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Princeton Diplomatic Invitational 2020

Project Azorian Chairs: Kris Hristov & Scott Overbey Crisis Director: Gabriel Peña

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CONTENTS

CONTENTS ...... 2 LETTERS FROM THE STAFF ...... 3 COMMITTEE DESCRIPTION ...... 5 24 hour format ...... 6 Committee Sessions 1&2 ...... 6 Committee Session 3 through 6 ...... 6 CURRENT STATUS ...... 7 A Brief Summary of Nuclear Weapons ...... 7 MAD About You: Nuclear Tactics ...... 9 Rocketmen: Delivery Systems ...... 11 The Red Banner Fleet: The Soviet Nuclear Navy ...... 12 K-129 ...... 13 Recovering a nuclear submarine: User’s Manual ...... 15 QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION ...... 16 CHARACTER LIST ...... 17 REFERENCES ...... 23

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LETTERS FROM THE STAFF

Dear Delegates,

Welcome to Project Azorian! My name is Kris Hristov and I will be chairing your committee. I speak Bulgarian, English and Russian and major at the Woodrow Wilson School of

International Relations and Public Policy. This is my third year on Princeton’s Model UN team and on PDI.

Outside of Model UN I write for the Daily Princetonian and I am president of the Princeton

Aviation Club. This past summer I conducted research on EU drug policy, illegal logging and far right activity readiness in Bulgaria at the Center for the Study for Democracy in Sofia. I plan to apply for the United States Foreign Service after graduating.

I’d be more than happy to answer any questions about this committee, I can be reached at [email protected].

Best of luck, Kris Hristov

Dear Delegates,

My name is Scott Overbey, and I’m a junior at Princeton in the Economics Department with certificates in Statistics/Machine Learning, Political Economy, and Urban Studies. I’m from

Cincinnati, OH, and I’m very proud of that (best city in the nation). Anyways, I’m extremely excited to be a co-chair for our longest committee at PDI, and I’m even more excited to meet all of you.

Ahead of that, I’ll share a little about me. Here at Princeton, I’m a Residential College

Advisor in Butler College, Captain of the Model UN Team, and a student research in Princeton’s

Eviction Lab where I study the causes and implications of evictions in the United States. This ties into my larger academic and professional focus of public policy, specifically policy related to housing

3 Top Secret // ORCON // JENNIFER Top Secret // ORCON // JENNIFER and urban development. I’ve spent my last two summers doing research on this, both in a legal context in Cincinnati and an academic context here at Princeton.

If you’d like to ask me any questions about committee or myself, feel free to reach out at [email protected] or 513-600-1580.

See you soon! Scott

Dear Delegates,

My name is Gabriel Peña and I’ll be your Crisis Director for Project Azorian. Here’s a few details about me. I’m from San Antonio, Texas and still getting adjusted to colder weather up here. I’m a prospective Woodrow Wilson School major and I’m pursing a certificate in Near

Eastern Studies.

Beyond academics I’m a member of the Model United Nations Team and

Princeton Army ROTC. I’m incredibly excited to be working at PDI and if you have any questions feel free to reach out via email.

Email: [email protected]

See you soon! Gabriel

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COMMITTEE DESCRIPTION

Welcome to 1971! The world is almost evenly split between the capitalist West and communist East. As Vietnam seems like an increasingly pointless war, the United States has lost prestige, trust, and influence abroad, emboldening the Soviets to build up their nuclear arsenal and influence globally. For Americans, the future is increasingly uncertain.

As a public front, this committee in part seeks to restore American leadership in conquering the last terrestrial frontier: the deep sea. We have gathered the best and brightest minds in American science, industry and high technology here for Project Azorian. As far as the public is concerned, you will evaluate the feasibility of undersea manganese nodule mining and further exploitation of the sea as a means to build a better life on land.

Reality is much more interesting. Four years ago, in 1968, four submarines mysteriously disappeared: one American, one Soviet, one French and one Israeli. The USS Scorpion and Soviet

K-129 both had nuclear warheads onboard. Through the use of a classified listening system, the

Navy was able to approximately locate and confirm the photograph the K-129 with several dives.

