DOCSLIB.ORG

Marine Nuclear Power: 1939 – 2018

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Marine Nuclear Power: 1939 – 2018 Part 3A: Russia Peter Lobner July 2018 1 Foreword In 2015, I compiled the first edition of this resource document to support a presentation I made in August 2015 to The Lyncean Group of San Diego (www.lynceans.org) commemorating the 60th anniversary of the world’s first “underway on nuclear power” by USS Nautilus on 17 January 1955. That presentation to the Lyncean Group, “60 years of Marine Nuclear Power: 1955 – 2015,” was my attempt to tell a complex story, starting from the early origins of the US Navy’s interest in marine nuclear propulsion in 1939, resetting the clock on 17 January 1955 with USS Nautilus’ historic first voyage, and then tracing the development and exploitation of marine nuclear power over the next 60 years in a remarkable variety of military and civilian vessels created by eight nations. In July 2018, I finished a complete update of the resource document and changed the title to, “Marine Nuclear Power: 1939 – 2018.” What you have here is Part 3A: Russia - Submarines. The other parts are: Part 1: Introduction Part 2A: United States - Submarines Part 2B: United States - Surface Ships Part 3B: Russia - Surface Ships & Non-propulsion Marine Nuclear Applications Part 4: Europe & Canada Part 5: China, India, Japan and Other Nations Part 6: Arctic Operations 2 Foreword This resource document was compiled from unclassified, open sources in the public domain. I acknowledge the great amount of work done by others who have published material in print or posted information on the internet pertaining to international marine nuclear propulsion programs, naval and civilian nuclear powered vessels, naval weapons systems, and other marine nuclear applications. My resource document contains a great deal of graphics from many sources. Throughout the document, I have identified all of the sources for these graphics. If you have any comments or wish to identify errors in this document, please send me an e- mail to: [email protected]. I hope you find this informative, useful, and different from any other single document on this subject. Best regards, Peter Lobner July 2018 3 Marine Nuclear Power: 1939 – 2018 Part 3A: Russia - Submarines Table of Contents Section Page The beginning of the Soviet / Russian marine nuclear power program…. 6 Russian current nuclear vessel fleet……………………………………………………. 15 Russian marine nuclear reactor & fuel-cycle infrastructure…………………… 18 Russian nuclear vessel design, construction & life-cycle infrastructure…. 39 Russian naval nuclear infrastructure……………………………………………………. 54 Russian nuclear-powered submarines…………………………………………………. 71 Submarine reactors……………………………………………………………………… 75 Nuclear-powered fast attack submarines (SSN) ……………………………. 100 Submarine-launched torpedoes & anti-submarine missiles………. 151 Strategic ballistic missile submarines (SSB & SSBN) ……………………. 165 Submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBM) ………………………… 232 Cruise missile submarines (SSG & SSGN) ……………………………………. 276 Cruise missiles………………………………………………………………………… 318 Nuclear-powered special operations subs & strategic torpedoes……. 338 Other special-purpose nuclear-powered subs………………………………… 369 Examples of unbuilt nuclear submarine projects…………………………… 378 4 Marine Nuclear Power: 1939 – 2018 Refer to Part 3B, Russia - Surface Ships & Non-Propulsion Marine Nuclear Applications, for the following content related to Russian marine nuclear power: Russian nuclear-powered surface ships Surface ship reactors Nuclear-powered icebreakers Nuclear-powered naval surface ships Russian non-propulsion marine nuclear applications Small reactors for non-propulsion marine nuclear applications Floating nuclear power plants (FNPP) Transportable reactor units (TRU) Arctic seabed applications for marine nuclear power Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTG) Marine nuclear decommissioning and environmental cleanup Russian marine nuclear power trends 5 The beginning of the Soviet / Russian marine nuclear power program 6 Timeline for the beginning of the Soviet / Russian marine nuclear power program February 1943: I. V. Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy (aka “Laboratory No. 2 of the USSR Academy of Sciences”) was founded by Igor Kurchatov in Moscow 1945: Work on nuclear propulsion began shortly after World War II. However, in 1945, Joseph Stalin’s security chief, Lavrentiy Beria imposed a ban on the development of nuclear-powered ships, requiring instead that all resources be dedicated to development of the Soviet Union’s atomic bomb and related nuclear infrastructure. 