 3 K&S Zoothera dixoni SCALY THRUSH 2100-2400 3,6,11 R, T H, K&S, T 2-5,7 Zoothera dauma LONG-BILLED THRUSH ?W K&S Zoothera monticola TICKELL’S THRUSH 2200-2400 3,6,11, ?W 1,16 Br, S 5,8 Turdus unicolor 14,19 WHITE-COLLARED BLACKBIRD 2300-2800 6,11 13 Ah, H, K&S, 7 Turdus albocinctus Sr, T GREY-WINGED BLACKBIRD 2100-2600 3,6,10,11, Br, G, T, W 16-18 H, I, K&S, 2,5-7 T Turdus boulboul 14,19 M, S, T CHESTNUT THRUSH H, K&S, S, T Turdus rubrocanus DARK-THROATED THRUSH 1800-2200 3,10,11, W 16,18 H, K&S, T 5,8,9 Turdus ruficollis 14,19 MISTLE THRUSH 1900-2400 3,6,10-12, T 13,16,18 H, I, K&S, T 2,5-7 Turdus viscivorus 14,15 DARK-SIDED FLYCATCHER 1800-2300 3,6,10-12,19 M 2,8,7 Muscicapa sibirica ASIAN BROWN FLYCATCHER O, T H, T Muscicapa dauurica RUSTY-TAILED FLYCATCHER 2500 K&S, Si Muscicapa ruficauda Wacchum SLATY-BACKED FLYCATCHER 900 Ficedula hodgsonii RUFOUS-GORGETED FLYCATCHER 1800-2100 3,6,10,11 G 18 K&S 2,8,7 Ficedula strophiata RED-THROATED FLYCATCHER K&S Ficedula parva SNOWY-BROWED FLYCATCHER K&S Ficedula hyperythra Baram LITTLE PIED FLYCATCHER 1800-2000 3,10 K&S 2,5 Ficedula westermanni ULTRAMARINE FLYCATCHER 1800-2600 3,6,10-12, Br, T, W Br, H, K&S, 2,5-7 Ficedula superciliaris 14,19 Si, Sr, T SLATY-BLUE FLYCATCHER R, T K&S T Ficedula tricolor VERDITER FLYCATCHER 1800-2500 3,6,10-12, T, W 16-18 Ah, H, I, K&S, 2-8,9 Br, T Eumyias thalassina 14,19 M, Si, Sr, T SMALL NILTAVA 2100-2300 3 18 K&S 2 T Niltava macgrigoriae RUFOUS-BELLIED NILTAVA 1800-2400 3,6,11,12,14, 13,18 H, K&S, Sr, T 2-9 T&S Niltava sundara 15,19 GREY-HEADED CANARY FLYCATCHER 1700-2400 3,6,10-12,14, Br, W 1,13,16-18 Br, H, K&S, 2-9 Culicicapa ceylonensis 15,19 Si, Sr, T SIBERIAN RUBYTHROAT K&S Luscinia calliope WHITE-TAILED RUBYTHROAT K&S T Luscinia pectoralis INDIAN BLUE ROBIN 2100-2300 Si 5,9 Luscinia brunnea ORANGE-FLANKED BUSH ROBIN 2000-2400 3,6,10,12, G 1,13,17,18 H, K&S, T 2,8 Tarsiger cyanurus 14,15 GOLDEN BUSH ROBIN K&S Tarsiger chrysaeus WHITE-BROWED BUSH ROBIN 1800-2200 3,11 2,5-7 Tarsiger indicus ORIENTAL MAGPIE ROBIN Baram 900 Br, R, T, W M Copsychus saularis RUFOUS-BACKED REDSTART K&S Phoenicurus erythronota BLACK REDSTART Gh Phoenicurus ochruros BLUE-CAPPED REDSTART 1800-2300 3,6 K&S 2-5 Phoenicurus coeruleocephalus BLUE-FRONTED REDSTART 1800-2200 3,6,10,15,19 13,17 H, K&S, T 2,8 Phoenicurus frontalis WHITE-CAPPED WATER REDSTART 1800-2500 3,6,11,14 R, T H, I, K&S, 2,5,8 T Chaimarrornis leucocephalus M, Si, T 142 AISHA SULTANA & JAMAL A. KHAN Forktail 16 (2000)

SPECIES Altitudinal Almora Nainital Pithoragarh range (m) Localities Other refs Localities Other refs Localities Other refs

