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Master Erasmus Mundus En Cultures Littéraires Européennes – CLE

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Master Erasmus Mundus En Cultures Littéraires Européennes – CLE Master Erasmus Mundus en Cultures Littéraires Européennes – CLE ALMA MATER STUDIORUM - UNIVERSITÀ DI BOLOGNA ARISTOTELEION PANEPISTIMION THESSALONIKI UNIVERSITÉ DE STRASBOURG Master Erasmus Mundus en Cultures Littéraires Européennes - CLE INTITULÉ DU MÉMOIRE Fortuna del romanzo Il figlio del cardinale di Ethel Lilian Voynich dal Novecento al Duemila. Ragioni della vasta popolarità in Russia e del suo insuccesso italiano. __________________________________ Présenté par Svetlana Gorbunova _______________________ Directeur Prof. Gabriella Macrì________________ Tesi di Master EM CLE in letteratura comparata Co-directeurs Prof. Vincenza Perdichizzi _____________ Prof. Keir Douglas Elam_______________ 2013/2014 2 Indice Introduzione 5 Parte prima. Ricezione del romanzo in Russia Capitolo 1. Perché si tratta di Russia 1.1 La figura di Ethel Lilian Voynich tra l’Italia e la Russia 6 1.2. I rivoluzionari russi come prototipi del protagonista di The Gadfly 9 1.3 Ethel Lilian Voynich come scrittrice rivoluzionaria 13 Capitolo 2. La ricezione del romanzo The Gadfly da parte dei critici letterari nell‘Unione Sovietica e nella Russia contemporanea 2.1. La storia della divulgazione dell’opera in Russia 17 2.2. La seconda “nascita” dell’opera 19 2.3.I critici letterari sovietici sull’opera 22 2.4 I critici russi del romanzo degli anni duemila 29 Capitolo 3. La ricezione del romanzo nella cerchia degli scrittori sovietici e non solo 3.1. I giudizi sull’opera da parte degli scrittori sovietici più importanti e da parte di personaggi noti 37 3.2. Le opinioni degli altri scrittori sovietici sul romanzo 44 Parte seconda. Ricezione del romanzo in Italia Capitolo 1. Il protagonista principale, l‘opera, l‘autrice 1.1. Il Tafano 47 1.2. L’autrice e l’opera 53 3 Capitolo 2. I motivi della mancata pubblicazione dell‘opera in Italia tra fine Ottocento e il primo Novecento 2.1. Motivi politici, economici, sociali 58 2.2. Motivi religiosi. L’opera di Émile Zola Roma in relazione al Il figlio del cardinale 62 2.3. L’immagine del cattolicesimo nelle opere 66 2.4. L’immagine del primo cristianesimo 71 Capitolo 3. La fortuna dell‘opera in Italia 3.1. La “scoperta” del testo in Italia 76 3.2 .I motivi dell’insuccesso della prima traduzione del romanzo in Italia 83 3.3. La “ri-scoperta” del testo in Italia 86 Conclusione 90 Bibliografia 92 4 Introduzione In questo lavoro viene studiata la fortuna dell‘opera The Gadfly, della scrittrice e compositore inglese Ethel Lilian Voynich (Boole) (1864 – 1960). Suo padre, George Boole, è stato un eminente matematico, logico e filosofo inglese. Proprio lui ha posto i fondamenti dell‘elettronica digitale, diventata oggi la base del computer. Sua madre, Mary Everest, era nipote di Sir George Everest, il cui nome è attribuito alla più alta montagna del mondo. Suo marito invece, Wilfrid Michael Voynich, è noto per aver scoperto nel 1912 un manoscritto creato con un sistema di scrittura sconosciuta, che oggi è detto il manoscritto di Voynich. A parte The Gadfly (1897) E.L. Voynich ha scritto ancora quattro opere letterarie: Jack Raymond (1901), Olive Latham (1904), An Interrupted Friendship (1910), Put Off Thy Shoes (1946). Però in Russia, Cina, Cuba, Vietnam, Iran è conosciuta prima di tutto come l‘autrice di The Gadfly. A causa della sua incredibile popolarità nella Russia Sovietica, dove il romanzo fu studiato con grande attenzione, sono state fatte quattro trasposizioni cinematografiche ispirate al testo (l‘ultima è una produzione ucraino-cinese del 2003), alcune trasposizioni teatrali, operistiche, qualche balletto e un musical. Abbiamo scelto di studiare questo argomento perché l‘opera della Voynich possiede una storia culturale molto interessante e ricca e vorremmo ampliare la fama e la fortuna di questo romanzo. La questione è che, pur essendo l‘opera ambientata in Italia nell‘epoca risorgimentale (l‘azione si svolge nel 1833 e nel 1846-1847), essa è rimasta quasi sconosciuta in Italia fino ad oggi. All‘inizio del nostro studio non eravamo neanche sicuri se esistesse una traduzione del romanzo in italiano. Non siamo riusciti a trovarlo subito a causa del fatto che il titolo originale del testo è stato cambiato fino a diventare praticamente irriconoscibile. Agli inizi degli anni duemila due giovani ricercatori italiani, Alessandro Farsetti e Stefano Piastra, si sono interessati all‘opera. Ambedue si sono imbattuti nel romanzo per caso e si sono messi d‘accordo nel collaborare. Cogliamo l‘occasione per ringraziare entrambi della loro disponibilità e cordialità e siamo consapevoli che è anche merito loro se questo studio ha potuto essere realizzato. Come si intuisce dal titolo della tesi il nostro obiettivo è stato quello di studiare la letteratura scientifica, critica e narrativa dedicata a quest‘opera per capire i motivi per cui in Russia il romanzo ottenne un‘indiscutibile popolarità mentre in Italia verrà praticamente ignorato. 