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Open-Access-Publikation Im Sinne Der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND 1 Zeitgeschichte im Kontext 2 3 4 5 6 Band 1 7 8 9 10 11 Herausgegeben von Oliver Rathkolb 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 Die Bände dieser Reihe sind peer-reviewed. 40 41 Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND 1 Oliver Rathkolb / Friedrich Stadler (Hg.) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Das Jahr 1968 – Ereignis, Symbol, 9 Chiffre 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Mit 12 Abbildungen 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 V&R unipress 38 39 Vienna University Press 40 41 Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek 19 20 Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen 21 Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über 22 http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. 23 24 ISBN 978-3-89971-666-5 25 26 Veröffentlichungen der Vienna University Press 27 erscheinen im Verlag V&R unipress GmbH. 28 29 Gedruckt mit freundlicher Förderung des Bundesministeriums für Wissenschaft und Forschung in 30 Wien, der Stadt Wien (MA 7) und der Historisch-Kulturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität 31 Wien. 32 33 2010, V&R unipress in Göttingen / www.vr-unipress.de 34 Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Das Werk und seine Teile sind urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede 35 Verwertung in anderen als den gesetzlich zugelassenen Fällen bedarf der vorherigen 36 schriftlichen Einwilligung des Verlages. Hinweis zu § 52a UrhG: Weder das Werk noch seine 37 Teile dürfen ohne vorherige schriftliche Einwilligung des Verlages öffentlich zugänglich gemacht 38 werden. Dies gilt auch bei einer entsprechenden Nutzung für Lehr-und Unterrichtszwecke. 39 Printed in Germany. 40 41 Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier. Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND Inhalt Vorwort . ................................... 7 Friedrich Stadler Das Jahr 1968 als Ereignis, Symbol und Chiffre gesellschaftlicher und wissenschaftlicher Konfliktzonen . ................... 9 Martin Klimke 1968 als transnationales Ereignis . ................... 21 Steven Beller The End of Modernity? – 1968 in the USA and the UK . ...... 31 Zoltµn Maruzsa Das Jahr 1968 und seine Wirkung im Ostblock . ...... 55 Alice Teichova und Mikulµsˇ Teich Gedanken über den »Prager Frühling« 1968 . ...... 75 Gerald Stieg Mai 1968 an der Sorbonne . ................... 85 Mitchell G. Ash ›The whole world is watching!‹ 1968 auf dem Campus und in den Straßen der USA . ................................... 97 Wolfgang L. Reiter Physik, Vietnam und der militärisch-akademische Komplex . ......125 Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND 6 Inhalt Robert Knight Druiden und Demonstrationen: 1968 aus der Sicht eines englischen Geschichtsstudenten . ...................153 Ingrid Bauer 1968 und die sex(ual) & gender revolution. Transformations- und Konfliktzone: Geschlechterverhältnisse ...................163 Gerd-Rainer Horn Arbeiter und Studenten in den 68er Jahren . ......187 Karl Vocelka Die Studentenrevolte 1968 . ...................209 Oliver Rathkolb UmKämpfte Internationalisierung: Österreich 1968 . ......221 Malachi Haim Hacohen From Forvm to Neues Forvm: The Congress for Cultural Freedom, the 68ers and the ÉmigrØs in Austria . ...................239 Ingrid Gilcher-Holtey 1968 – Eine Zeitreise . ...................275 AutorInnenverzeichnis . ...................293 Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND Vorwort Die 1960er Jahre stehen global und lokal als Zeichen für Revolution und Re- bellion gegen die »Herrschenden« und das Establishment: »Prager Frühling«, Vietnam, Bürgerrechts- und Frauenbewegung im Kalten Krieg sind genauso markante weltpolitische Ereignisse wie die Revolten der Studierenden inner- und außerhalb der Universitäten. Gleichzeitig haben wir es mit einer Konfron- tation der jüngeren 1968er-Generation mit der Vätergeneration des Zweiten Weltkriegs im Kontext einer subkulturellen Bewegung zu tun. Der vorliegende Band thematisiert aus internationaler, interdisziplinärer und vergleichender Sicht die politischen, kulturellen und wissenschaftlichen Di- mensionen des Jahres 1968 unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der europäi- schen und amerikanischen Universitäten als Orte des Wissens und gesell- schaftlicher Auseinandersetzungen. Dabei geht es auch darum, wie sich auf der Grundlage der neuesten Historiografie zum Jahr 1968 eine globale und regionale Neubewertung der einschneidenden Ereignisse erkennen lässt. Schließlich steht die Gegenwartsrelevanz dieses 8er-Jahres (mit offensichtlichen Bezügen zu 1918 und 1938) genauso im Fokus wie die gegenwärtigen Perspektiven für die im Umbruch