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(Bc. Práce, Jiráková Milada UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO V OLOMOUCI Filozofická fakulta Katedra asijských studií BAKALÁ ŘSKÁ PRÁCE Křes ťanství v Čín ě ve 20. století Christianity in China in the 20th century OLOMOUC 2011 Milada Jiráková Vedoucí práce: doc. Lucie Olivová, M.A., Ph.D. Filosofická fakulta Univerzity Palackého v Olomouci Akademický rok: 2011/2012 1 ZADÁNÍ BAKALÁ ŘSKÉ DIPLOMOVÉ PRÁCE Katedra: Katedra asijských studií Příjmení, jméno: Jiráková, Milada Osobní číslo studenta: F06737 Studijní obor: Čínská filologie – Anglická filologie Zadané téma: K řes ťanství v Čín ě ve 20. století Název práce v angli čtin ě: Christianity in China in the 20th century Rozsah práce: 40 stran textu Zásady pro vypracování: Práce se zabývá osudy k řes ťanství v Čín ě v pr ůběhu dvacátého století. Autorka se pokusí 1) charakterizovat situaci p řed vít ězstvím komunistické vlády a po ní, 2) posoudit d ůvody rostoucího zájmu o k řes ťanství v 80. letech dvacátého století, 3) popsat sou časnou situaci vyznava čů k řes ťanství v Čín ě ve vybraných lokalitách. 2 Seznam odborné literatury: Bush , Jr., Richard C. Religion in Communist China . Abingdon Press, Nashville and New York, 1970. Borotová , Lucie. Protestantské misie v Čín ě. Religio III, 1995.2: 155 - 168. Hinton , William. Shenfan . Random House, New York, 1980. Papal Documents Related to China, 1937-2005. (Researched and compiled by Elmer Wurth , MM, Edited by Betty Ann Maheu , MM). Holy Spirit Study Centre, Hong Kong, 2008. (436 pp.) ISBN-10: 962-86367-90; ISBN-13: 978-962-86367- 92. Hlas z Číny. Dopisy p. Jos. Zemana . Upravil Fr. Všete čka. Jednota katolického duchovenstva diocese brn ěnské, R ůže Sušilovy a Jana Zemana, Brno 1932. Zeman , Josef. Deset let za Čínskou zdí. Ze života a p ůsobení katolického misioná ře. Lidové knihkupectví a nakladatelství v Olomouci, 1937. Termín zadání práce: kv ěten 2008 Termín odevzdání práce: listopad 2011 Vedoucí diplomové práce, titul (h ůlkovým písmem): doc. Lucie Olivová, M.A., Ph.D. ………………………….…….. ………………………….………… podpis vedoucího práce podpis vedoucího katedry …………………………………… ........................................................ podpis d ěkana datum 3 Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalá řskou práci vypracovala samostatn ě a uvedla veškeré použité prameny a literaturu. Olomouc, 28. listopadu 2011 Milada Jiráková 4 Děkuji tímto paní doc. Lucii Olivové, M.A., Ph.D. za odborné vedení a zájem o mou práci.. Též jí d ěkuji za trp ělivost p ři vedení mé práce. 5 Anotace: Bakalá řská práce se zabývá situací k řes ťan ů v Čínské lidové republice ve 20. století. Popisuje zp ůsoby pronásledování čínských k řes ťan ů. Práce obsahuje autentické výpov ědi čínských k řes ťan ů o perzekuci b ěhem 20. století. Sou částí je i dotazník, který mapuje pov ědomí oslovených českých respondent ů o možnostech perzekuce. Pro nedostatek odpov ědí ze zahrani čí nebyly dotazníky oslovených cizinc ů do výsledk ů zahrnuty. Odpov ědi v dotazníku jsou zpracovány dle kritérií, které respondenty spojují a dle spole čných odpov ědí. Klí čová slova: Církev, Čína, ČLR, deportace, dotazník, hnutí, katolíci, kritérium, k řes ťané, manifest, misioná ř, perzekuce, pronásledování, protestant, v ězení. 6 Synopsis: This bachelor thesis gives a view on the situation of Christians in The People´s Republic of China in the 20th century. It describes ways of persecution of Chinese Christians. The thesis contains real testimonies about persecution of Chinese Christians during the 20th century. It includes a questionnaire which gives a survey of Czech respondents´ awareness of persecution possibilities. There was a lack of answers from foreigners. That is the reason why foreigners´ answers were not included in the survey. The answers in the questionnaire are elaborated within criteria and answers which the respondents have in common. Key words: Catholics, China, Christian, church, criterion, deportation, manifest, missionary, movement, persecution, PRC, prison, Protestant, questionnaire. 7 OBSAH 0. Zpracování použité literatury.......................................................12 1. Situace křes ťanství v Čín ě ve 20. století.....................................14 1.1 Práce církví...........................................................................14 1.2 Obvin ění, uv ězn ění duchovních, deportace..........................15 1.3 Stanoviska vlády...................................................................20 1.4 Zm ěny v život ě církví...........................................................23 1.5 Doklady a sv ědectví o perzekuci čínských k řes ťan ů............27 2. Obsah dotazníku..........................................................................29 2.1 Cíl dotazníku.........................................................................29 2.2 Dotazník v českém a anglickém jazyce................................29 2.3 Struktura dotazníku...............................................................30 2.4 Postup p ři výb ěru kritérií pro zpracování informací.............30 2.5 Postup p ři výb ěru otázek.......................................................31 2.6 D ůvody pro výb ěr otázek......................................................32 3. Komunikace s respondenty.......................................................... 