5 Parte prima. Ricezione del romanzo in Russia Capitolo 1. Perché si tratta di Russia 1.1. La figura di Ethel Lilian Voynich tra l’Italia e la Russia Cominciamo dall‘inizio e proviamo a capire perché, parlando di un romanzo inglese ambientato in Italia, sorge la questione del suo rapporto con la Russia. Ethel Lilian Voynich nasce nel 1864. La seconda metà dell‘Ottocento è il tempo dei cambiamenti in molti paesi europei: l‘unificazione della Germania, la formazione della Grecia autonoma, la Terza Repubblica francese, il Carlismo in Spagna, il Risorgimento italiano, l‘aspirazione alla democrazia e al socialismo in Russia. L‘Inghilterra di questo periodo vive la lunga epoca vittoriana, conosciuta per la politica di pace nelle relazioni internazionali, per la stabilità economica interna e la tranquillità sociale, fattori che avevano portato il paese a un proficuo sviluppo nelle lettere e nelle arti. Nonostante il benessere nel loro paese, gli inglesi erano molto attenti alla situazione politica e sociale degli altri paesi europei, tra cui l‘Italia e la Russia (in quanto parzialmente situata nel continente europeo). Gli esponenti della cultura e della società come Elizabeth Barrett Browning, Frances Power Cobbe, Garrow Trollope, George Gordon Byron, Hester Piozzi, Percy Bysshe Shelley viaggiavano in Italia e poi scrivevano le loro impressioni.1 Il loro fine principale era di osservare la bellezza dell‘arte italiana per poter conoscere il bello; il secondo era di conoscere da vicino il fenomeno del Risorgimento, assurto ormai quasi a mito in Europa. C‘erano poi coloro che visitavano la Russia per accertarsi della verità della durezza della situazione, tra cui Ethel Lilian Boole (diventata Voynich soltanto dopo il suo soggiorno in Russia). Molti anni dopo nei suoi ricordi preparati soprattutto per i suoi lettori sovietici la Voynich scrive: I wanted to go to Russia in order to see with my own eyes whether things were really as bad as they were reported by emigrants.2 1Alison Chapman, On Il Risorgimento, BRANCH: Britain, Representation and Nineteenth-Century History. Ed. Dino Franco Felluga. Extension of Romanticism and Victorianism on the Net, nella pagina web <http://www.branchcollective.org/?ps_articles=alison-chapman-on-il-risorgimento>. 2Sono citati nel libro di E.A Taratuta Naš Drug Ethel Lilian Voynich, Pravda, Mosca, 1957, qui ci riferiamo alla traduzione del libro in inglese di Seamus Ó Coigligh Our Friend Ethel Lilian Voynich, p. 39, nella pagina web <http://www.corkcitylibraries.ie/media/SOCoiglighwebversion172.pdf>. 6 Il movimento in direzione opposta: dall‘Italia e dalla Russia verso l‘Inghilterra è rappresentato dalle due figure, di rilievo, di Giuseppe Mazzini e Serghej Mikhajlovič Stepniak-Kravcinskij. Ambedue erano esuli, emigrati forzati dalle rispettive nazioni e cercavano, seppure a distanza, di prestare il loro aiuto alla lotta per la liberazione nelle rispettive nazioni. Sorge anche una correlazione ideologica tra i due e la Voynich. Quando quest‘ultima scopre la personalità di Giuseppe Mazzini, lui era già morto da sette anni: In 1879, she returned to Ireland to spend the summer with her great uncle John Ryall, a classical Greek scholar, and his wife. While there she had a life-altering experience. She read about Giuseppe Mazzini, the Italian writer, politician and revolutionary, whom she made her ideological hero. The seeds for her own commitment to revolutionary causes were sown then.3 Lewis Bernhardt, studioso statunitese, riferendosi all‘immagine che Mazzini aveva assunto nell‘immaginario della Voynich, dichiara: She adored his melancholy beauty and distinction and copied his clothes style. She dressed in black, mourning the state of the world, until she was married.4 Come profugo politico Mazzini trascorse a Londra la maggior parte della sua vita: dal 1837 al 1848 e dal 1849 al 1870. Privato della possibilità di combattere per la creazione di uno Stato unitario italiano, tentava di attirare l‘attenzione sulle sue idee democratiche di indipendenza nazionale fuori dall‘Italia. Fondava a Londra alcuni fogli politici come L’apostolato popolare, Pensiero e azione, L’educatore, e ricreava nella capitale inglese l‘organizzazione della Giovine Italia. L‘obiettivo della sua attività civile e pubblicistica all‘estero somigliava a quello di Kravcinskij, l‘uno e l‘altro pubblicavano in Inghilterra la letteratura rivoluzionaria proibita nei loro paesi con la missione di diffonderla clandestinamente nei rispettivi Paesi e pubblicamente in altri Stati europei e negli Stati Uniti per attirare dalla loro parte la comunità internazionale. I soldi raccolti dalla vendita dei fogli politici andavano all‘organizzazione di azioni rivoluzionarie e, in madre patria, venivano utilizzati per insurrezioni e attentati terroristici. Attraverso i suoi libri Mazzini era diventato l‘idolo italiano della Voynich, mentre Stepniak-Kravcinskij era il suo idolo russo. E non meno della Voynich egli possedeva uno 3Pamela Blevins, Ethel Voynich. Revolutionary, Novelist, Translator, Composer, 2005, nella pagina web <http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2005/Feb05/Voynich.htm>. 4Bernhardt, The Gadfly in Russia, in Princeton University Library Chronicle, vol. XXVIII, fasc. 1, 1966, p.
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