Given the recent nuclear buildup in the USSR, the President and National Security apparatus has deemed it a priority to recover a Soviet ballistic missile and submarine to evaluate its potential weaknesses.

This committee’s focus will be developing and deploying the technology to salvage K-129.

As a committee of “power players” in their respective fields, each delegate will wield substantial portfolio powers and connections by default. Due to the limited committee time and format, we will be operating on the following timeline.

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24 hour format

This committee will run from 5 PM February 28th to 12 PM on February 29th. It is recommended for more experienced delegates who have previously done crisis simulations.

Committee Sessions 1&2 5 PM – 1 AM

These two sessions will take place in 1971. This is to ensure some semblance of realism: salvage ships take a long time to build, research and development is an expensive and time- consuming business. All characters are factually in their respective roles in 1974. To maintain simplicity, assume that your character has their 1974 position and portfolio powers in 1971, which is when they will begin the buildup to Project Azorian.

Committee Session 3 through 6

There will be a time skip to July 1974, at 1:30 AM (the start of session 3), when the salvage operations were mobilizing. Your crisis notes and directives will take into effect in 1974. For example, if you contracted a ship in 1971 and financed it, it will be complete by 1974 with an initial shakedown cruise to evaluate performance and what needs to be fixed. By default, assume that your present position is held unless you have advanced or been denoted in committee. If you are AEC chairwoman in 1971, you will remain so in 1974, regardless if in reality you would have overstayed your term.

It is in your best interest to develop longer run, high payoff crisis arcs which come to fruition later in the night. Sessions 3-6 will be less structured, focusing on timed crises, more unmoderated caucuses and updates.

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CURRENT STATUS

The following information is highly classified. They are exclusively for your viewing and not to be distributed amongst your respective agencies. All information here represents the bleeding edge of nuclear war planning in 1971.

Useful terms:

ICBM - Inter Continental Ballistic Missile

SIOP- Single Integrated Operational Plan: The American nuclear war plan

Boomer- Ballistic Missile Submarine

Drive bus- Guide vehicle for nuclear warheads, usually with small rocket motors for high-

altitude use

A Brief Summary of Nuclear Weapons

Nuclear weapons were proposed across Europe in the 1930’s, as technology began to allow theoretical physics and elements to become real experiments. While World War II hampered

European developments for all powers, the American Manhattan Project brought nuclear arms into reality with the 1945 Trinity test1. Following the deployment of the two atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, no nation has used such a weapon in anger. Nevertheless, the US has developed increasingly more powerful and survivable nuclear weapons delivery systems.

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was close behind in 1945. Soviet spies informed

Joseph Stalin of the Manhattan Project before even President Truman knew of its existence. The

Soviet industry, ravaged by the Second World War and focused on rebuilding the country, still managed to produce the Pervaya Molniya (First Lightning) nuclear shot in 19492, making the USSR

1 “Trinity Test -1945.” 2 Bill Streiger and Irek Sabitov, “The Shock of ‘First Lightning’: An Intelligence Failure?” 7 Top Secret // ORCON // JENNIFER Top Secret // ORCON // JENNIFER the second nuclear power, a decade before American planners thought they could accomplish this.

Soviet nuclear arms buildup has rapidly increased in the past 15 years, with present day (1971) buildup projecting the Soviet nuclear stockpile to outnumber the US’s by the end of this decade.

The division of nuclear arms into types is highly contested by strategists. Presently, there are two major distinctions.

Tactical weapons are meant for use on the battlefield. They are usually designed to function against massed armor formations (as would likely be seen powering across in Central Europe in the opening phases of World War 3). These are lower in yield and tend to have many deployment methods: air dropped, landmines, artillery shells and short-medium range ballistic missiles (SRBM & MRBM) respectively. These weapons tend to release more radiation rather than heat to be able to damage tanks and armored personnel carriers, which are very survivable to a non-direct nuclear strike3. They are still nuclear warheads, just with a smaller blast radius.