25 December 1946: Russia’s first nuclear reactor, F-1 (Physics-1), achieved initial criticality at the Kurchatov Institute. This natural uranium fueled, graphite-moderated reactor was similar in design to the Hanford 305 in the US 1947: Noted Soviet submarine designer B. M. Malinin wrote, "A submarine must become an underwater boat in the full meaning of the word. This means that it must spend the grater and overwhelming time of its life underwater, appearing on the surface of the sea only in exceptional circumstances." While Malinin did not live to see the first Soviet nuclear submarine, one of his assistants, Vladimir Nikolayevich Peregudov, became the chief designer of the first Soviet nuclear submarine, K-3. 1948: A. P. Alexandrov submitted a proposal to the Special Committee headed by Beria to start designing nuclear powered submarines. The proposal was declared untimely, because it distracted from creating the atomic bomb. 29 August 1949: 1st Soviet nuclear device, RDS-1 (First Lightning), tested at Semipalatinsk, Kazakh SSR (now Kazakhstan). 7 Timeline for the beginning of the Soviet / Russian marine nuclear power program 1951: Construction started on the the APS-1 nuclear power plant (later named AM-1) at the Physics and Power Engineering Institute (PEI) in Obninsk. August 1952: A. P. Aleksandrov, I. V. Kurchatov, and N. A. Dollezhal submitted a memorandum to the Soviet government justifying the need to start developing nuclear submarines. 9 September 1952: Stalin approved development of a nuclear submarine and signed a decree that appointed A. P. Alexandrov as the scientific supervisor for developing the USSR’s first nuclear-powered submarine and its nuclear power unit. September 1952: Work on the Project 627 nuclear submarine began. The original mission of the Project 627 submarine was to destroy American naval bases and other selected coastal targets using a single, large, nuclear-armed torpedo. Tactical and technical elements of the design were approved in December 1953. V. N. Peregudov was the chief designer for the nuclear power unit. 21 December 1952: A resolution to develop and build nuclear submarines was adopted by the Supreme Soviet. November 1953: The Council of Ministers approved a project to build a powerful icebreaker that could open a northern sea route. 1954: I. I. Afrikantov became the Chief Designer at Plant No. 92 (Gorky Machine Building Plant) Plant Design Bureau (OKB) and headed development of the OK-150 reactors for the first nuclear icebreaker, Lenin. 8 Timeline for the beginning of the Soviet / Russian marine nuclear power program 5 May 1954: Initial criticality of the world’s 1st nuclear power plant, AM-1 (formerly APS-1), in Obninsk. Chief designer was N. A. Dollezhal. The AM-1 reactor design was based on a preliminary design developed by Dollezhal for use on a submarine, but rejected because of its large size. 27 June 1954: AM-1 becomes the world’s 1st grid-connected nuclear power plant, delivering 5 MWe to the electric power grid in Obninsk. March 1955: The original Project 627 mission was cancelled and the project was reoriented to develop a nuclear attack submarine that became the Project 627 / 627A November-class SSN. June 1955: Work on the 1st submarine land-based prototype reactor was underway. 25 August 1955: The Soviet government decree approves the development of the R-13 ballistic missiles for strategic submarines 16 September 1955: 1st Soviet launch of a ballistic missile from a submarine on the surface. The Project V-611 Zulu IV prototype SSB launched an R-11FM. August 1957: The Soviet Union’s 1st nuclear-powered submarine, K-3, was launched. The VM-A PWR reactor was designed by Scientific Research and Design Institute NIKIET, Moscow. A.P. Alexandrov was the Project research manager and N.A. Dollezhal was chief designer of nuclear power plant. The submarine was designed by SKB-143, St. Petersburg (now Malakhit Central Design Bureau). V. N. Peregudov was the submarine chief designer. K-3 was built by Soviet Shipyard - 402 Molotivsk (now SEVMASH Shipyard), Severodvinsk. 9 Timeline for the beginning of the Soviet / Russian marine nuclear power program 5 December 1957: The world’s 1st nuclear-powered surface ship, the icebreaker Lenin, was launched. OK-150 PWR reactor designed by Nizhny Novgorod Machine-Building Plant (OKB), Nizhniy Novgorod [later Special Design Bureau for Mechanical Engineering (OKBM) Afrikantov]. Built by Baltic Sea Shipyard (Soviet Shipyard-189), St. Petersburg. 4 July 1958: 1st Soviet nuclear-powered submarine, Project 627 SSN K-3, Leninskiy Komsomol, was underway on nuclear power. 12 March 1959: SSN K-3, Leninskiy Komsomol, was commissioned. 15 September 1959: 1st voyage of the icebreaker Lenin, the world’s first nuclear- powered surface ship. 11 October 1959: 1st Soviet SSBN, Hotel I K-19, launched. November 1959: Initial Arctic under-ice voyage by SSN K-3. 12 May 1960: 1st Soviet nuclear submarine launched in a Russian
Recommended publications
  • “Why Are They Leaving?”

