Index

Page numbers in italics refer to Figures. Page numbers in bold refer to Tables.

Aglar Thrust 113, 116 back-structures Almora Group 84 Lesser Himalaya study 111–113 Almora klippe 82–83, 83, 84 classification deformation history and structure 85 Group (1) 116–117 geological setting 83–85 Group (2) 117–119 study of fission track thermochronology Group (3) 119 method 96–97 Group (4) 119–120 results 97, 98, 99, 100 field work 115–116, 116 study of microfabric 85–86 summary 120 quartz c-axis fabrics 86–89 back-thrusts strain analysis 89, 91 defined 111 study of microstructure and deformation temperature importance of 111 89–90, 92, 94–95 Baijnath klippe 82–83 study results discussed 99, 103–104 Balakot Bagh Fault 53 summary 104 Bandal Granitoid 321 tectonic evolution model 102 Bangong–Nujiang Suture 252, 255 Almora Shear Zone (ASZ) 83 Bastar–Bhandara craton 254 Almora Thrust 114 Basul Thrust 113, 116 Almora–Askot–Dharamgarh gneiss 321 Berinag Formation 115, 117, 130, 212–213 Almora–Dadeldhura klippe 259 Berinag Thrust 113, 119 apatite fission track thermochronology Berinag–Tons Thrust 113 Almora klippe Bhainskati Formation 50 method 96–97 Bhapkund Formation 131–132 results 97, 98,99 Bhatwari Gneiss 321 Arunachal Himalaya geological setting 321–324 methods 68 methods of analysis 324–325 results 68–69 results thermal model 69–70 bulk rock geochemistry 325–329, 330 thermochronology v. tectonics and zircon U–Pb 329, 331–332 climate 70–72 results discussed 39Ar–40Ar dating magmatism and tectonics 333 advantages of 129–130 petrogenesis 333–336 method 138 summary 335, 336 results 138–139 Bhatwari Group 320, 321 results discussed 140 Bihar–Nepal earthquake 263 Aravalli craton 254 Bilaspur Thrust 50 Aravalli–Delhi fold belt 254, 255 biotite dehydration 149 Arunachal Himalaya 67–68, 299–301 Blaini Formation 118 apatite fission track age study Bomdila Granite Gneiss 321, 342, 343 methods 68 geological setting 343, 344, 345 results 68–69, 69 methods of analysis 345–346 thermal model 69–70 results thermochronology v. tectonics and petrography and mineral chemistry 346–351, 347, climate 70–72 348, 349, 350, 353 results discussed 72–76 whole-rock geochemistry 351, 354–355, 356, 357, summary 76 358–361, 362 Subansiri region metagranitoids zircon Hf 362–363, 368, 369 methods of analysis zircon U–Pb 362, 366, 367 geochemistry 303 results discussed zircon Hf 308 evolutionary processes 367, 369–370 zircon U–Pb 303, 308 field and petrographic evidence 363–365, 367 petrography 301 Lu–Hf evidence 372 results magma differentiation 370–372 geochemistry 302, 303, 308 role of Columbia supercontinent 372 zircon Hf 306, 307, 311 thermometry 370 zircon U–Pb 304, 305, 308, 309–310 summary 372–373 results discussed 311–316 Bomdila Group 342, 343 summary 316 Bome Thrust 66,67 Askot klippe 82–83 Bouguer gravity data 258 380 INDEX