Strategic nuclear weapons are weapons of annihilation, to be targeted at enemy industrial and population centers. These weapons are typically mounted on intercontinental ballistic missiles

(ICBMs), which are launched from ground-based silos, or on submarine-launched ballistic missiles

(SLBMs). They can also be air-dropped from strategic bombers such as the B-52 or Tu-95, but this is a less survivable delivery method given present day surface to air missiles (See Powers Incident)4.

3 US Army, “Nuclear Operations Field Manual.” 4 David Reade, “U-2 Spy Planes: What You Didn’t Know About Them!” 8 Top Secret // ORCON // JENNIFER Top Secret // ORCON // JENNIFER

The Atomic Trinity:

Nuclear triads are critical elements in ensuring weapons reach their targets. The triad consists of three main deployment systems: ballistic missile subs, strategic bombers and land-based ICBMs.5

The US, USSR and France are all believed to possess triads in 1971. It is commonly agreed that ballistic missiles from submarines are both the most survivable and most likely to have immediate launch readiness.

MAD about you: Nuclear tactics

Nuclear weapons hold extraordinary destructive power. Thus, the doctrine behind their deployment is extremely contentious. It is estimated and roughly modelled by computer simulation that nuclear war is impossible to completely win in the traditional sense. Given this, our think-tanks have modelled that optimal win conditions are eliminating as many enemy weapons as possible on the ground while simultaneously engaging and destroying as much of the enemy’s conventional forces, industrial capacity and potentially population centers as possible. The exact percentages of industrial capacity and population needed to force a surrender are classified.

The main doctrine of nuclear war is commonly referred to as mutually assured destruction

(MAD). Coined by the then Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, it is based on the theory of

Nash equilibrium6. The game is modelled by two players: the US and USSR and two conditions: launch, or do not launch.

5 “America’s Nuclear Triad.” 6 David Koepsell and Katerina Stankova, “Non-Proliferation Regimes, Immoral and Risky: A Game Theoretic Approach.” 9 Top Secret // ORCON // JENNIFER Top Secret // ORCON // JENNIFER

No Launch Launch

No Launch USSR Intact, USA Intact USSR Destroyed, USA Intact

Launch USSR Intact, USA Destroyed MAD

The Nash equilibrium is the no launch on both sides, this outcome is the best possible scenario for both sides and cannot be improved on. It is enforced by the fact that neither side can launch without triggering both immediate launches from ground sites and “second strike”, the launch of hidden missiles on submarines and concealed silos. Second strike is critical because it may allow for a country to lose critical infrastructure but still be able to hit back against an opponent.

Submarines play this role well since they’re constantly moving and hidden. A submarine in the

Pacific does not need Washington intact in order to launch weapons to obliterate Vladivostok, should the circumstances arise.

This Nash Equilibrium model has been criticized as being very simplistic. It does not take into account missile defense, massive networks of survival bunkers or the amount of missiles that reach their targets. However, since neither missile defense, nor protecting ones entire population is economically or technologically feasible in 1971 and each target will be saturated with more than one missile, we can assume that it functions in deterring nuclear war between the United States and the

Soviet Union.

Authors note: I use the word deter carefully. This document gives you a 1970s view of nuclear strategy. I personally disagree that deterrence works in all cases, but for this simulation assume that your characters believe in it.

I’m more than happy to discuss this outside of committee.

The exact targets that will receive nuclear strikes are determined in the 1971 US by the Single

Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP). SIOP details information such as targets, warheads per target and launch codes. The plan is written by the head of the Strategic Air Command, the Secretary of

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Defense and the President of the United States. It is classified, thus inaccessible to this committee.

However, it is safe to assume that it targets enough population and industrial centers to eliminate the warfighting capability of the USSR.

Rocketmen: Delivery Systems

Modern nuclear weapons consist of two portions. The first is a warhead mounted on a drive bus. The second is the missile itself, a large multi-stage rocket. Each typically consists of two stages and can be propelled through either solid or liquid fuels. Solid fueled missiles are preferable, especially for submarines as they do not require toxic propellants or energy intensive cryogenic cooling.