PLUMBEOUS WATER REDSTART 2100-2600 6,11 T, W H, K&S, Si, T 8 T, T&S Rhyacornis fuliginosus LITTLE FORKTAIL 2100-2600 6 K&S 8 T&S Enicurus scouleri SLATY-BACKED FORKTAIL K&S T&S, Whym Enicurus schistaceus SPOTTED FORKTAIL 1800-2300 3,10,11,19 Br, R, T, W 18 Br, H, I, K&S, T 2,5,8 T, T&S Enicurus maculatus PURPLE COCHOA Br Br, M Whym Cochoa purpurea COMMON STONECHAT 900 T, W H, M, T Saxicola torquata Bageshwar PIED BUSHCHAT 1800-2200 3,11 T, W K&S, T 8 Br, T Saxicola caprata GREY BUSHCHAT 1800-2400 3,6,10-12, G, R, T, W 16,18 H, K&S, Si, 2,5-9 Br Saxicola ferrea 14,19 Sr, T DESERT WHEATEAR 2100 3 M Oenanthe deserti ?SPOT-WINGED STARLING ?W Saroglossa spiloptera CHESTNUT-TAILED STARLING Br, W Sturnus malabaricus BRAHMINY STARLING Br R Sturnus pagodarum COMMON MYNA 1800-2200 3,6,10,11,19 Br, G, T, W 1,16,18 Br, H, Sr, T 2-5,8 T, T&S Acridotheres tristis BANK MYNA M Acridotheres ginginianus JUNGLE MYNA 1800-2300 3 Br, R, T Br, K&S 9 T Acridotheres fuscus HILL MYNA I Gracula religiosa CHESTNUT-BELLIED NUTHATCH 1800-2000 3,10 G, K&W, W K&S, M Sitta castanea WHITE-TAILED NUTHATCH 2100-2600 3,11,12, Br, W 1,13,16-18 Br, H, K&S, 2-9 Sitta himalayensis 14,15 Si, Sr, T VELVET-FRONTED NUTHATCH B, T, W M Sitta frontalis WALLCREEPER 2600 19 G K&S 8 T Tichodroma muraria EURASIAN TREECREEPER 1800-2400 3 13,16 Ah 2,8,7 Certhia familiaris BAR-TAILED TREECREEPER 1800-2600 3,10,11,12, Br, F, G, T, W 1,13,16-18 Br, H, I, K&S, 2-9 T Certhia himalayana 14,15,19 R, Si, Sr, T RUSTY-FLANKED TREECREEPER W Certhia nipalensis WINTER WREN 2100-2400 6,11 T 13 T 8 Troglodytes troglodytes FIRE-CAPPED TIT 2100-2500 3,6 2 Cephalopyrus flammiceps RUFOUS-NAPED TIT 2200-2700 3,6 M 2,8 T Parus rufonuchalis RUFOUS-VENTED TIT 2100-2400 6,11 K&S 2,5,8 Parus rubidiventris SPOT-WINGED TIT 2100-2700 3,6,10-12,14, W 1,13,16,18 H, Si, Sr, T 2-7 Br, T Parus melanolophus 15,19 ?COAL TIT 2200-2600 11 2,8 Parus ater GREY-CRESTED TIT 2200-2600 11 H 8,7 Parus dichrous GREAT TIT 1800-2000 3,10 Br, G, O, W M, T 2,5,8 Parus major GREEN-BACKED TIT 1800-2500 3,6,10-12, G, T, W 1,13,16-18 Ah, Br, H, K&S, 2-9 Parus monticolus 14,15,19 M, Si, Sr, T BLACK-LORED TIT 1800-2600 3,6,10,11, G, O, T 1,13,16,17 Ah, Br, H, K&S, 2,4,8,9 T Parus xanthogenys 15,19 M, Si, Sr YELLOW-BROWED TIT Br, G Br, K&S Sylviparus modestus BLACK-THROATED TIT 1800-2500 3,6,10-12, G, T, W 1,13,16-18 H, K&S, M, Si, 2-9 Br Aegithalos concinnus 14,15,19 Sr, T WHITE-THROATED TIT 2000-2600 3,14,15 1,16,18 H 2-8,9 Aegithalos niveogularis Forktail 16 (2000) Birds of oak forests in the Kumaon Himalaya, Uttar Pradesh, India 143

SPECIES Altitudinal Almora Nainital Pithoragarh range (m) Localities Other refs Localities Other refs Localities Other refs