    “Why Are They Leaving?”

    “WHY ARE THEY LEAVING?” RESIDENTIAL SATISFACTION AND PROPENSITY TO MOVE AMONG THE INHABITANTS OF TWO COMMUNITIES IN THE PROVINCE OF MURMANSK Fabio Facoetti Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University Student number: 3319997 ([email protected]) Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ronald van Kempen Utrecht, 13 December 2011 I. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research would have not been possible without the valuable help and cooperation of a number of people. In first place, this research is dedicated to my family, and especially to my parents, who never ceased to support me and to whom goes all my gratitude. Moreover, I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Ronald van Kempen for the useful comments and suggestions, and for the patience and understanding demonstrated in these long months. Also, I would like to thank the University of Utrecht, and especially Prof. Dr. Martin Dijst, for the financial support provided for the conduction of the field work in the Province of Murmansk. Furthermore, I am very thankful to Rimma Belogurova, Maria Sidorina and Yelena Lebedeva of School Nr. 7 in Kirovsk for helping me in the translation and distribution of the questionnaires, and to Denis Shirshov, for the valuable information about Nikel that he shared with me. Finally, I would like to thank my friends: Matte Hartog, for helping during the statistical analysis of the results; and Renske Duns, Geoffrey William Bowes, and Tair Bilyalov, for being a continuous source of distraction. 1 II. SUMMARY OF CONTENTS I Acknowledgments p. 1 II Summary of contents 2 III Summary of figures
  • Technical Review of Nuclear Technology As the Advanced Ships Propulsion

    Technical Review of Nuclear Technology As the Advanced Ships Propulsion

    Asian Journal of Applied Sciences (ISSN: 2321 – 089) Volume 04 – Issue 03, June 2016 Technical Review of Nuclear Technology as the Advanced Ships Propulsion 1M. Badrus Zaman, 2Hadi Prasutiyon, 1Hari Prastowo and 1*Semin 1Departement of Marine Engineering, Faculty of Marine Technology Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia 2Marine Technology Graduate Program, Faculty of Marine Technology Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia *Corresponding author’s email: semin [AT] its.ac.id _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT--- Advance Ships Propulsion Nuclear Technology as The Answered. With the development of technology, the need for breakthrough in the of Maritime, especially the advance ship propulsion. Results : There have been more reactor concepts investigated in the naval propulsion area by different manufactures and laboratories than in the civilian field, and much can be learned from their experience for land applications. Conclusion: For these two considerations, it is recognized that a nuclear reactor is the ideal engine for naval advanced propulsion Keywords--- Advanced ship propulsion, diesel engine as an prime mover, nuclear technology _________________________________________________________________________________ 1. INTRODUCTION Marine transport has generally been seen as having a lower environmental impact than other forms of transport. The increasing demand for economical yet rapid movement of both passengers and freight has brought renewed momentum to the development of marine propulsion systems. New technologies are aiding the production of propulsion systems that are capable of driving vessels at higher speeds; that are more efficient; that provide better maneuverability; and are quieter, with less vibration. Here, the latest developments in marine propulsion are brought into focus [1]. Mechanical transmission from energy source to thruster, e.g.
  • Ab World's Wer Plant

    Ab World's Wer Plant

    8 Friday, March 2, 2018 Graphic of weaponry presented by Vladimir Putin Russia unveils ‘invincible’ UAE to open Arab world’s first nuclear power plant nuclear weapons Moscow 15 years, sought to win unilateral than any other vessel would make it Russian complaints. ussia has tested an array of advantages over Russia, introduced immune to enemy intercept. “No one has listened to us,” he new strategic nuclear weapons unlawful sanctions aimed to contain Putin accompanied his statement said. “You listen to us now.” Rthat can’t be intercepted, President our country’s development: all what to an audience of hundreds of He emphasized that Russia is Vladimir Putin announced you wanted to impede with your senior officials and lawmakers with concerned about the Pentagon-led yesterday, marking a technological policies have already happened,” videos and computer images of new nuclear review released earlier this breakthrough that could dramatically he said. “You have failed to contain weapons, which were shown on giant year that envisaged the development increase Russia’s military capability, Russia.” screens at a conference hall near the of low-yield nuclear weapons, saying boost the Kremlin’s global position The announcement comes as Kremlin. that it could lower the threshold for and also raise Western concerns Putin is set to easily win another six- A computer video showed using nuclear weapons. about a potential renewed arms race year presidential term in the March the drone being launched by a “We will interpret any use of in the 21st century. 18 election. submarine, cruising over the seabed, nuclear weapons against Russia and Speaking in a state-of-the-nation He said that the nuclear-powered hitting an aircraft carrier and also its allies no matter how powerful speech, Putin said the weapons include cruise missile tested last fall has a exploding near the shore.
  • News Brief 1