befindlichen Universitäten im laufenden europäischen Integrations- prozess. Die Artikel zum vorliegenden Band – Ergebnis einer Ringvorlesung an der Historisch-Kulturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Wien im Som- mersemester 2008 – sind insgesamt ein pluralistischer Versuch, die Frage zu beantworten, was dieses faszinierende und umstrittene Jahr 1968 gewesen ist – aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven und Erfahrungen. Vor allem der verglei- chende und internationale Gesichtspunkt, der über eine beliebte deutsche und österreichische Nabelschau hinausgeht, stellt einen wichtigen Beitrag zur in- terdisziplinären Erforschung dieses hochkomplexen und vieldeutigen Phäno- mens dar, das als ein Ereignis, Symbol und als eine Chiffre des 20. Jahrhunderts mit spürbaren Wirkungen bis zur Gegenwart gelesen und interpretiert werden kann. Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND 8 Vorwort Die Herausgeber danken allen Vortragenden und AutorenInnen für ihre Beiträge; Herrn Christoph Limbeck-Lilienau für sein Tutorium sowie Frau Agnes Meisinger für ihre redaktionelle Arbeit zu diesem Band, der als dichte Beschreibung und kritische Analyse eines noch immer faszinierenden Zeitab- schnittes unserer Gegenwartsgeschichte zu weiterer Forschung anregen soll. Die zugrunde liegende Ringvorlesung wurde dankenswerterweise mit fi- nanzieller Unterstützung der Historisch-Kulturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Wien, des Ludwig-Boltzmann-Instituts fürEuropäische Geschichte und des Instituts Wiener Kreis ermöglicht. Wien, im September 2010 Die Herausgeber Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND Friedrich Stadler Das Jahr 1968 als Ereignis, Symbol und Chiffre gesellschaftlicher und wissenschaftlicher Konfliktzonen »1968« – Ereignis, Symbol und Chiffre aus regionaler und globaler Sicht War 1968 »Das Jahr, das die Welt veränderte«1,inÖsterreich eine »gemütliche Revolution gegen Borniertheit, Frauenfeindlichkeit und Antisemitismus«2, oder nur eine geschickte Selbstinszenierung der Wiener Avantgarde – wie eine Aus- stellung im Wien Museum am Karlsplatz fragte? Jedenfalls war – und ist noch immer – die Debatte darüber 40 Jahre danach nicht erloschen und wird teilweise durch den Rückblick auf 20 Jahre seit dem Zusammenbruch des Ostblocks 1989/ 90 noch verstärkt. »1968« bleibt Gegenstand öffentlicher Debatten und der Historiografie: zwischen Mythos-Pflege und vergleichender Rekonstruktion mit dem Anspruch auf die Deutungsmacht und Geschichtspolitik der ehemaligen 68er Generation und der verschiedenen legitimatorischen Strategien pro und contra 1968er- Bewegung aus heutiger Sicht. Das Jahr 1968 steht international als Symbol für eine ganze Dekade zwischen Revolution und Rebellion, den (spontanen oder organisierten) Widerstand gegen die »strukturelle Gewalt« des gesellschaftlichen und kulturellen Esta- blishments. Es war Zeichen für eine anderes and besseres Leben, für eine Konkrete Utopie eines friedlichen Zusammenlebens als Kontrast zur Kriegsgeneration der Väter. Dementsprechend standen Friedens- und Bürgerrechtsbewegung genauso auf der Tagesordnung wie Frauenbewegung mit dem aufkommenden Feminismus. Der Generationenkonflikt manifestierte sich analog in der Kunst und Musik der »roaring sixties« mit Protestsongs zwischen Beatles und Rolling Stones sowie mit der »Hair«- Stimmung als Ausdruck eines alternativen Lebens jenseits der kapitalistischen Leistungsgesellschaft. 1 Mark Kurlansky, 1968. Das Jahr, das die Welt veränderte, München 2007. 2 Profil, Serie »Unsere 68er«, (Nr. 10), 3. 3. 2008. Open-Access-Publikation im Sinne der CC-Lizenz BY-NC-ND 10 Friedrich Stadler Die politische Forderung nach Bildung für alle und sexueller Befreiung (»SexPol«) Korrespondierte mit dem Widerstand gegen die hierarchische und patriarchalische Ordinarien-Universität: »Unter den Talaren sitzt der Muff von 1000 Jahren« war nur einer der vielen aktionistischen Slogans wider eine dis- kriminierende Bildungs- und Wissenschaftspolitik. Der internationale Studentenprotest war in einigen Ländern wie Frankreich und Italien durch eine einmalige Koalition mit der Arbeiterbewegung und den Gewerkschaften für kurze Zeit gekennzeichnet, bevor die 1968er Generation den so genannten »Marsch durch die Institutionen« antreten, und das gesellschaft- liche wie politische Leben seit den 1970er Jahren wesentlich prägen sollte. Die sozialromantische Euphorie der Studentenbewegung zwischen Anarchismus, Marxismus-Leninismus und Maoismus bis zur »Kulturrevolution«, sowie der durch erste »Vergangenheitsbewältigung« inspirierte Antifaschismus verband sich mit einer massiven Medienkritik im »global village«3, die z.B. im deutschen Springer-Verlag ihren politischen Gegner fand. Eine Variante vieler Basisbewegungen stellte die Opposition zur katholischen Amtskirche
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