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Index Page numbers in italics refer to Figures. Page numbers in bold refer to Tables. Aglar Thrust 113, 116 back-structures Almora Group 84 Lesser Himalaya study 111–113 Almora klippe 82–83, 83, 84 classification deformation history and structure 85 Group (1) 116–117 geological setting 83–85 Group (2) 117–119 study of fission track thermochronology Group (3) 119 method 96–97 Group (4) 119–120 results 97, 98, 99, 100 field work 115–116, 116 study of microfabric 85–86 summary 120 quartz c-axis fabrics 86–89 back-thrusts strain analysis 89, 91 defined 111 study of microstructure and deformation temperature importance of 111 89–90, 92, 94–95 Baijnath klippe 82–83 study results discussed 99, 103–104 Balakot Bagh Fault 53 summary 104 Bandal Granitoid 321 tectonic evolution model 102 Bangong–Nujiang Suture 252, 255 Almora Shear Zone (ASZ) 83 Bastar–Bhandara craton 254 Almora Thrust 114 Basul Thrust 113, 116 Almora–Askot–Dharamgarh gneiss 321 Berinag Formation 115, 117, 130, 212–213 Almora–Dadeldhura klippe 259 Berinag Thrust 113, 119 apatite fission track thermochronology Berinag–Tons Thrust 113 Almora klippe Bhainskati Formation 50 method 96–97 Bhapkund Formation 131–132 results 97, 98,99 Bhatwari Gneiss 321 Arunachal Himalaya geological setting 321–324 methods 68 methods of analysis 324–325 results 68–69 results thermal model 69–70 bulk rock geochemistry 325–329, 330 thermochronology v. tectonics and zircon U–Pb 329, 331–332 climate 70–72 results discussed 39Ar–40Ar dating magmatism and tectonics 333 advantages of 129–130 petrogenesis 333–336 method 138 summary 335, 336 results 138–139 Bhatwari Group 320, 321 results discussed 140 Bihar–Nepal earthquake 263 Aravalli craton 254 Bilaspur Thrust 50 Aravalli–Delhi fold belt 254, 255 biotite dehydration 149 Arunachal Himalaya 67–68, 299–301 Blaini Formation 118 apatite fission track age study Bomdila Granite Gneiss 321, 342, 343 methods 68 geological setting 343, 344, 345 results 68–69, 69 methods of analysis 345–346 thermal model 69–70 results thermochronology v. tectonics and petrography and mineral chemistry 346–351, 347, climate 70–72 348, 349, 350, 353 results discussed 72–76 whole-rock geochemistry 351, 354–355, 356, 357, summary 76 358–361, 362 Subansiri region metagranitoids zircon Hf 362–363, 368, 369 methods of analysis zircon U–Pb 362, 366, 367 geochemistry 303 results discussed zircon Hf 308 evolutionary processes 367, 369–370 zircon U–Pb 303, 308 field and petrographic evidence 363–365, 367 petrography 301 Lu–Hf evidence 372 results magma differentiation 370–372 geochemistry 302, 303, 308 role of Columbia supercontinent 372 zircon Hf 306, 307, 311 thermometry 370 zircon U–Pb 304, 305, 308, 309–310 summary 372–373 results discussed 311–316 Bomdila Group 342, 343 summary 316 Bome Thrust 66,67 Askot klippe 82–83 Bouguer gravity data 258 380 INDEX Budhakedar Thrust 114 dykes Bundelkhand craton 254, 256, 258 geochemical significance 231–232 Bundelkhand–Aravalli Craton 343 Ladakh batholith dykes geochemical characterization Central Gneissic Complex 255 methods 234–235 Central Himalaya results 236–237 defined 41–42, 47 Haskin’s approach 237–238 earthquakes 52–53 hierarchical clustering and multidimensional seismotectonics 