PLAIN MARTIN K&S Riparia paludicola EURASIAN CRAG MARTIN K&S Hirundo rupestris BARN SWALLOW 1800-2400 3,6,11,15,19 Br 1,13,17,18 4,5 Hirundo rustica WIRE-TAILED SWALLOW 1000 W Br Hirundo smithii Baram RED-RUMPED SWALLOW B, Br, G, W Br Hirundo daurica NEPAL HOUSE MARTIN 2100 3 K&S Delichon nipalensis GOLDCREST 2300 13 K&S Regulus regulus BLACK-CRESTED BULBUL K&S Pycnonotus melanicterus RED-WHISKERED BULBUL M, Whi Pycnonotus jocosus HIMALAYAN BULBUL 1800-2600 3,6,10-12, Br, G, T, W H, K&S, M, Si, 2-9 T, T&S Pycnonotus leucogenys 14,15,19 Sr, T RED-VENTED BULBUL 1800-2000 3,11 Br, G, W H, M, Si, T 2,8 T, T&S Pycnonotus cafer ASHY BULBUL 2300 11 K&S Whym Hemixos flavala MOUNTAIN BULBUL 2000 H, K&S, T Hypsipetes mcclellandii Jilling BLACK BULBUL 1800-2500 3,6,10-12, G, T, W 1,13,16-18 Br, H, K&S, 2-8,9 Hypsipetes leucocephalus 14,15,19 M, T BRIGHT-HEADED CISTICOLA WSm Cisticola exilis STRIATED PRINIA 1800-2100 3 H, K&S, T 7 ?Br Prinia criniger GREY-BREASTED PRINIA K&S Prinia hodgsonii JUNGLE PRINIA K&S Prinia sylvatica ASHY PRINIA 1000 And Prinia socialis Baram PLAIN PRINIA K&S Prinia inornata ORIENTAL WHITE-EYE 1800-2200 3,10,11,12, Br, G, T, W 1,16-18 Br, H, K&S, 2,5,8 T Zosterops palpebrosus 14,19 M, Si, T CHESTNUT-HEADED TESIA 2300 K&S, T 8 Why Tesia castaneocoronata BROWNISH-FLANKED BUSH WARBLER K&S Cettia fortipes CHESTNUT-CROWNED BUSH WARBLER 2100-2300 3 K&S 8 Cettia major ABERRANT BUSH WARBLER 1800-2200 3,10 K&S 8 Cettia flavolivacea GREY-SIDED BUSH WARBLER K&S Cettia brunnifrons SPOTTED BUSH WARBLER 2100-2300 3,11 Bradypterus thoracicus BLYTH’S REED WARBLER Br Acrocephalus dumetorum COMMON CHIFFCHAFF Br Phylloscopus collybita SMOKY WARBLER K&S Phylloscopus fuligiventer TICKELL’S LEAF WARBLER 2100-2600 3,6,10,11,14 K&S, Si 2,8,7 Phylloscopus affinis SULPHUR-BELLIED WARBLER Br Phylloscopus griseolus BUFF-BARRED WARBLER 2000-2200 3 K&S 2,8 Phylloscopus pulcher ASHY-THROATED WARBLER 1800-2200 3,10,11 ?G 17 K&S 8,7 Phylloscopus maculipennis LEMON-RUMPED WARBLER G K&S Phylloscopus chloronotus HUME’S WARBLER 1800-2600 3,6,10-12, 1,13,16-18 Br, H, K&S, T 2,5-9 Phylloscopus humei 14,15,19 144 AISHA SULTANA & JAMAL A. KHAN Forktail 16 (2000)

SPECIES Altitudinal Almora Nainital Pithoragarh range (m) Localities Other refs Localities Other refs Localities Other refs