Budhakedar Thrust 114 dykes Bundelkhand craton 254, 256, 258 geochemical significance 231–232 Bundelkhand–Aravalli Craton 343 Ladakh batholith dykes geochemical characterization Central Gneissic Complex 255 methods 234–235 Central Himalaya results 236–237 defined 41–42, 47 Haskin’s approach 237–238 earthquakes 52–53 hierarchical clustering and multidimensional seismotectonics 51–52 scaling 238–243 summary 56–57 isotopic evidence 247–248 tectonic framework 47 literature reports compared 243–247 foreland basin configuration 50 results discussed 248–249 Lesser Himalaya 49–50 summary 249 Main Central Thrust 47–49 Central Indian tectonic zone 254, 255 earthquake records 42, 45 Chail Gneiss 321 (1100) 55 Chamba Fault 44 (1255) 52, 55 Chamba nappe 49 (1344) 52, 56 Champawat Granitoid 84–85 (1505) 52, 55–56, 263 Chandpur Formation 113 (1555) 55 channel-flow mechanism 20, 41 (1803) 53 Chhotanagpur gneiss complex 254 (1833) 52–53 Chiplakot Crystalline Belt (CCB) (1934) 53 geological setting 212–213, 212 (1980) 262 lazulite study 211 Bihar–Nepal (1988) 263 geological setting 212–213, 212 giant 55–56 methods of analysis 213–214 Gorkha (2015) 7, 9, 12–13, 14, 53, 263 occurrence 213 Kangra (1905) 53, 55 results Kashmir (1885) 55 composition 214–215 Kashmir (2005) 53 fluid inclusions 215–220 Lesser Himalaya 114–115 microthermometry and Raman spectra 220–222 plate boundary, Central Himalaya 52–53 petrography 214 Sikkim (2011) 263 results discussed 222–227 wedge thrust, NW Himalaya 53, 55 summary 227 East Patna Fault 257 Chirpatiya gneiss 321 Eastern Ghats belt 254, 255 climate and exhumation in Arunachal Himalaya Eastern Himalayan segment 41–42, 74 thermochronology v. tectonics and climate 70–72, erosion see exhumation 72–76 Eurasian Plate 23 convergence and collision 252 exhumation history 65 convergence rate 42 see Arunachal Himalaya cooling ages see apatite fission track thermochronology Faizabad Ridge 254, 255, 259, 261, 263 Dadeldhura nappe 49 fault modelling, sandbox and centrifuge 264, 265, 266 Dadeldhura Thrust Sheet 46,49 faults and thrusts Darjeeling–Sikkim Granite Gneiss 321 Aglar Thrust 113, 116 Dauki Fault 257 Almora Thrust 114 Debguru Porphyroid 85 back-thrusts 114 Deccan Traps 254, 255 Balakot Bagh Fault 53 Dehradun Lineament 258 Basul Thrust 113, 116 Delhi–Haridwar Ridge (DHR) 115, 254, 255, Berinag Thrust 113, 119 258, 263 Bilaspur Thrust 50 Deoban Formation 113, 115 Bome Thrust 66,67 Deosari Syncline 113, 116 Budhakedar Thrust 114 Dhabri Fault 257 Chamba Fault 44 Dharasu Formation 114 Dadeldhura Thrust Sheet 46,49 Dharasu Thrust 114, 119 Dauki Fault 257 Dharkot Dislocation 144 Dhabri Fault 257 diamond production 256 Dharasu Thrust 114, 119 Dichli Dolomite 114 Dunda Thrust 114, 119 dravite 175–176 East Patna Fault 257 see also tourmaline fore-thrusts 111 Dumri Formation 50 Gangori–Jamak Fault 113 Dunda Thrust 114, 119 Garhwal Thrust 113 Dundwar range promontary 261 Gozha Fault 22 INDEX 381

Great Boundary Fault (GBF) 255, 257 Salt Range Thrust (SRT) 20, 21 Great Counter Thrust (GCT) 128, 320 South Almora Thrust (SAT) 82, 83, 84 Herat Fault 21 microfabric studies 86–89 High Himal Thrust (HHT) 149 microstructure and deformation temperature 93,95 High Himalayan Discontinuity (HHD) 147, 149 modelling evolution 99, 102, 103–104 Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT) 20, 21, 22, 41, 42, 43, South Dadeldhura Thrust (SDT) 83 45, 46, 300 Srinagar Thrust 113, 115 Indus Counter Thrust (ICT) 42 Talkot Thrust 46 Jhala Normal Fault 320 Tons Thrust (TT) 43, 82, 113, 117, 119 Jutogh Thrust 114 Uttarkashi Thrust 113, 114, 119 Kasun Thrust (KT) 82, 114 Vaikrita Thrust (VT) 81, 82, 99, 114, 