A missile is typically kept fueled and ready to launch in a matter of minutes. Once it receives coordinates, it takes off rapidly and ascends up to an altitude of over 2000 km (1200miles), well over the horizon on a ballistic trajectory. This means that the missile will not reach orbit, but fall back down to Earth. To fall onto its target, the missile uses inertial guidance system and adjusts itself relative to the stars in the sky. This makes it immune to any jamming or interference. By the time it is in orbit, all that is left of the missile is the drive bus and warhead. The rest of the missile has fallen away and burned up in the atmosphere. Once the missile is on its final trajectory, the drive bus breaks away, leaving just the heat-shielded warhead. The warhead re-enters Earth’s atmosphere at hypersonic speeds of 22,000–29,000 km/h(13,000–18,000 mph)7. This makes it virtually invulnerable in the final phase before it detonates over its target.

The only feasible defense against nuclear missiles is to detonate defensive nuclear weapons somewhere along the oncoming missile’s ballistic trajectory (preferably at a high enough altitude to

7 Defence Intelligence Ballistic Missile Analysis Committee, “Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat.” 11 Top Secret // ORCON // JENNIFER Top Secret // ORCON // JENNIFER not vaporize friendly cities). Modern firing computers can probably calculate this with some accuracy. However, since many missiles are launched, the benefit of this missile defense tactic is negligible against an enemy like the US or USSR, who both possess numerous missiles.

Shorter range missiles, launched from aircraft, trucks or silos fly in parabolic arcs and do not typically exit the atmosphere. Their guidance systems vary. Nuclear warheads can also be attached to unguided air dropped gravity bombs, artillery shells, landmines and torpedoes.

The Red Banner Fleet: The Soviet Nuclear Navy

The Soviet fleet is separated by a massive landmass, as such it has four major fleets to cover each flank. The Northern Fleet based in Murmansk, the Baltic Fleet based in Leningrad and Kaliningrad, the Black Sea Fleet based in Sevastopol and the Pacific Fleet based in Vladivostok. Numerous smaller bases also host vessels and Soviet ships are constantly on patrol. At any given time, the

Soviet naval ensign is in every ocean8.

The Soviet Navy operates under vastly different strategic considerations than the US Navy. The

USSR’s landmass provides most of its natural resources and trade routes, leaving few sea-lanes to protect in a World War Three scenario. While the Soviet naval vessels operate around the world,

Soviet strategists see the sea as another dimension to winning a land war in Europe. Thus naval power in peacetime only conducts diplomatic missions and long range exercises rather than power projection operations. Soviet naval drills are typically conducted close to home.

The Soviet surface navy is in the process of building itself up to be a direct rival to the United

States Navy. Current ship launch rate indicates that the Soviet Navy will potentially have fixed wing aircraft carriers to rival the USN’s by the end of the decade.

8 Central Intelligence Agency, “Intelligence Memorandum The Soviet Attack Submarine Force: Evolution and Operations.” 12 Top Secret // ORCON // JENNIFER Top Secret // ORCON // JENNIFER

The backbone of the Soviet fleet, however, is submarines. There are over 330 nuclear and non- nuclear submarines of varying class and purpose.9 CIA reports indicate that in some respects, Soviet nuclear submarines are surpassing their American equivalents. Soviet submarines exist in several capacities: nuclear missile launch platforms, land and sea attack submarines armed with non-nuclear cruise missiles, as well as submarine hunters. Soviet engineering excels in producing both missiles and torpedoes, both of which can be nuclear-tipped. Hence our interest in acquiring one of their submarines intact.

K-129

The K-129 is a Project 629A diesel electric powered ballistic missile submarine. The NATO reporting code for this class of submarine is Golf-II10. It was launched in 1960 and was based at

Rybachiy Naval Base on the Kamchatka Peninsula. It likely carries 3-5 nuclear tipped liquid fueled missiles. Their propellant is likely an extremely toxic hypergolic fuel mix. The cause of its sinking is debated, at present we believe it was due to the fuel reacting with leaking water and causing an explosion.