51–52 scaling 238–243 summary 56–57 isotopic evidence 247–248 tectonic framework 47 literature reports compared 243–247 foreland basin configuration 50 results discussed 248–249 Lesser Himalaya 49–50 summary 249 Main Central Thrust 47–49 Central Indian tectonic zone 254, 255 earthquake records 42, 45 Chail Gneiss 321 (1100) 55 Chamba Fault 44 (1255) 52, 55 Chamba nappe 49 (1344) 52, 56 Champawat Granitoid 84–85 (1505) 52, 55–56, 263 Chandpur Formation 113 (1555) 55 channel-flow mechanism 20, 41 (1803) 53 Chhotanagpur gneiss complex 254 (1833) 52–53 Chiplakot Crystalline Belt (CCB) (1934) 53 geological setting 212–213, 212 (1980) 262 lazulite study 211 Bihar–Nepal (1988) 263 geological setting 212–213, 212 giant 55–56 methods of analysis 213–214 Gorkha (2015) 7, 9, 12–13, 14, 53, 263 occurrence 213 Kangra (1905) 53, 55 results Kashmir (1885) 55 composition 214–215 Kashmir (2005) 53 fluid inclusions 215–220 Lesser Himalaya 114–115 microthermometry and Raman spectra 220–222 plate boundary, Central Himalaya 52–53 petrography 214 Sikkim (2011) 263 results discussed 222–227 wedge thrust, NW Himalaya 53, 55 summary 227 East Patna Fault 257 Chirpatiya gneiss 321 Eastern Ghats belt 254, 255 climate and exhumation in Arunachal Himalaya Eastern Himalayan segment 41–42, 74 thermochronology v. tectonics and climate 70–72, erosion see exhumation 72–76 Eurasian Plate 23 convergence and collision 252 exhumation history 65 convergence rate 42 see Arunachal Himalaya cooling ages see apatite fission track thermochronology Faizabad Ridge 254, 255, 259, 261, 263 Dadeldhura nappe 49 fault modelling, sandbox and centrifuge 264, 265, 266 Dadeldhura Thrust Sheet 46,49 faults and thrusts Darjeeling–Sikkim Granite Gneiss 321 Aglar Thrust 113, 116 Dauki Fault 257 Almora Thrust 114 Debguru Porphyroid 85 back-thrusts 114 Deccan Traps 254, 255 Balakot Bagh Fault 53 Dehradun Lineament 258 Basul Thrust 113, 116 Delhi–Haridwar Ridge (DHR) 115, 254, 255, Berinag Thrust 113, 119 258, 263 Bilaspur Thrust 50 Deoban Formation 113, 115 Bome Thrust 66,67 Deosari Syncline 113, 116 Budhakedar Thrust 114 Dhabri Fault 257 Chamba Fault 44 Dharasu Formation 114 Dadeldhura Thrust Sheet 46,49 Dharasu Thrust 114, 119 Dauki Fault 257 Dharkot Dislocation 144 Dhabri Fault 257 diamond production 256 Dharasu Thrust 114, 119 Dichli Dolomite 114 Dunda Thrust 114, 119 dravite 175–176 East Patna Fault 257 see also tourmaline fore-thrusts 111 Dumri Formation 50 Gangori–Jamak Fault 113 Dunda Thrust 114, 119 Garhwal Thrust 113 Dundwar range promontary 261 Gozha Fault 22 INDEX 381 Great Boundary Fault (GBF) 255, 257 Salt Range Thrust (SRT) 20, 21 Great Counter Thrust (GCT) 128, 320 South Almora Thrust (SAT) 82, 83, 84 Herat Fault 21 microfabric studies 86–89 High Himal Thrust (HHT) 149 microstructure and deformation temperature 93,95 High Himalayan Discontinuity (HHD) 147, 149 modelling evolution 99, 102, 103–104 Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT) 20, 21, 22, 41, 42, 43, South Dadeldhura Thrust (SDT) 83 45, 46, 300 Srinagar Thrust 113, 115 Indus Counter Thrust (ICT) 42 Talkot Thrust 46 Jhala Normal Fault 320 Tons Thrust (TT) 43, 82, 113, 117, 119 Jutogh Thrust 114 Uttarkashi Thrust 113, 114, 119 Kasun Thrust (KT) 82, 114 Vaikrita Thrust (VT) 81, 82, 