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Marine Nuclear Power: 1939 – 2018

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Marine Nuclear Power: 1939 – 2018 Marine Nuclear Power: 1939 – 2018 Part 3A: Russia Peter Lobner July 2018 1 Foreword In 2015, I compiled the first edition of this resource document to support a presentation I made in August 2015 to The Lyncean Group of San Diego (www.lynceans.org) commemorating the 60th anniversary of the world’s first “underway on nuclear power” by USS Nautilus on 17 January 1955. That presentation to the Lyncean Group, “60 years of Marine Nuclear Power: 1955 – 2015,” was my attempt to tell a complex story, starting from the early origins of the US Navy’s interest in marine nuclear propulsion in 1939, resetting the clock on 17 January 1955 with USS Nautilus’ historic first voyage, and then tracing the development and exploitation of marine nuclear power over the next 60 years in a remarkable variety of military and civilian vessels created by eight nations. In July 2018, I finished a complete update of the resource document and changed the title to, “Marine Nuclear Power: 1939 – 2018.” What you have here is Part 3A: Russia - Submarines. The other parts are: Part 1: Introduction Part 2A: United States - Submarines Part 2B: United States - Surface Ships Part 3B: Russia - Surface Ships & Non-propulsion Marine Nuclear Applications Part 4: Europe & Canada Part 5: China, India, Japan and Other Nations Part 6: Arctic Operations 2 Foreword This resource document was compiled from unclassified, open sources in the public domain. I acknowledge the great amount of work done by others who have published material in print or posted information on the internet pertaining to international marine nuclear propulsion programs, naval and civilian nuclear powered vessels, naval weapons systems, and other marine nuclear applications. My resource document contains a great deal of graphics from many sources. Throughout the document, I have identified all of the sources for these graphics. If you have any comments or wish to identify errors in this document, please send me an e- mail to: [email protected]. I hope you find this informative, useful, and different from any other single document on this subject. Best regards, Peter Lobner July 2018 3 Marine Nuclear Power: 1939 – 2018 Part 3A: Russia - Submarines Table of Contents Section Page The beginning of the Soviet / Russian marine nuclear power program…. 6 Russian current nuclear vessel fleet……………………………………………………. 15 Russian marine nuclear reactor & fuel-cycle infrastructure…………………… 18 Russian nuclear vessel design, construction & life-cycle infrastructure…. 39 Russian naval nuclear infrastructure……………………………………………………. 54 Russian nuclear-powered submarines…………………………………………………. 71 Submarine reactors……………………………………………………………………… 75 Nuclear-powered fast attack submarines (SSN) ……………………………. 100 Submarine-launched torpedoes & anti-submarine missiles………. 151 Strategic ballistic missile submarines (SSB & SSBN) ……………………. 165 Submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBM) ………………………… 232 Cruise missile submarines (SSG & SSGN) ……………………………………. 276 Cruise missiles………………………………………………………………………… 318 Nuclear-powered special operations subs & strategic torpedoes……. 338 Other special-purpose nuclear-powered subs………………………………… 369 Examples of unbuilt nuclear submarine projects…………………………… 378 4 Marine Nuclear Power: 1939 – 2018 Refer to Part 3B, Russia - Surface Ships & Non-Propulsion Marine Nuclear Applications, for the following content related to Russian marine nuclear power: Russian nuclear-powered surface ships Surface ship reactors Nuclear-powered icebreakers Nuclear-powered naval surface ships Russian non-propulsion marine nuclear applications Small reactors for non-propulsion marine nuclear applications Floating nuclear power plants (FNPP) Transportable reactor units (TRU) Arctic seabed applications for marine nuclear power Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTG) Marine nuclear decommissioning and environmental cleanup Russian marine nuclear power trends 5 The beginning of the Soviet / Russian marine nuclear power program 6 Timeline for the beginning of the Soviet / Russian marine nuclear power program February 1943: I. V. Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy (aka “Laboratory No. 2 of the USSR Academy of Sciences”) was founded by Igor Kurchatov in Moscow 1945: Work on nuclear propulsion began shortly after World War II. However, in 1945, Joseph Stalin’s security chief, Lavrentiy Beria imposed a ban on the development of nuclear-powered ships, requiring instead that all resources be dedicated to development of the Soviet Union’s atomic bomb and related nuclear infrastructure. 