    News Brief 1

    February 2019 Volume 20, Issue 2 Lest We Forget — Inside This Issue: Meeting minutes 2 “The USSVI Submariner’s Creed” Lost Boats 3 To perpetuate the memory of our shipmates who Undersea Warfare Hist 3 gave their lives in the pursuit of their duties while Cobia working party 4 serving their country. That their dedication, deeds, Chicago Auto Show 5 and supreme sacrifice be a constant source of USO at O’Hare visit 7 motivation toward greater accomplishments. Pledge loyalty and patriotism to the United States of Contact information 9 America and its Constitution. Application form 10 News Brief 1. Next Meeting: At 1100, third Saturday of each month at the Knollwood Sportsman’s Club. Mark your calendars for these upcoming dates: a. FEBRUARY 16 b. MARCH 16 c. APRIL 20 2. Duty Cook Roster: a. FEBRUARY – MAURICE YOUNG b. MARCH – BRET ZACHER’S SUPERB CORNED BEEF c. APRIL – SEE YOUR NAME HERE! 3. February Birthdays: Leon Lemma 6th; Eric Hansknecht 11th; Larry Heckelsmiller 12th; Scott Jaklin 17th. Happy Birthday, Shipmates! 4. Shop for USS ILLINOIS-themed items and help the FRG raise money here: https://shop.spreadshirt.com/uss-illinois-786-frg/. 5. Become part of the ‘Lifetime Alliance Between Crew and Citizens” of the USS ILLINOIS by joining the 786 Club. Annual dues are modest. The only requirement for membership is a desire to support the crew. Our efforts are greatly appreciated. You can become part of the ILLINOIS Family today. Contact Chris Gaines or go to www.786Club.org. Crash Dive Meeting Minutes Will repeat next year on January 26, 2019 December 7, 2019.
  • Chapter 6 Technical Assistance to Sra on Environmental Issues

    Chapter 6 Technical Assistance to Sra on Environmental Issues

    CHAPTER 6 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TO SRA ON ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Preparatory Survey on the Project for Construction of Mykolaiv Bridge in Ukraine Final Report 6. TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE TO SRA ON ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 6.1 Environmental and Social Considerations 6.1.1 Project Components (1) Name The Project for Construction of Mykolaiv Bridge in Ukraine (2) Project Proponent The State Road Administration of Mykolaiv in Ukraine (Ukravtodor Mykolaiv) (3) Project Object The aim of the planned activity is to construct a highway river crossing over the Southern Bug River of city Mykolaiv cit;y. A highway river crossing including the bridge and approaches to it on the road M-14 Odessa – Melitopol – Novoazovsk (to Taganrog): beginning on the right bank of the Southern Bug River near the village Vesniane from M-14; end – on the left bank to the M-14 at the crossing with auto road P-06 Ulianovka – Mykolaiv. Construction of approaches to the bridge structures requires allocation of land for permanent use within the projected band allocation of the road. At present these lands are owned by individuals and legal entities. (4) Location Ukraine is located in Eastern Europe and is surrounded by seven countries; Romania, Moldova, Slovakia, Hungary, and Poland in the west, Belarus in the north, and Russia in the east, as well as the Black Sea in the south. In order to exploit this geographical position, the Government of Ukraine established the “Comprehensive Program for Consolidation of Ukraine as a Transit Country for 2002-2010”, which was indicative of the importance attached to establishing international trunk roads providing new traffic systems for cross-border logistics.
  • Trends in Missile Technologies 39 the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) Douglas Barrie

    Trends in Missile Technologies 39 the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) Douglas Barrie

