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View of Related Literature INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright m aterial had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re­ produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one e^osure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. These are also available as one exposure on a standard 35mm shde or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an addition^ charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microfilms international A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9011176 An examination of the uses of music in selected licensed preschools in the state of Ohio Golden, Kimberly Moody, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1989 Copyright ©1989 by Golden, Kimberly Moody. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Air EXAMI FAT I OB' OF THE USES OF MUSIC IF SELECTED LICEFSED PRESCHOOLS IF THE STATE OF OHIO DISSERTATIOF Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Kimberly Moody Golden, B. A., M.M. ***** The Ohio State University 1989 Dissertation Committee: Approved by P.J. Flowers yOi .. ^ s^/J rlfJ h x jL a -y» < J X 6 x o é ^ A.P. Costanza Advisor J.K. Lehr School of Music Cop3rrigh.t by- Kimberly Moody Golden 1989 ACKHOWLEDGHEKTS The author would like to express appreciation to the members of her dissertation committee for their support and encouragement throughout her graduate program and dissertation study. Sincere appreciation is extended to Professors Judith K. Delzell, Jere L. Forsythe, Joanne M. Golden, and Rebecca M. Kantoi— Martin for their assistance in the validation study. A special acknowledgment is extended to Professor Patricia J. Flowers for serving as advisor and confidante. Dr. Flowers has been an inspiration and professional role model. Additionally, the author wishes to express love and appreciation to her husband, Alan, for his suggestions, assistance, and understanding. Also, appreciation is extended tc the author's parents-in-law for their constant support and willingness to assist in a meaningful way in the completion of this graduate program. Above all, the author commends her parents for stressing the importance of a quality education and encouraging her to pursue an advanced degree. ii VITA March 12, 1959 .............Born— Richmond, Virginia 1 9 7 9 ....................... B. A. , The University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia 1982 ....................... M. M. , Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 1982-1983 ................. General Music Specialist and Director of String Ensemble, Saint Christopher's Middle School, Richmond, Virginia 1982-1985 ................. Director of Music and Organist, Westhampton United Methodist Church, Richmond, Virginia 1984-1985 ................. Director of Education, Westhampton United Methodist Church, Richmond, Virginia 1985-1988 ................. Graduate Teaching Associate, School of Music, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1988-1989 ................. Academic Advisor, University College, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio iii TABLE OF CGSTENTS Page ACKHOWLEDGEMEITTS....................................... 11 VITA ...................................................... Ill LIST OF TABLES ........................................... vl Chapter I. ISTSODUCTIOir................................ 1 Need for the Study ..................... 6 Purpose ................................ 8 Statement of the Problem ............... 8 Questions .............................. 9 Assunç>t Ions.............................. 10 Definitions.............................. 11 Limitations.............................. 16 S u m m a r y ................................ 17 II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ............... 18 Characteristics of Preschoolers......... 18 Early Childhood Education............... 39 General Music Education................. 59 Music Curriculum for Young Children. 65 The Role of the Teacher.................... 101 Summary..................................... 110 III. DESIGN OF THE STUDY............................ 116 Population and Sangle...................... 116 Survey Questionnaire ................... 116 Validation and Piloting of the Survey Questionnaire and Profile Form. 118 Gathering of the Data...................... 122 Treatment of the Data...................... 123 Summary..................................... 125 Iv Table of Contents, Continued Page IV. PRESENTAT I OIT OF THE D A T A .......................128 Data from the Child Day Care Center Profile F o r m .................... 129 Data from the Survey Questionnaire . 134 Summary..................................... 162 V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIQMS, DISCUSSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................ 168 Summary of^ the S t u d y ...................... 168 Summary of Results ........................ 173 Conclusions................................. 181 Discussion............ 184 Recommendations.............................189 Further Study...............................193 APPENDICES................................................ 195 A. Survey of Music in Ohio Preschools............ 196 B. Survey Questionnaire Validation Form .... 203 C. Survey Questionnaire/Profile Pilot Letter and Evaluation F o r m ...................... 207 D. Survey Questionnaire Cover Letter.............. 211 E. Child Day Care Center Profile F o r m ............213 F. Two-Week Reminder C a r d .........................217 G. Survey Questionnaire Final Reminder Letter . 219 H. List of Counties with Total Number of Centers Providing Day Care Services for Preschoolers ............................ 221 REFERENCES................................................224 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Saisie Response D a t a .......................... 129 2. Institutional Classification .................. 130 3. Religion As Curricular Component ............. 131 4. Institutional Identification .................. 131 5. Institutional Location ........................ 132 6. Operating Schedule ............................ 133 7. Frequency of Husic Involvement— Question # 2 .............................. 134 8. Weekly Average Amount of Time Devoted to Music— Question # 3 ........................ 135 9. Music Activities in Which Preschoolers Participate— Question # 4 ................. 136 10. Purpose for Involving Preschoolers in Music Activities— Question # 5 ................. 139 11. Philosophical Rationale for the Use of Music with Preschoolers— Question # 6 ........... 144 12. Type -of Curriculum— Question # 7 ............. 149 vi List of Tables, Continued Page 13. Individuals Conducting Music Experiences— Question # 8 .............................. 150 14. Individual Responsible for Conducting Music Experiences— Question # 9 ................. 151 15. Highest Educational Background of Individual Conducting Music Experiences— Question # 1 0 .............................. 152 16. Individual Responsible for Determining Fre.quency of Music Experiences— Question # 1 1 .............................. 153 17. Location of Music Experiences— Question # 1 2 .............................. 154 18. Available Musical Instruments— Question # 1 4 .............................. 156 19. Musical Instruments Used Most Often— Question # 1 5 .............................. 157 20. Available Materials and Equipment— Question # 1 6 .............................. 158 21. Materials and Equipment Used Most Often— Question # 1 7 .............................. 159 22. Administrative Evaluation of Preschool Program— Question # 1 8 ................... 160 23. Important Aspects in Quality Music Learning— Question # 1 9 .............................. 161 vii CHAPTER I IHTRODUCTION In recent years, the education of young children has become a major concern among parents, teachers, school administrators, and politicians. Early childhood education is not a new phenomenon; however, it is receiving increased attention in the 1980s due to the growing demand for day care. Likewise, day care is not a new phenomenon. In this country, day care dates back well over a century CSuransky, 1982 >. According to Suransky: Perhaps the strongest influence on the situation of daycare in modern times has been the women’s movement. (p. 46) Suransky notes that during the last decade, the image of day care has shifted. Previously,
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