129, 130, 319, 320 Kathu-ki-chail Thrust 113, 117 petrography and microstructural study Khairabad Fault 268 methods Kishangang Fault 257, 261 Ar–Ar dating 138–139, 139, 140 Krol Thrust 113 mineral chemistry 134 Lucknow Fault 257 biotite 134, 135, 136 Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) muscovite 134, 135 location maps 20, 21, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 66, 82, 84, sampling 132, 133 128, 253, 278, 320, 342 titanium geothermometry relation to Lesser Himalayan Sequence 22, 41, 50, biotite 136, 137, 137, 138 65, 66, 67, 81, 113, 130, 253, 254, 263, muscovite 136, 137–138, 137, 138 277, 279, 300, 341 results discussed 139–142 seismicity 263 summary 142–143, 142 Main Central Thrust (MCT) 20, 22, 41, 65, 68, 81, setting 130–132 113, 130, 147, 253, 259, 263, 277, 300, West Patna Fault 257 319, 341, Western Kunlun Shan Fault (WKSF) 20, 21 age 129 finite strain analysis 89 definition 129 fission track thermochronology lazulite study 211–212, 212 apatite location maps 20, 21, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 66, 82, 128, Almora klippe 131, 253, 320, 342 method 96–97 position in NW and Central Himalaya 47–49 results 97, 98,99 Tamor–Ghunsa transect 150 Arunachal Himalaya Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) 65, 67, 81, 130, 253, methods 68 261, 279 results 68–69 location maps 66, 128, 253, 255, 278, 320 thermal model 69–70 Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT) 7, 42, 65, 253, 253, thermochronology v. tectonics and climate 261, 263, 264 70–72 Main Karakoram Thrust (MKT) 20 zircon Main Mantle Thrust (MMT) 22, 278, 279 method 96–97 Medlicott Wadia Thrust (MWT) 44,50 results 97, 98,99 Munsiari Thrust (MT) 81, 82, 114, 119, 129, 130, 131, fluid inclusion studies 319, 320 lazulite 215–220 Nalupani Fault 114 fore-thrusts, defined 111 North Almora Thrust (NAT) 43, 82, 83, 84, 113, 114 microfabric studies 86–89 Galensiniak Formation 68 microstructure and deformation temperature 89–90, Ganga Basin 254, 255 92, 92, 93,94 Gangori–Jamak Fault 113 modelling evolution 99, 102, 103–104 Garhwal see Lesser Himalaya back-structure studies North Dadeldhura Thrust (NDT) 83 Garhwal Group 114, 320 Ramgarh Thrust (RT) 49, 82, 83, 84 Garhwal Lesser Himalaya 130 deformation history and structure 85 back-structure studies 111–113 fission track thermochronology field work 115–116, 116 method 95–96 genesis results 97, 98, 99, 100 Group (1) 116–117 geological setting 85 Group (2) 117–119 microfabric studies 85–86 Group (3) 119 quartz c-axis fabrics 86–89 Group (4) 119–120 strain analysis 89, 91 summary 120 microstructure and deformation temperature geological setting 113–114 93,95–96 deformation 114 modelling evolution 99, 102, 103–104 metamorphism 114 Ramgarh–Munsiari Thrust (RT) 41, 43, 46 seismicity 114–115 Reasi Thrust 50 Bhatwari Gneiss 321 Ropar–Manali Fault 47,50–51 geological setting 321–324 382 INDEX