    King’s Research Portal Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication record in King's Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Brockman, K., Bauer, S., Boulanin, V., & Lentzos, F. (2019). New developments in biology. In Conference Reader: Capturing Technology. Rethinking Arms Control. German Federal Foreign Office. https://rethinkingarmscontrol.de/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/2019.-Capturing-Technology.Rethinking-Arms- Control_-Conference-Reader.pdf Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on King's Research Portal is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Post-Print version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognize and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. •Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. •You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain •You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
  • Princeton Diplomatic Invitational 2020

    Princeton Diplomatic Invitational 2020

    Top Secret // ORCON // JENNIFER Princeton Diplomatic Invitational 2020 Project Azorian Chairs: Kris Hristov & Scott Overbey Crisis Director: Gabriel Peña 1 Top Secret // ORCON // JENNIFER Top Secret // ORCON // JENNIFER CONTENTS CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................... 2 LETTERS FROM THE STAFF ......................................................................................... 3 COMMITTEE DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................... 5 24 hour format .................................................................................................................... 6 Committee Sessions 1&2 ................................................................................................... 6 Committee Session 3 through 6 ........................................................................................ 6 CURRENT STATUS ............................................................................................................ 7 A Brief Summary of Nuclear Weapons ........................................................................... 7 MAD About You: Nuclear Tactics .................................................................................. 9 Rocketmen: Delivery Systems ......................................................................................... 11 The Red Banner Fleet: The Soviet Nuclear Navy ........................................................ 12 K-129
  • Naval Postgraduate School Thesis

    Naval Postgraduate School Thesis

    NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS A STUDY OF THE RUSSIAN ACQUISITION OF THE FRENCH MISTRAL AMPHIBIOUS ASSAULT WARSHIPS by Patrick Thomas Baker June 2011 Thesis Advisor: Mikhail Tsypkin Second Reader: Douglas Porch Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED June 2011 Master‘s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS A Study of the Russian Acquisition of the French Mistral Amphibious Assault Warships 6. AUTHOR(S) Patrick Thomas Baker 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S.
  • 280419 EU Project Kepler

    280419 EU Project Kepler

    EU Project Kepler: Community-Based Observing and Societal Needs Work Report, April 2019 1 Tero Mustonen (editor) with regional coordinators and authors Kaisu Mustonen Jan Saijets Pauliina Feodoroff Jevgeni Kirillov Stefan Mikaelsson Camilla Brattland 2 Contents I. Introduction and Scope 4 II. Materials and Methods 6 III. Needs 13 Sweden 13 Finland 18 Norway 30 NW Russia 32 IV. Gaps 43 Sweden 43 Finland 43 Norway 50 NW Russia 55 V. Priorities 59 Sweden 62 Finland 64 NW Russia 64 VI. Conclusions 69 References 73 3 I. Introduction and Scope Participants of the Inari Kepler Workshop: Stefan Mikaelsson, Pauliina Feodoroff, Kaisu Mustonen, Tero Mustonen, Eirik Malnes, Jevgeni Kirillov. Snowchange, 2019 4 The purpose of this report is to review the stakeholder needs and community-based observations for the EU project “Kepler”1. It will focus on the remote sensing needs of the local and Indigenous communities of NW Russia, Sweden, Finland and Norway. The approach includes a discussion of cryospheric hazards and traditional weather observation and prediction materials from the Sámi communities. It has been produced to capture the results of the WP 1 of the Kepler project. Regional Coordinator Jevgeni Kirillov discusses land use changes in Ponoi watershed. Snowchange, 2019 The science lead for the report has been Tero Mustonen from Snowchange Co-op. Co-authors for the regional chapters and cryospheric hazards include 1 https://kepler-polar.eu/home/. KEPLER is a multi-partner initiative, built around the operational European Ice Services and Copernicus information providers, to prepare a roadmap for Copernicus to deliver an improved European capacity for monitoring and forecasting the Polar Regions.
  • Ebook Download Dark Side of Camelot, the Ebook