A detailed blueprint of the Golf II class submarine class provided by the Office of Naval

Intelligence (ONI)11.

9 Central Intelligence Agency. 10 Oleg Bukharin, “629A Golf II.” 11 “USSR Project 629 B39 Golf 1-Class SSB Submarine.” 13 Top Secret // ORCON // JENNIFER Top Secret // ORCON // JENNIFER

We are interested in K-129 for three main reasons. All of them require us to lift the entire submarine from the ocean floor for closer inspection

1. The nuclear tipped missiles and possibly torpedoes are the main item of interest as they can

give us exact technical details on the status of Soviet nuclear technology.

2. Cryptographic manuals and communications equipment which could be used to crack the

Soviet naval codes and eavesdrop on messages from Soviet naval command to assets across the

globe. This includes the submarine’s sail (the raised portion about a quarter of the sub’s length)

contains periscopes, sensors and other sensitive information gathering equipment.

3. The sub’s propeller. This specifically can indicate the level of acoustic dampening technology

available to the Soviet Navy. While K-129 is an older sub, commissioned in the early 60’s, we

can extrapolate from it how advanced present day Soviet designs are.

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Recovering a nuclear submarine: User’s manual

K-129 is located under an estimated 5000 meters (16,400 feet) of water. This places it well below the reach of any present day maritime salvage vessel. Considerable financial cost aside, several engineering and political problems need to be solved. The operation needs a ship large enough to hold it and stay steady on the ocean’s surface as the sub is being pulled up. Before this the submarine’s structural integrity and radiological contamination levels must be determined. A special system such as a recovery claw or magnet needs to be developed to actually make contact with and pick up the submarine. Lastly, Project Azorian is to be conducted in absolute secrecy, under the guise of commercial mining. Since the Soviet intelligence services are well embedded into American society, this operation must be kept hidden from the American public.

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QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION

1. What technology will be developed to salvage K-129?

2. How and will the operation be concealed from public scrutiny?

3. How will the operation be concealed from the Soviet Navy?

4. What roles will civil, intelligence and military organizations play in the salvage of K-129?

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CHARACTER LIST

CIA Director William Colby

A veteran of the Office of Strategic Services, Colby comes from old money and prestige. An alumni of Princeton, Colby has been involved in the CIA since its formation at the end of WW2. He played a crucial role in Italy during the 1950s with Operation Gladius, preventing the rise of Italian communist parties and facilitating elections. Later during the early stages of Vietnam, Colby helped develop counter insurgency tactics, including Vietnamization. Colby has established himself as an honest figure, distant from the White House and the Pentagon. His control over the premiere

American intelligence gathering service will be invaluable to the committee.

Secretary of State Henry Kissinger

Kissinger is one of the most well-known names in American foreign policy. A former refugee from

Germany, he has built a reputation on being adherent to Machiavellian realpolitik, causing controversy among the American establishment. Most recently, Kissinger has begun a policy of detente to ease relations with the USSR while reconciling with China and working to end the war in

Vietnam. Kissinger has been relatively secretive and is very close with President Nixon. He has many diplomatic back channels directly to foreign ministries, but is regarded with suspicion by the State

Department. His field of expertise is not in any way related to nuclear submarines and as such is treated with suspicion by Navy officers.

Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird

Secretary Laird served aboard the USS Maddox towards the end of WW2. He succeeded his father in the Wisconsin State Senate, then advanced to the House of Representatives and chaired the

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Republican Conference. Laird is a relative moderate, opposing McNamara’s Vietnam strategies and lack of accountability. Laird is well liked by the military, to whom he is delegating defense acquisitions decisions, decentralizing the Defense Department: allowing the military free reign over budgets. Laird’s main proposals include a more capital heavy military, with more nuclear forces and advanced technology while employing less troops. Laird is believed to have opposed the strategic bombing of Cambodia and North Vietnam, putting him at odds with the Air Force and Kissinger.