Garhwal Lesser Himalaya (Continued) Hazara syntaxis 279 methods of analysis 324–325 Herat Fault 21 results High Himal Thrust (HHT) 149 bulk rock geochemistry 325–329, 330 High Himalayan Crystalline Sequence (HHCS) 147, 148, zircon U–Pb 329, 331–332 150, 319 results discussed partial melting study 149 magmatism and tectonics 333 methods petrogenesis 333–336 P–T pseudo-section 154, 155 summary 335, 336 petrology Garhwal thrust 113 cordierite migmatites 151–152, 153 Garu Formation 67 granitic orthogneiss 152, 153, 154 geochemistry sillimanite orthogneiss 152, 153 Mansehra granite U–Pb ages 154, 156, 158, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, methods 281 163, 165 results 282–283, 288 results discussed 158, 163–164, 166–169 Ladakh dykes summary 169 geological setting 232–234 High Himalayan Discontinuity (HHD) 147, 149 methods 234–235 Higher Himalaya 300 results 236–237 Higher Himalaya Crystallines (HHC) 21, 22, 41, 49, 65, Haskin’s approach 237–238 66, 67, 67–68, 81, 212 hierarchical clustering and multidimensional exhumation history 67 scaling 238–243 modelling emplacement 99, 102, 103–104 isotopic evidence 247–248 Himalaya–Karakorum–Tibet (HKT) system, defined 1 literature reports compared 243–247 Himalaya–Tibetan orogen 21 results discussed 248–249 Himalayan arc, segments 41 summary 249 Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT) 20, 21, 22, 41, 42, 43, 45, geothermometry, titanium 46, 300 methods 136–138 Himalayan Orogen 65, 81, 130, 149 results 136, 137, 138 along-strike variation 251–252 Ghuttu Gneiss 321 influence of basement faults 258–259 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) 7 lateral ramps and foreland evolution 260–261 Gondwana break-up 252 metamorphic core development 259–260 Gondwana Group 66,67 modelling of 264, 265, 266 Gorkha earthquake (2015) 7, 10, 11,12–13, 263 seismicity 263–264 Gozha Fault 22 summary of observations discussed 266–268 granites conceptual model 268–269, 268 Greater Himalaya zone 277, 278 Tibet graben 261–263 Mansehra granite 278–279 lithotectonic domains 252, 260 geological setting 279 tectonostratigraphic zones 277 methods of analysis Himalayan wedge 21–22, 22, 23 sampling 279–280 Hindu Kush, earthquake focus 19, 23 Sr–Nd isotopes 281 Hinge Zone 257 whole-rock geochemistry 281 Hyderabad GNSS station 8, 13, 15, 16 zircon Hf 282 zircon U–Pb 281–282 index minerals 211 results see also lazulite Sr–Nd isotopes 291, 291 India whole-rock geochemistry 282–283, 288 basement faults 256–257 zircon Hf 291–292 influence on Himalayan Orogen 258–259 zircon U–Pb 284 285, 286, 287, 288–290 conceptual model 268, 268–269 results discussed 292–296 lateral ramps and foreland evolution 260–261 summary 296 metamorphic core development 259–260 granitoids 299 modelling 264, 265, 266 gravity variation 23 summary of observations discussed 266–268 Great Boundary Fault (GBF) 255, 257 Tibet graben 261–263 Great Counter Thrust (GCT) 128, 320 influence on seismicity 263–264 Great Himalayan Crystalline Complex 320 basement features 254–256 Greater Himalayan Sequence (GHS) 128, 129, 130, 252, deep structure 258 259, 277, 300 lithotectonic units 254, 255 Gumalikhet Formation 84 Indian Plate, underthrusting/subduction 22, 23, 252 Gwalda Gneiss 321 Indian Tsangpo Suture (ITS) 20 Indian–Eurasian Plate collision 22, 41, 176 Hakale granite 279 Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) 20, 21,23 Hanuman Chatti Gneiss 321 Indo-Myanmar Ranges (IMR) 195 Harsora granites 342 Indus Counter Thrust (ICT) 42 INDEX 383