    Ebook Download Dark Side of Camelot, the Ebook

    DARK SIDE OF CAMELOT, THE PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Seymour M. Hersh | 528 pages | 01 Sep 1998 | Little, Brown & Company | 9780316360678 | English | New York, United States Dark Side of Camelot, the PDF Book Time for the Grab Bag! Hersh asked me a year or two ago if I'd learned anything new; when I told him that a former C. That said, I did not like this book. Does anyone still think John F. A hero. Democracy Now. Hersh has accused the Obama administration of lying about the events surrounding the death of Osama bin Laden and disputed the claim that the Assad regime used chemical weapons on civilians in the Syrian Civil War. Basically what happened is that those women who were arrested with young boys, children, in cases that have been recorded, the boys were sodomized, with the cameras rolling, and the worst above all of them is the soundtrack of the boys shrieking. No trivia or quizzes yet. Some of Hersh's speeches concerning the Iraq War have described violent incidents involving U. Archived from the original PDF on March 26, Friend Reviews. Retrieved September 27, Retrieved May 16, To widen my studies I also include prominent biographies and many other Kennedy tomes. Nothing in ''The Dark Side of Camelot'' gives off even a whiff of the dead-fish aroma of the trust fund for Marilyn's Mom, but Kennedy loyalists, joined by others who just don't want to know, are using Hersh's terrible misstep to dismiss what he has dug up as trifling gossip and unsupported hearsay.
  • An-Update-On-Russia

    An-Update-On-Russia

    Updates on China and Russia January 26, 2019 RUSSIA, CHINA AND COLLABORATIVE ACTIONS: AN ALLIANCE IN THE MAKING 3 CONCLUSIONS 4 EDITOR’S NOTE 5 HAS RUSSIA LAUNCHED THE HYPERSONIC AGE? 6 EDITOR’S NOTE: 8 RUSSIA’S NEW VENEZUELAN BASE: THE EVOLVING STRATEGIC CONTEXT 8 JOINT EXERCISE BETWEEN THE INDIAN AIR FORCE AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AEROSPACE FORCE, DECEMBER 2018 10 CHINA AND HYPERSONIC WEAPONS 11 GLOBALIZATION THE CHINESE WAY: THE CASE OF HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES 13 RUSSIA BUILDING OUT NUCLEAR CAPABILITIES IN ITS FLEET 18 RUSSIAN AGGRESSION AGAINST UKRAINE AND THE BLACK SEA REGION STATES 23 RUSSIAN ARMS SALES TO INDIA CONTINUE: NEW DEAL FOR GRIGORIVHICH CLASS FRIGATES 25 IS RUSSIA VIOLATING THE NEW START TREATY? 26 2 Russia, China and Collaborative Actions: An Alliance in the Making 01/19/2019 By Stephen Blank A virtual flood of studies and articles continues to appear concerning Russo-Chinese relations.[i] Although the expert consensus remains that no alliance or no formal alliance between Russia and China exists despite their visibly growing intimacy; I would dispute that finding.[ii] Indeed, Moscow keeps inventing euphemisms to disguise what is going on. First it was called a comprehensive strategic partnership.[iii] More recently in November 2018 President Putin called it a ‘privileged strategic partnership.’[iv] Both these formulations sound like attempts to deceive foreign observers as to the alliance’s real nature. Thus Putin described comprehensive strategic partnership as follows: As we had never reached this level of relations before, our experts have had trouble defining today’s general state of our common affairs.
  • Illllllllll DK9700033

    Illllllllll DK9700033

    Nordisk Nordisk Pohjoismamen Nordic kerne- karn- ydin- nuclear sikkerheds- sakerhcts- turvallisuus- safety forskning forskning uitkimus research RAK-2 NKS/RAK-2(96)TR-C3 Illllllllll DK9700033 Accidents in Nuclear Ships P. L. 01gaard Rise National Laboratory DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark Institute of Physics Technical University of Denmark DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark December 1996 Abstract This report starts with a discussion of the types of nuclear vessels accidents, in particular accidents which involve the nuclear propulsion systems. Next available information on 61 reported nuclear ship events is considered. Of these 6 deals with U.S. ships, 54 with USSR ships and 1 with a French ship. The ships are in almost all cases nuclear submarines. Only events that involve the sinking of vessels, the nuclear propulsion plants, radiation exposures, fires/explosions, sea-water leaks into the submarines and sinking of vessels are considered. For each event a summary of available information is presented, and comments are added. In some cases the available information is not credible, and these events are neglected. This reduces the number of events to 5 U.S. events, 35 USSR/Russian events and 1 French event. A comparison is made between the reported Soviet accidents and information available on dumped and damaged Soviet naval reactors. It seems possible to obtain good correlation between the two types of events. An analysis is made of the accident and estimates are made of the accident probabilities which are found to be of the order of 10"3 per ship reactor year It is finally pointed out that the consequences of nuclear ship accidents are fairly local and does in no way not approach the magnitude of the Chernobyl accident.