33 3.1 Návratnost dotazník ů.............................................................33 3.2 Reakce dotazovaných............................................................34 4. Zpracování dotazník ů...................................................................35 8 4.1 Skupina „Nevím“ a skupina „N ěco“.......................................35 4.2 Skupina „Nevím“....................................................................35 4.3 Skupina „N ěco“.......................................................................36 4.4 Pom ěr muž ů a žen...................................................................37 5. Vyhodnocování informací z dotazník ů...........................................38 5.1 Zvolená kritéria.......................................................................38 5.2 Kritérium v ěku ve skupin ě „Nevím“.......................................38 5.3 Kritérium nejvyššího dosaženého vzd ělání ve skupin ě „Nevím“................................................................39 5.4 Kritérium rodinný stav a po čet d ětí ve skupin ě „Nevím“......39 5.5 Kritérium náboženství/víry/ateizmu ve skupin ě „Nevím“......40 5.6 Podskupina A ve skupin ě „N ěco“............................................41 5.7 Podskupina B ve skupin ě „N ěco“............................................41 5.8 Kritérium v ěku ve skupin ě „N ěco“ (podskupina A i B)...........42 5.9 Kritérium nejvyššího dosaženého vzd ělání ve skupin ě „N ěco“ (podskupina A i B)........................................................42 5.10 Kritérium rodinný stav a po čet d ětí ve skupin ě „N ěco“.........43 5.11 Kritérium náboženství/víry/ateizmu ve skupin ě „N ěco“........44 5.12 Nej čast ější kladné odpov ědi...................................................44 9 5.13 Dodatky respondent ů.............................................................45 6. Informace potvrzující relevanci zvolených otázek v dotazníku a záv ěry ze získaných informací................................46 7. Záv ěr...............................................................................................52 8. Použitá literatura.............................................................................53 9. Poznámky........................................................................................56 10. P řílohy...........................................................................................61 10 0. Zpracování použité literatury Pro zmapování situace ve 20. století jsem použila knihy, kde jsou autory samotní misioná ři a popisují své zkušenosti z Číny. Jiné knihy odkazují na dokumenty, jejichž vydáním byla práva čínských k řes ťan ů zna čně omezena. Zejména jsem se soust ředila na informace o dodržování slibu čínské vlády (p řed i po vzniku ČLR) o svobod ě náboženství. Fakta, uvedená v následujících knihách, se často neshodovala s tímto vládním stanoviskem. Shromaž ďovala jsem informace z těchto zdroj ů: Religion in Communist China (od Richard C. Bushe). Bush zde uvádí události, které se v Čín ě odehrávaly v souvislosti s údajnou „náboženskou svobodou“. Zam ěř uje se i na jiná náboženství, která Číňané vyznávají, ovšem já jsem se soust ředila pouze na kapitoly vyhran ěné k řes ťanství. Dále jsem se zabývala sbírkou dokument ů, které definovaly vztahy mezi Vatikánem a ČLR ( A Collection of Documents on the History of the 60 Years of Sine-Vatican Diplomatic Relations ), a také n ěkolika sborníky, které mapují danou situaci jak z pohledu politického, tak pohledu oby čejného Číňana ( Christentum und Kirche in der Volksrepublik China, Unterdruckte Christen brauchen unsere Stimme ). Použila jsem též n ěkolik knih s autentickými výpov ěď mi o čitých sv ědk ů, misioná řů , kte ří prožili následky údajné „náboženské svobody“. Jeden z misioná řů ve svých dopisech rodin ě ( Deset let za Čínskou zdí ) popisuje období 30. let 20. století, kdy boji mezi komunisty a nacionalisty trpělo zejména místní obyvatelstvo, křes ťany coby p ředstavitele cizí víry nevyjímaje. (V této dob ě ješt ě nevládla komunistická strana a do vyhlášení vzniku ČLR chyb ělo ješt ě více než desetiletí.) Jiný čínský misioná ř se sv ěř uje se svými útrapami z 90. letech 20. století ( Nebeský muž ). P řestože d ělí tyto dv ě výpov ědi zhruba 60 rok ů, spojuje je utrpení, kterými tito k řes ťané prošli. Další kniha ( Fanshen ) ukazuje, jak b ěžní Číňané
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