Indus Suture 177 results discussed 222–227 Indus–Tsangpo Suture Zone (ITSZ) 22, 23, 128, 176, 177, summary 227 277, 278, 320 Lesser Himalaya (LH) 21, 22, 277 Indus–Yarlung Zangbo Suture (IYZS) 253, 253, Garhwal back-structure studies 111–113 254, 255 field work 115–116, 116 International GNSS Service stations 8,9,13, 15, 16 genesis Intra-Greater Himalayan Crystalline Thrust 114 Group (1) 116–117 Iskere Gneiss 319 Group (2) 117–119 Group (3) 119 Jajarkot klippe 259 Group (4) 119–120 Jhala Normal Fault 320 summary 120 Joshimath Formation 131 geological setting 113–114 Jutogh Thrust 114 deformation 114 metamorphism 114 Kaimur Group 256 seismicity 114–115 Kalatkang Granite Gneiss 321 granites 277, 278 Karakoram Fault (KF) 19, 21, 22, 177, 255 Mansehra granite 278–279 Karsog granite 49 geological setting 279 Kashmir Basin 128 methods of analysis Kashmir nappe 49 sampling 279–280 Kasun Thrust (KT) 82, 114 Sr–Nd isotopes 281 Kathmandu Lineament 257 whole-rock geochemistry 281 Kathmandu nappe 49 zircon Hf 282 Kathmandu Valley, earthquakes 52 zircon U–Pb 281–282 Kathu-ki-chail Thrust 113, 117 results Khairabad Fault 268 Sr–Nd isotopes 291, 291 Khelong Formation 67 whole-rock geochemistry 282–283, 288 Khetabari Group 67 zircon Hf 291–292 kimberlite pipes 256 zircon U–Pb 284 285, 286, 287, Kimin Formation 300 288–290 Kishangang Fault 257, 261 results discussed 292–296 Kitab GNSS station 8, 13, 15, 16 summary 296 Kohistan Batholith 177 tectonic framework 49–50 Kohistan–Ladakh arc 22 Lesser Himalayan Belt 341 Kolkata Lineament 257 Lesser Himalayan Crystalline (LHC) Kot Syncline 113 klippen/nappe 83 Kotla Gneiss 319 Lesser Himalayan duplex 41, 46,49–50 Krol thrust 113 Lesser Himalayan Metasedimentary Sequence (LHMS) Kullu-Bajura Mylonitized Gneiss 321 81, 84, 212 Kunlun wedge 22 finite strain data 91 modelling evolution 99, 102, 103–104 Ladakh arc 21 Lesser Himalayan Sequence (LHS) 65, 66, 67, Ladakh Batholith 177, 231 128, 129, 130, 148, 252, 300, dykes study 319, 320 geochemical characterization Lhasa GNSS station 8, 13, 15, 16 methods 234–235 Lingtse Granite Gneiss 321 results 236–237 lithosphere Haskin’s approach 237–238 Rayleigh wave study hierarchical clustering and multidimensional method 23 scaling 238–243 data processing isotopic evidence 247–248 dispersion curve 23–24 literature reports compared 243–247 inversion for group velocity 24–27 results discussed 248–249 inversion for S-wave velocity 27–29 summary 249 results and discussion 29–36 geological setting 232–234 summary 36 Lansdown klippe 82–83 structure 22, 23 lazulite 211 low-velocity zone 20, 41 geological setting 212–213, 212 Lucknow Fault 257 methods of analysis 213–214 Lucknow GNSS station 8, 13, 15, 16 occurrence 213 Lucknow Lineament 257, 259, 260, 261 results composition 214–215 Mahakoshal Belt 343 fluid inclusions 215–220 Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) microthermometry and Raman spectra 220–222 location maps 20, 21, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 66, 82, 84, 128, petrography 214 253, 278, 320, 342 384 INDEX

Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) (Continued) results discussed 311–316 relation to Lesser Himalayan Sequence 22, 41, 50, 65, summary 316 66, 67, 81, 113, 130, 253, 254, 263, 277, mica dehydration 149 279, 300, 341 Mikir Hills 343 seismicity 263 modelling, sandbox and centrifuge 264, 265, 266 Main Central Thrust (MCT) 20, 22, 41, 65, 68, 81, 113, Moho 130, 147, 253, 259, 263, 277, 300, 319, 341, depth 22, 23 age 129 geometry, Rayleigh wave study 20, 21 definition 129 method 23 lazulite study 211–212, 212 data processing location maps 20, 21, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 66, 82, 128, dispersion curve 23–24 131, 253, 320, 342 inversion for group velocity 24–27 position in NW and Central Himalaya 47–49 inversion for S-wave velocity 27–29 Tamor–Ghunsa transect 150 results and discussion 29–36 Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) 65, 67, 81, 130, 253, 261, 279 summary 36 location maps 66, 128, 253, 255, 278, 320 monazite dating, HHCS 154, 156, 158, 158 Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT) 7, 42, 65, 253, 253, 261, monsoons and exhumation, Arunachal 263, 264 Himalaya 70–72 Main Karakoram Thrust (MKT) 20 Munger–Saharsa Ridge 254, 255, 258, 261, 263 Main Mantle Thrust (MMT) 22, 278, 279 Munsiari Formation 83, 130, 319, 321 Malari pluton 132 Munsiari Thrust (MT) 81, 82, 114, 119, 129, 130, 131, Mandhali Formation 113, 115 319, 320 Manipur Ophiolite Complex (MOC) 195 Murree Formation 50 geochemical study muscovite dehydration 149 methods 198–199 Mussoorie Syncline 113, 115, 116, 119 results 199 major and trace elements 200 Nagaon Lineament 115 REE 201, 203 Nahan Thrust 50 Sr and Nd isotopes 202, 202 Naitwar Gneiss 321 results discussed 199, 201–202, 204–207 Nalupani Fault 114 summary 206, 207 Namik Gneiss 321 geological setting 196 Nanga Parbat Haramosh syntaxis 268, 279 Mansehra granite 278–279 Natala Anticline 113 geological setting 279 Nathuakhan Formation 85 methods of analysis Nd–Sr isotope studies sampling 279–280 Ladakh dykes 247–248 Sr–Nd isotopes 281 Manipur Ophiolite Complex 202, 202 whole-rock geochemistry 281 Mansehra granite 281, 291, 291 zircon Hf 282 Neotethys Sea 176, 252 zircon U–Pb 281–282 Nerueadamar pluton 343 results North Almora Thrust (NAT) 43, 82, 83, 84, 113, 114 Sr–Nd isotopes 291, 291 microfabric studies 86–89 whole-rock geochemistry 282–283, 288 microstructure and deformation temperature 89–90, 92, zircon Hf 291–292 92, 93,94 zircon U–Pb 284 285, 286, 287, 288–290 modelling evolution 99, 102, 103–104 results discussed 292–296 North Dadeldhura Thrust (NDT) 83 summary 296 NW Himalaya Martoli Group 320 defined 47 maruyamaite 175–176 earthquakes 53, 55 Marwar Basin 254 seismotectonics 52 Mata Volcanics 114 summary 56 Mazar Tagh Fault 21,22 tectonic framework 47 Medlicott Wadia Thrust (MWT) 44,50 foreland basin configuration 50 Meghalaya Plateau 343 Lesser Himalaya 49–50 Menga Window (MW) 66,68 Main Central Thrust 47–49 metagranitoids, Subansiri Nyimaling granite 177 methods of analysis geochemistry 303 ophiolite complex, Manipur 195 zircon Hf 308 geochemical study zircon U–Pb 303, 308 methods 198–199 petrography 301 results 199 results major and trace elements 200 geochemistry 302, 303, 308 REE 201, 203 zircon Hf 306, 307, 311 Sr and Nd isotopes 202, 202 zircon U–Pb 304, 305, 308, 309–310 results discussed 199, 201–202, 204–207 INDEX 385