99, 114, 129, 130, 319, 320 Kathu-ki-chail Thrust 113, 117 petrography and microstructural study Khairabad Fault 268 methods Kishangang Fault 257, 261 Ar–Ar dating 138–139, 139, 140 Krol Thrust 113 mineral chemistry 134 Lucknow Fault 257 biotite 134, 135, 136 Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) muscovite 134, 135 location maps 20, 21, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 66, 82, 84, sampling 132, 133 128, 253, 278, 320, 342 titanium geothermometry relation to Lesser Himalayan Sequence 22, 41, 50, biotite 136, 137, 137, 138 65, 66, 67, 81, 113, 130, 253, 254, 263, muscovite 136, 137–138, 137, 138 277, 279, 300, 341 results discussed 139–142 seismicity 263 summary 142–143, 142 Main Central Thrust (MCT) 20, 22, 41, 65, 68, 81, setting 130–132 113, 130, 147, 253, 259, 263, 277, 300, West Patna Fault 257 319, 341, Western Kunlun Shan Fault (WKSF) 20, 21 age 129 finite strain analysis 89 definition 129 fission track thermochronology lazulite study 211–212, 212 apatite location maps 20, 21, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 66, 82, 128, Almora klippe 131, 253, 320, 342 method 96–97 position in NW and Central Himalaya 47–49 results 97, 98,99 Tamor–Ghunsa transect 150 Arunachal Himalaya Main Frontal Thrust (MFT) 65, 67, 81, 130, 253, methods 68 261, 279 results 68–69 location maps 66, 128, 253, 255, 278, 320 thermal model 69–70 Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT) 7, 42, 65, 253, 253, thermochronology v. tectonics and climate 261, 263, 264 70–72 Main Karakoram Thrust (MKT) 20 zircon Main Mantle Thrust (MMT) 22, 278, 279 method 96–97 Medlicott Wadia Thrust (MWT) 44,50 results 97, 98,99 Munsiari Thrust (MT) 81, 82, 114, 119, 129, 130, 131, fluid inclusion studies 319, 320 lazulite 215–220 Nalupani Fault 114 fore-thrusts, defined 111 North Almora Thrust (NAT) 43, 82, 83, 84, 113, 114 microfabric studies 86–89 Galensiniak Formation 68 microstructure and deformation temperature 89–90, Ganga Basin 254, 255 92, 92, 93,94 Gangori–Jamak Fault 113 modelling evolution 99, 102, 103–104 Garhwal see Lesser Himalaya back-structure studies North Dadeldhura Thrust (NDT) 83 Garhwal Group 114, 320 Ramgarh Thrust (RT) 49, 82, 83, 84 Garhwal Lesser Himalaya 130 deformation history and structure 85 back-structure studies 111–113 fission track thermochronology field work 115–116, 116 method 95–96 genesis results 97, 98, 99, 100 Group (1) 116–117 geological setting 85 Group (2) 117–119 microfabric studies 85–86 Group (3) 119 quartz c-axis fabrics 86–89 Group (4) 119–120 strain analysis 89, 91 summary 120 microstructure and deformation temperature geological setting 113–114 93,95–96 deformation 114 modelling evolution 99, 102, 103–104 metamorphism 114 Ramgarh–Munsiari Thrust (RT) 41, 43, 46 seismicity 114–115 Reasi Thrust 50 Bhatwari Gneiss 321 Ropar–Manali Fault 47,50–51 geological setting 321–324 382 INDEX Garhwal Lesser Himalaya (Continued) Hazara syntaxis 279 methods of analysis 324–325 Herat Fault 21 results High Himal Thrust (HHT) 149 bulk rock geochemistry 325–329, 330 High Himalayan Crystalline Sequence (HHCS) 147, 148, zircon U–Pb 329, 331–332 150, 319 results discussed partial melting study 149 magmatism and tectonics 333 methods petrogenesis 333–336 P–T pseudo-section