LARGE-BILLED LEAF WARBLER 2100-2400 3,12 13 2,8 Phylloscopus magnirostris GREENISH WARBLER 2100-2300 3,14 ?B, ?W H, T 2,5-7 Phylloscopus trochiloides WESTERN CROWNED WARBLER 2000-2600 3,6,10,19 ?W 18 H, T 5-7 Phylloscopus occipitalis BLYTH’S LEAF WARBLER 1800-2400 3,11,12,14 M 2,5,8 Phylloscopus reguloides GOLDEN-SPECTACLED/WHISTLER’S 1900-2400 3,6,10-12 K&S 2,5,7 WARBLER Seicercus burkii/whistleri GREY-HOODED WARBLER 1800-2600 3,6,10-12, Br, G, T, W 1,13,16-18 H, K&S, T 2,8-9 T Seicercus xanthoschistos 14,15,19 BLACK-FACED WARBLER 1900-2500 6,11 5,8 Abroscopus schisticeps WHITE-THROATED LAUGHINGTHRUSH 1800-2600 3,6,10-12, B, T, W 1,13,16-18 Ah, Br, H, I, 2-7 T Garrulax albogularis 14,15,19 K&S, T STRIATED LAUGHINGTHRUSH 1800-2700 3,6,11,12, 16,18 H, K&S, Sr, T 2,5,8 Garrulax striatus 14,19 WHITE-CRESTED LAUGHINGTHRUSH 2000 W H, I, K&S, T, V T, T&S Garrulax leucolophus Jilling RUFOUS-CHINNED LAUGHINGTHRUSH K&S Garrulax rufogularis STREAKED LAUGHINGTHRUSH 1800-2500 3,6,10-12, Br, G, T, W 13,16-18 Br, H, K&S, 2-9 T Garrulax lineatus 15,19 Si, Sr, T VARIEGATED LAUGHINGTHRUSH 2200-2700 3,11 ?W 13 8,7 Garrulax variegatus CHESTNUT-CROWNED LAUGHINGTHRUSH 2300-2600 3,6,11,19 Br 16 Br, H, K&S, T 2,8 Garrulax erythrocephalus RUSTY-CHEEKED SCIMITAR BABBLER 1800-2500 3,6,10,11 Br, G, O, T H, K&S, T 2-5,9 Pomatorhinus erythrogenys WHITE-BROWED SCIMITAR BABBLER Br Pomatorhinus schisticeps STREAK-BREASTED SCIMITAR BABBLER 1800-2400 3 ?W 8,7 Pomatorhinus ruficollis SCALY-BREASTED WREN BABBLER 1900-2400 3,6,11 K&S Pnoepyga albiventer BLACK-CHINNED BABBLER ?W K&S Stachyris pyrrhops JUNGLE BABBLER T Turdoides striatus SILVER-EARED MESIA 2200 3 Leiothrix argentauris RED-BILLED LEIOTHRIX H, K&S, T Leiothrix lutea CUTIA 2100-2400 3 2,8 Cutia nipalensis WHITE-BROWED SHRIKE BABBLER 2000-2300 3,19 1,17 H, K&S, T 2-8 Pteruthius flaviscapis GREEN SHRIKE BABBLER K&S Pteruthius xanthochlorus BLUE-WINGED MINLA 2100-2300 W 16,18 H, K&S, T 9 Minla cyanouroptera CHESTNUT-TAILED MINLA 2100-2500 3,6,11,12 1,18 T 2,5-7 Minla strigula WHITE-BROWED FULVETTA 2000-2500 6,11 2,5,8 Alcippe vinipectus RUFOUS SIBIA 1800-2600 3,6,10-12, B, G, T, W 1,13,17,18 H, K&S, Si, 2-9 T, T&S Heterophasia capistrata 14,15,19 Sr, T WHISKERED YUHINA 1900-2700 3,6,11,14 ?W 1,17,18 H, K&S 2-8 Yuhina flavicollis STRIPE-THROATED YUHINA 2100-2600 6 2,7 Yuhina gularis BLACK-CHINNED YUHINA K&S Why, Whym Yuhina nigrimenta BLACK-THROATED PARROTBILL 2300 5,8 Paradoxornis nipalensis LESSER WHITETHROAT 2100 3 Br Sylvia curruca ASHY-CROWNED SPARROW LARK K&S Eremopterix grisea ORIENTAL SKYLARK Br T Alauda gulgula Forktail 16 (2000) Birds of oak forests in the Kumaon Himalaya, Uttar Pradesh, India 145

SPECIES Altitudinal Almora Nainital Pithoragarh range (m) Localities Other refs Localities Other refs Localities Other refs