summary 206, 207 Salari Group 342 geological setting 196 Salkhala/Haimanta Formation 49 Salt Range Thrust (SRT) 20, 21 Palaeotethys Sea 252 sapphire mines (Kashmir) 211 Palampur Thrust 50 Saryu Formation 84 Pamir arc 21 Satpura Mobile Belt 254 Panjal Imbricate Zone (PIZ) 48 schorl see tourmaline Panjal Thrust (PT) 44,49 scorzalite 211 Panna diamond belt 256 Se La Group 68 Pari Formation 68 seismicity see earthquake records partial melting 23, 149 seismotectonics Peshawar Basin 128 Central Himalaya 51–52 Piddi Formation 68 NW Himalaya 52 Pingla Fault 257 Sela Group 342 Pokhara Lineament 257, 259, 261 Shaan Gneiss 319 Port Blair GNSS station 8, 13, 15, 16 Shillong Plateau Complex 254, 255 precipitation and exhumation, Arunachal Himalaya 70–72 Shyok Suture 177 Puga Formation 176, 178 Sikkim earthquake 263 Puga gneisses 176, 177, 178 Simla Lineament 258 Pujaragaon Syncline 114 Singhbhum craton 254 Pyramid Laboratory GNSS station 7, 8, 8,9,9, 10,12 Singuni Thrust 114, 119 Siwalik Group 50, 66, 67, 148, 252, 254, 277, 342 Qiangtang 22 Siwalik (Outer) Himalaya (SH) 22 quartz c-axis fabric analysis 86–89 Soan Thrust (ST) 44 quartz vein study, fluid inclusions 230 Son Narmada North Fault (SNNF) 255 Son-Narmada Fault Zone 257 Rajastan craton 258 South Almora Thrust (SAT) 82, 83, 84 Rajmahal Traps 255 microfabric studies 86–89 Raman spectroscopy 220–222 microstructure and deformation temperature 93,95 Rameshwar Granitoid 321 modelling evolution 99, 102, 103–104 Ramgarh Gneiss 321 South Dadeldhura Thrust (SDT) 83 Ramgarh Group 83, 320 South Tibet graben 261 Ramgarh Thrust (RT) 49, 82, 83, 84 South Tibetan Detachment (STD) 20, 22, 41, 253, deformation history and structure 85 254, 257 fission track thermochronology location maps 20, 21, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 253, 320, 342 method 95–96 South Tibetan Detachment (STD) System (STDS) 65, 66, results 97, 98, 99, 100 68, 81, 82, 128, 130, 147 geological setting 85 South Tibetan Detachment Zone 21 microfabric studies 85–86 Southern Tibet Detachment System 277 quartz c-axis fabrics 86–89 Sr–Nd isotope analysis strain analysis 89, 91 Mansehra granite 281, 291 microstructure and deformation temperature 93,95–96 Srinagar Thrust 113, 115 modelling evolution 99, 102, 103–104 statistical analysis Ramgarh–Munsiari Thrust (RT) 41, 43, 46 hierarchical clustering 238–243 rare earth element (REE) analysis multidimensional scaling 238–243 Ladakh dykes 234, 235, 236, 237–238, 238–243, results discussed 248–249 243–247 strain analysis 89 Manipur Ophiolite Complex 201, 203 Sub-Himalaya 21, 41, 67, 130, 148, 277, 300 Mansehra granite 282, 282, 283 Sub-Himalayan Belt 260–261 Rautgara Formation 89, 113, 115, 118 Sub-Himalayan Sequence 252 Rayleigh waves 20, 21 Sub-Himalayan Thrust System 46,81 study of lithosphere and Moho Subansiri metagranitoids method 23 methods of analysis data processing geochemistry 303 dispersion curve 23–24 zircon Hf 308 inversion for group velocity 24–27 zircon U–Pb 303, 308 inversion for S-wave velocity 27–29 petrography 301 results and discussion 29–36 results summary 36 geochemistry 302, 303, 308 Rb–Sr isotopes zircon Hf 306, 307, 311 Mansehra granite 291 zircon U–Pb 304, 305, 308, 309–310 Reasi Thrust 50 results discussed 311–316 Rihee-Ganga Gneiss 321 summary 316 Rongjeng granite gneiss 342 subduction-related processes Ropar–Manali Fault 47,50–51 Manipur Ophiolite Complex 201–202, 204–207 Rupshu granite 177 Sundernagar Basin 50, 51 386 INDEX