In Vietnam, Laird focused on the human side of the conflict, working to bring back American

POWs and repeal the draft.

Political Scientist Zbigniew Brzezinski

Brzezinski is a Polish-American diplomat, educated in Canada. He is among the strongest anti-Soviet voices in the US establishment, opposing both detente and the current spheres of influence in

Eastern Europe. Brzezinski has supported engaging Eastern European governments individually to counteract Soviet influence and power. Brezinski is also concerned about global economic inequality and supports industrialization and global free trade to build a better future. His connections within his native Poland and the wider Eastern Bloc may make him a critical ally in the negotiations with the Soviet leadership.

Pacific Fleet Admiral Maurice Weisner

Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet, Weisner is among the highest ranked admirals in the US

Navy. He is a by the book commander who believes the Soviet needs to be opposed ship for ship.

Weisner is distrustful of the costs of nuclear powered ships, particularly subs, but firmly believes the

Navy needs to recover K-129 for the purpose of understanding the Soviet level of submarine development. Weisner, as with the rest of the Navy’s officers, is distrustful of Howard Hughes and

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Rear Admiral (submarine commander) Frank D McMullen

McMullen is the submarine commander of the Pacific Fleet, in charge of the Navy’s subs, auxiliary submarine support ships and deep sea recovery vehicles. McMullen is a seasoned submariner with experience aboard nuclear powered and conventional attack and ballistic missile submarines.

McMullen considers the operation to be dangerous, but necessary for the US to understand their

Soviet counterparts. He has made a point of providing proper burial at sea for any Soviet sailors recovered. McMullen is good friends with Rickover and supports the development of better, safer nuclear submarines for the US arsenal.

ONI Director: Earl Rectanus

Rectanus began his career in the Second World War on a minesweeper in the Pacific. He has since risen through the ranks, visiting the USSR as a naval attaché and forming connections with Soviet naval staff. Rectanus holds some authority over the Navy’s training and emergency response. As chief of the Navy’s intelligence bureau, Rectanus was among the first informed about K-129 sinking.

Rectanus is wary of the CIA’s competence and prefers that the matter be handled entirely by the

Navy and away from the publicity associated with Howard Hughes and other civilian agencies.

Admiral Hyman G. Rickover

Rickover’s Navy career began in 1922, serving on various ships. After WW2 he became involved in the design and implementation of the Navy’s nuclear ship propulsion program, now known as the

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“Father of the Nuclear Navy”. Rickover has made a point of hiring only the best of the best in the nuclear submarine fleet. He personally interviews candidates to the nuclear submarine program and maintains extremely strict safety standards. So far, no American nuclear powered submarine has had an accident. Rickover's experience handling nuclear subs and their missiles will make him an invaluable technical advisor to the committee. Whether or not he will put up with them is an entirely different matter.

SAC Commander in Chief Russel E Dougherty

Originally planning to become a lawyer and FBI agent, Dougherty instead left the FBI at the outbreak of WWII and entered into active military service as an aviation cadet. During the war, he flew in missions and served as an instructor pilot at Air Training Command. His career took him through a variety of prestigious positions within the Air Force around the world as a pilot, program director, and instructor, and he is now the Commander in Chief of the Strategic Air Command, the

US Air Force’s bomber command and nuclear strike unit.

Lockheed Chief Engineer: Clarence “Kelly” Johnson

Born to Swedish immigrants in Michigan, Johnson was a smart child who loved planes, and knew he wanted to work with them. From winning his first price for aircraft design at 13 to correcting

Lockheed Martin’s Mach 10 design as an undergraduate, Johnson was quickly promoted to a full engineer at Lockheed Martin where he has been for his whole career. Now, he is the Chief Engineer and served on the board of the company, largely due to his role in projects such as the SR-71

Blackbird and the construction of an airbase at Groom Lake, Nevada, now known as Area 51.