THICK-BILLED FLOWERPECKER K&S Dicaeum agile YELLOW-BELLIED FLOWERPECKER 2200 P Dicaeum melanoxanthum Wacchum FIRE-BREASTED FLOWERPECKER 2100-2500 3,11 K&S 4,5 Dicaeum ignipectus PURPLE SUNBIRD Br, T S, T T&S Nectarinia asiatica MRS GOULD’S SUNBIRD 2100-2600 14 ?W 5,8,9 Aethopyga gouldiae GREEN-TAILED SUNBIRD 2000-2500 3,6,10-12, G 1,16 H, K&S, T 2,5-7 Aethopyga nipalensis 14,15 BLACK-THROATED SUNBIRD 2100-2200 3,6,11,12, ?W 16,18 K&S 2,5-7 Aethopyga saturata 15,19 CRIMSON SUNBIRD 900 Aethopyga siparaja Baram FIRE-TAILED SUNBIRD 1800-2300 11,14 Aethopyga ignicauda HOUSE SPARROW 1800-2000 3,14,19 Br, T, W Br, H, M, Sr, T 2,8 T, T&S Passer domesticus RUSSET SPARROW 2100 3 G, T, W H, K&S, Sr, T T&S Passer rutilans EURASIAN TREE SPARROW 1900-2200 3,10,11, 13 2-9 T Passer montanus 14,19 CHESTNUT-SHOULDERED PETRONIA B, T Petronia xanthocollis WHITE WAGTAIL 2300 Gh H, M, Si, T T&S Motacilla alba Wacchum WHITE-BROWED WAGTAIL Gh!, W K&S Motacilla maderaspatensis YELLOW WAGTAIL MT Motacilla flava GREY WAGTAIL 1800-2200 3,10,11,12 W H, K&S, M, 2,8,9 T, T&S Motacilla cinerea Si, T PADDYFIELD PIPIT W K&S T Anthus rufulus LONG-BILLED PIPIT Br, Hu, W H, T Anthus similis TREE PIPIT ?W Br Anthus trivialis OLIVE-BACKED PIPIT 1800-2300 3,6,10, H, K&S, T 5 Anthus hodgsoni 11,14 ROSY PIPIT K&S Anthus roseatus UPLAND PIPIT W K&S Br, T&S Anthus sylvanus ALTAI ACCENTOR H, K&S Prunella himalayana RUFOUS-BREASTED ACCENTOR 1800-2400 G K&S Prunella rubeculoides BLACK-THROATED ACCENTOR K&S Prunella atrogularis BLACK-BREASTED WEAVER Am3 Ploceus benghalensis STREAKED WEAVER Am3 Ploceus manyar BAYA WEAVER Am2 Ploceus philippinus FINN’S WEAVER A, A&C, Al, Ploceus megarhynchus Am1, Fi, Hum RED AVADAVAT T&S Amandava amandava INDIAN SILVERBILL K&S Lonchura malabarica WHITE-RUMPED MUNIA W Lonchura striata SCALY-BREASTED MUNIA 2100 3 G, Gh, W K&S, M Lonchura punctulata FIRE-FRONTED SERIN 2500 6 K&S, Si Serinus pusillus YELLOW-BREASTED GREENFINCH 2100-2500 3,11,12,14, Br, G, T, W 13 Br, H, K&S, 2,8 T, T&S Carduelis spinoides 15,19 Si, Sr, T 146 AISHA SULTANA & JAMAL A. KHAN Forktail 16 (2000)

SPECIES Altitudinal Almora Nainital Pithoragarh range (m) Localities Other refs Localities Other refs Localities Other refs

EUROPEAN GOLDFINCH 2500 6 H, K&S, T Carduelis carduelis PLAIN MOUNTAIN FINCH K&S Leucosticte nemoricola SPECTACLED FINCH 2500 6 H, K&S, T Callacanthis burtoni DARK-BREASTED ROSEFINCH 2000-2500 N&L 17 K&S 2 Carpodacus nipalensis COMMON ROSEFINCH 1800-2400 3,10,14, Br, G, Gh, K&S, Si, T 2,8 T, T&S Carpodacus erythrinus 15,19 T, W PINK-BROWED ROSEFINCH 2100-2400 3,14 G 17 H, K&S, T Carpodacus rodochrous VINACEOUS ROSEFINCH 2100-2300 3,6,11,14 1 J, K&S 8,7 Carpodacus vinaceus SPOT-WINGED ROSEFINCH 2300-2500 6,11 Carpodacus rodopeplus SCARLET FINCH K&S, Rob Haematospiza sipahi BROWN BULLFINCH 2200-2500 6,11 K&S 8 Pyrrhula nipalensis RED-HEADED BULLFINCH ?W Pyrrhula erythrocephala BLACK-AND-YELLOW GROSBEAK 2100-2700 H, K&S, T 2,7 Mycerobas icterioides COLLARED GROSBEAK 2500 H, K&S 7 Mycerobas affinis SPOT-WINGED GROSBEAK 2400 6 H, K&S, T Mycerobas melanozanthos CRESTED BUNTING 1700-1900 3 W 5,8 Br Melophus lathami ROCK BUNTING 1800-2300 3,11,12 G, W 13 H, K&S, Si, T 8 Mo, T&S Emberiza cia WHITE-CAPPED BUNTING K&S Emberiza stewarti CHESTNUT-EARED BUNTING 2000-2400 3,6,11 K&S 2,5-7 Emberiza fucata

See Table 1 and Figure 1 for the names and locations of the localities See the references for an explanation of the codes in the ‘Other refs’ column