Suraithota Formation 131–132 literature reports compared 243–247 surface waves 20 results discussed 248–249 Sutlej Basin 128 summary 249 Mansehra granite 281, 282, 282 Taliha Formation 68 Tso Morari Crystalline Complex (TMCC) 176 Talkot Thrust 46 geological setting 176–178, 177 Tanawal Formation 279 tourmaline study Tanglang La Formation 177, 178 methods of analysis 178–179 Tarim Basin 20, 21,23 results Tarim Plate 23 classification 180–184, 182 Tashigong Crystallines 68 crystal chemistry 184–187 tectonic framework, NW and Central Himalaya 47 petrology 179–180 foreland basin configuration 50 results discussed 187–190 Lesser Himalaya 49–50 summary 190 Main Central Thrust 47–49 Tumiya pluton 343 Tehri Lineament 115 temperature measurements U–Pb ages, HHCS 154, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161 microstructure and deformation Urumqui GNSS station 8, 13, 15, 16 North Almora Thrust 89–90, 93,94 Uttarakhand, Garhwal Lesser Himalaya 130 Ramgarh Thrust 95–96, 96 back-structure studies 111–113 South Almora Thrust 93, 95, 96 field work 115–116, 116 Tethyan Himalayan Sequence (THS) 65, 67, 68, 81, 320 genesis modelling emplacement 99, 102, 103–104 Group (1) 116–117 Tethyan Ocean, closure 130 Group (2) 117–119 Tethyan Sedimentary Sequence (TSS) 22, 130, 138, 252 Group (3) 119 Tethys Himalaya 41, 148, 277 Group (4) 119–120 Thakkhola graben 259 summary 120 thermochronology geological setting 113–114 apatite fission track deformation 114 Almora klippe metamorphism 114 method 96–97 seismicity 114–115 results 97, 98,99 Uttarkashi Thrust 113, 114, 119 Arunachal Himalaya methods 68 Vaikrita Group 83, 320 results 68–69 Vaikrita Thrust (VT) 81, 82, 99, 114, 129, 130, thermal model 69–70 319, 320 thermochronologyv.tectonicsandclimate70–72 petrography and microstructural study zircon fission track methods method 96–97 Ar–Ar dating 138–139, 139, 140 results 97, 98,99 mineral chemistry 134 thermometry, fluid inclusion 220–222 biotite 134, 135, 136 Thimpu Group 68 muscovite 134, 135 thrust systems see faults and thrusts sampling 132, 133 Tianshuihai Terrane 22 titanium geothermometry Tibetan Plate 22, 252 biotite 136, 137, 137, 138 titanium geothermometry muscovite 136, 137–138, 137, 138 methods 136–138 results discussed 139–142 results 136, 137, 138 summary 142–143, 142 Tons Thrust (TT) 43, 82, 113, 117, 119 setting 130–132 tourmaline 175–176 Vindhyan Basin 254 TMMC study methods of analysis 178–179 Wangtu Gneissic Complex 114, 321 results West Dang transfer zone 261 classification 180–184, 182 West Patna Fault 257 crystal chemistry 184–187 western Himalayan syntax belt 21, 21 petrology 179–180 western Himalayan segment 41 results discussed 187–190 Western Kunlun Shan Fault (WKSF) 20, 21 summary 190 trace element analysis Yadong-Gulu graben 261, 262, 263 Ladakh dykes methods 234–235 Zanskar Shear Zone (ZSZ) 44 results 236–237 zircon dating, HHCS 154, 156, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, Haskin’s approach 237–238 163, 165 hierarchical clustering and multidimensional zircon fission track thermochronology scaling 238–243 method 96–97 isotopic evidence 247–248 results 97, 98,99