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Billionaire Playboy Philanthropist Howard Hughes

Business magnate, investor, record-setting pilot, engineer, film director, and philanthropist. Funny how earning billions allows you to try a lot of different activities. Howard Hughes, one of the richest men in the world currently, has done it all and made friends in all sorts of places along the way.

What he has in money, he makes up for with eccentricity as he is known to have a severe Obsessive-

Compulsive Disorder and an interesting relationship with various addictive substances. He has been asked to finance and lend support to this project. The military is not particularly fond of his involvement.

UCD Applied Science Director Edward Teller

Known colloquially as “the father of the hydrogen bomb” due to his work on the Manhattan

Project, Edward Teller is a brilliant theoretical physicist, known both for his contributions to nuclear science and for his volatile personality. He is a fierce advocate for nuclear energy as well as other various uses of nuclear technology. He established the Department of Applied Science at the

University of California, Davis where he is currently the Director of the program. However, he is still often consulted on issues related to nuclear material and energy by the government and the military.

AEC Chairman Dixy Lee Ray

Quirky, brilliant, and pugnacious, Dr. Dixy Lee Ray is a woman in a man’s world, but that has never stopped her from speaking her mind and getting things done despite her gender and her many eccentricities. With a PhD in biology from Stanford as well as saving the Pacific Science Center from bankruptcy, Ray has shown that she is capable of looking at any problem creatively and come up with a solution. She is a supporter of atomic energy.

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PNNL Director Ed Alpen

Alpen leads the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, a lab focused on issues of energy, the environment, health, and national security research especially in the non-destructive uses of nuclear material. In his role, he oversees several hundred researchers and millions in funding from the government and private sources.

Sun Oil Company President H. Robert Sharbaugh

Newly appointed as President of Sun Oil Company in 1970, Sharbaugh has made pledges to push up stock prices and raising cash dividends for employees and stockholders. More importantly, Sun Oil owns shipyards that could potentially be used for more discrete operation. Personally, Sharbaugh is fairly reclusive and is known as a shrewd but effective businessman that loves to haggle in order to best benefit his company and its workers.

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REFERENCES

US Department of Defense. “America’s Nuclear Triad.” Accessed January 5, 2020. https://www.defense.gov/Experience/Americas-Nuclear-Triad/. Bill Streiger, and Irek Sabitov. “The Shock of ‘First Lightning’: An Intelligence Failure?” American Intelligence Journal 31, no. 1 (2013): 5. Central Intelligence Agency. “Intelligence Memorandum The Soviet Attack Submarine Force: Evolution and Operations.” Central Intelligence Agency, September 1971. https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/DOC_0002013695.pdf. David Koepsell, and Katerina Stankova. “Non-Proliferation Regimes, Immoral and Risky: A Game Theoretic Approach.” International Journal on World Peace 29, no. 2 (June 2012): 21. David Reade. “U-2 Spy Planes: What You Didn’t Know About Them!” 58, no. 3 (2011): 10. Defence Intelligence Ballistic Missile Analysis Committee. “Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat.” 4180 Watson Way Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: National Air and Space Intelligence Center, June 2017. https://www.nasic.af.mil/Portals/19/images/Fact%20Sheet%20Images/2017%20Ballistic %20and%20Cruise%20Missile%20Threat_Final_small.pdf?ver=2017-07-21-083234-343. Oleg Bukharin. “629A Golf II.” Weapons of Mass Destruction, 1998. https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/slbm/629A.htm. Atomic Heritage Foundation. “Trinity Test -1945,” June 18, 2014. http://www.atomicheritage.org/history/trinity-test-1945. US Army. “Nuclear Operations Field Manual.” Headquarters, Department of the Army, October 29, 1996. https://fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm100-30.pdf. “USSR Project 629 B39 Golf 1-Class SSB Submarine.” TheBlueprints.com. Accessed February 1, 2020. https://www.the-blueprints.com/blueprints/ships/submarines- ussr/65255/view/ussr_project_629_b39_golf_i-class_ssb_submarine/.

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