25 December 1946: Russia’s first nuclear reactor, F-1 (Physics-1), achieved initial criticality at the Kurchatov Institute. This natural uranium fueled, graphite-moderated reactor was similar in design to the Hanford 305 in the US 1947: Noted Soviet submarine designer B. M. Malinin wrote, "A submarine must become an underwater boat in the full meaning of the word. This means that it must spend the grater and overwhelming time of its life underwater, appearing on the surface of the sea only in exceptional circumstances." While Malinin did not live to see the first Soviet nuclear submarine, one of his assistants, Vladimir Nikolayevich Peregudov, became the chief designer of the first Soviet nuclear submarine, K-3. 1948: A. P. Alexandrov submitted a proposal to the Special Committee headed by Beria to start designing nuclear powered submarines. The proposal was declared untimely, because it distracted from creating the atomic bomb. 29 August 1949: 1st Soviet nuclear device, RDS-1 (First Lightning), tested at Semipalatinsk, Kazakh SSR (now Kazakhstan). 7 Timeline for the beginning of the Soviet / Russian marine nuclear power program 1951: Construction started on the the APS-1 nuclear power plant (later named AM-1) at the Physics and Power Engineering Institute (PEI) in Obninsk. August 1952: A. P. Aleksandrov, I. V. Kurchatov, and N. A. Dollezhal submitted a memorandum to the Soviet government justifying the need to start developing nuclear submarines. 9 September 1952: Stalin approved development of a nuclear submarine and signed a decree that appointed A. P. Alexandrov as the scientific supervisor for developing the USSR’s first nuclear-powered submarine and its nuclear power unit. September 1952: Work on the Project 627 nuclear submarine began. The original mission of the Project 627 submarine was to destroy American naval bases and other selected coastal targets using a single, large, nuclear-armed torpedo. Tactical and technical elements of the design were approved in December 1953. V. N. Peregudov was the chief designer for the nuclear power unit. 21 December 1952: A resolution to develop and build nuclear submarines was adopted by the Supreme Soviet. November 1953: The Council of Ministers approved a project to build a powerful icebreaker that could open a northern sea route. 1954: I. I. Afrikantov became the Chief Designer at Plant No. 92 (Gorky Machine Building Plant) Plant Design Bureau (OKB) and headed development of the OK-150 reactors for the first nuclear icebreaker, Lenin. 8 Timeline for the beginning of the Soviet / Russian marine nuclear power program 5 May 1954: Initial criticality of the world’s 1st nuclear power plant, AM-1 (formerly APS-1), in Obninsk. Chief designer was N. A. Dollezhal. The AM-1 reactor design was based on a preliminary design developed by Dollezhal for use on a submarine, but rejected because of its large size. 27 June 1954: AM-1 becomes the world’s 1st grid-connected nuclear power plant, delivering 5 MWe to the electric power grid in Obninsk. March 1955: The original Project 627 mission was cancelled and the project was reoriented to develop a nuclear attack submarine that became the Project 627 / 627A November-class SSN. June 1955: Work on the 1st submarine land-based prototype reactor was underway. 25 August 1955: The Soviet government decree approves the development of the R-13 ballistic missiles for strategic submarines 16 September 1955: 1st Soviet launch of a ballistic missile from a submarine on the surface. The Project V-611 Zulu IV prototype SSB launched an R-11FM. August 1957: The Soviet Union’s 1st nuclear-powered submarine, K-3, was launched. The VM-A PWR reactor was designed by Scientific Research and Design Institute NIKIET, Moscow. A.P. Alexandrov was the Project research manager and N.A. Dollezhal was chief designer of nuclear power plant. The submarine was designed by SKB-143, St. Petersburg (now Malakhit Central Design Bureau). V. N. Peregudov was the submarine chief designer. K-3 was built by Soviet Shipyard - 402 Molotivsk (now SEVMASH Shipyard), Severodvinsk. 9 Timeline for the beginning of the Soviet / Russian marine nuclear power program 5 December 1957: The world’s 1st nuclear-powered surface ship, the icebreaker Lenin, was launched. OK-150 PWR reactor designed by Nizhny Novgorod Machine-Building Plant (OKB), Nizhniy Novgorod [later Special Design Bureau for Mechanical Engineering (OKBM) Afrikantov]. Built by Baltic Sea Shipyard (Soviet Shipyard-189), St. Petersburg. 4 July 1958: 1st Soviet nuclear-powered submarine, Project 627 SSN K-3, Leninskiy Komsomol, was underway on nuclear power. 12 March 1959: SSN K-3, Leninskiy Komsomol, was commissioned. 15 September 1959: 1st voyage of the icebreaker Lenin, the world’s first nuclear- powered surface ship. 11 October 1959: 1st Soviet SSBN, Hotel I K-19, launched. November 1959: Initial Arctic under-ice voyage by SSN K-3. 12 May 1960: 1st Soviet nuclear submarine launched in a Russian
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