DOCSLIB.ORG

Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Part 8000 TOXICITY 8010 INTRODUCTION*#(1) 8010 A. General Discussion 1. Uses of Toxicity Tests Toxicity tests are desirable in water quality evaluations because chemical and physical tests alone are not sufficient to assess potential effects on aquatic biota.1-3 For example, the effects of chemical interactions and the influence of complex matrices on toxicity cannot be determined from chemical tests alone. Different species of aquatic organisms are not equally susceptible to the same toxic substances nor are organisms equally susceptible throughout the life cycle. Even previous exposure to toxicants can alter susceptibility. In addition, organisms of the same species can respond differently to the same level of a toxicant from time to time, even when all other variables are held constant. Toxicity tests are useful for a variety of purposes that include determining: (a) suitability of environmental conditions for aquatic life, (b) favorable and unfavorable environmental factors, such as DO, pH, temperature, salinity, or turbidity, (c) effect of environmental factors on waste toxicity, (d) toxicity of wastes to a test species, (e) relative sensitivity of aquatic organisms to an effluent or toxicant, (f) amount and type of waste treatment needed to meet water pollution control requirements, (g) effectiveness of waste treatment methods, (h) permissible effluent discharge rates, and (i) compliance with water quality standards, effluent requirements, and discharge permits. In such regulatory assessments, use toxicity test data in conjunction with receiving-water and site-specific discharge data on volumes, dilution rates, and exposure times and concentrations. 2. Test Procedures There is a need to use correct terminology (see Section 8010B, Terminology), and environmentally relevant test procedures to meet regulatory, legal, and research objectives.3-8 The procedures given below allow measurement of biological responses to known and unknown concentrations of materials in both fresh and saline waters. These toxicity tests are applicable to routine monitoring requirements as well as research needs. Refer to Part 9000 for microbiological methods and Part 10000 for field and other types of biological laboratory methods for water quality evaluations. Refer to Section 10900 for identification aids for aquatic organisms. Reasonable uniformity of procedures and of data presentation is essential. The use of standardized methods described below will ensure adequate uniformity, reproducibility, and © Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater general usefulness of results without interfering unduly with the adaptability of the tests to local circumstances. Quality assurance practices for toxicity test methods include all aspects of the test that affect the quality of the data. These include sampling and handling, source and condition of test organisms, performance of reference toxicant tests, and the test procedures themselves. Quality assurance/quality control guidelines are available for single compound testing and general laboratory practices9 and for effluent evaluations in technical guidance manuals for conducting acute and short-term chronic toxicity tests with effluents.10-12 3. References 1. U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY. 1991. Technical Support Document for Water Quality-Based Control. EPA-505/2-90-001 (PB91-127415), Off. Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 2. U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY. 1987. Permit Writer’s Guide to Water Quality-Based Permitting for Toxic Pollutants. Off. Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. 3. GROTHE, D.R., K.L. DICKSON & D.K. REED-JUDKINS, eds. 1996. Whole Effluent Toxicity Testing: An Evaluation of Methods and Prediction of Receiving System Impacts. SETAC Pellston Workshop on Whole Effluent Toxicity, Sept. 16-25, 1995, Pellston, Mich. SETAC Press, Pensacola, Fla. 4. AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS. 1996. 1996 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 11, Water and Environment Technology. Volume 11.04 Pesticides; Resources Recovery; Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Responses; Waste Disposal; Biological Effects. American Soc. Testing & Materials, W. Conshohocken, Pa. 5. ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT. 1981. OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, France. 6. BERGMAN, H., R. KIMERLE & A.W. MAKI, eds. 1985. Environmental Hazard Assessment of Effluents. Pergamon Press, Inc., Elmsford, N.Y. 7. AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS. 1997. Standard Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests on Aqueous Effluents with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphibians. ASTM -1192-97, American Soc. Testing & Materials, W. Conshohocken, Pa. 8. AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS. 1997. Standard Guide for Conducting Acute Toxicity Tests with Fishes, Macroinvertebrates, and Amphibians. ASTM E 729-96, American Soc. Testing & Materials, W. Conshohocken, Pa. 9. U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY. 1987. Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA); Good Laboratory Practice Standards. Proposed Rule. 40 CFR Part 160; Federal Register 52:48920. 10. WEBER, C.I., ed. 1993. Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Water to Freshwater and Marine Organisms, 4th ed. EPA-600/4-90-027F, © Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Environmental Monitoring Systems Lab., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio. 11. KLEMM, D.J., G.E. MORRISON, T.J. NORBERG-KING, W.H. PELTIER & M.A. HEBER, eds. 1994. Short-Term Methods for Estimating the Chronic Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Waters to Marine and Estuarine Organisms, 2nd ed. EPA-600/4-91-003, Environmental Monitoring and Support Lab., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio. 12. LEWIS, P.A., D.J. KLEMM, J.M. LAZORCHAK, T.J. NORBERG-KING, W.H. PELTIER & M.A. HEBER, eds. 1994. Short-Term Methods for Estimating the Chronic Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Waters to Freshwaters Organisms, 3rd ed. EPA-600/4-91-002, Environmental Monitoring Systems Lab., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio. 4. Bibliography RAND, G.M. & S.R. PETROCELLI, eds. 1985. Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology. Methods and Applications. Hemisphere, New York, N.Y. KLAASON, C.D., M.O. AMDUR & J. DOULL, eds. 1986. Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology, 3rd ed. Macmillan, New York, N.Y. 8010 B. Terminology An aquatic toxicity test is a procedure in which the responses of aquatic organisms are used to detect or measure the presence or effect of one or more substances, wastes, or environmental factors, alone or in combination. 1. General Terms Acclimate—to accustom test organisms to different environmental conditions, such as temperature, light, and water quality. Response—the measured biological effect of the variable tested. In acute toxicity tests the response usually is death or immobilization. In plant toxicity tests, the response can be death, growth inhibition, or reproductive inhibition. In biostimulation tests, the response is biomass increase. Control—treatment in a toxicity test that duplicates all the conditions of the exposure treatment but contains no test material. Range-finding test—preliminary test designed to establish approximate toxicity of a solution. Test design incorporates multiple, widely spaced, concentrations with single replicates; exposure is usually 8 to 24 h. Screening test—toxicity test to determine if an impact is likely to be observed; test design incorporates one concentration, multiple replicates, exposure 24 to 96 h. Definitive test—toxicity test designed to establish concentration at which a particular end point occurs. Exposures for these tests are longer than for screening or range-finding tests, © Copyright 1999 by American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water Environment Federation Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater incorporating multiple concentrations at closer intervals and multiple replicates. 2. Toxicity Terms Dose—amount of toxicant that enters the organism. Dose and concentration are not interchangeable. Toxicity—potential or capacity of a test material to cause adverse effects on living organisms, generally a poison or mixture of poisons. Toxicity is a result of dose or exposure concentration and exposure time, modified by variables such as temperature, chemical form, and availability. Exposure time—time of exposure of test organism to test solution. Acute toxicity—relatively short-term lethal or other effect, usually defined as occurring within 4 d for fish and macroinvertebrates and shorter times (2 d) for organisms with shorter life spans. Chronic toxicity—toxicity involving a stimulus that lingers or continues for a relatively long period of time, often one-tenth of the life span or more. ‘‘Chronic’’ should be considered a relative term depending on the life span of an organism. A chronic toxic effect can be measured in terms of reduced growth, reduced reproduction, etc., in addition to lethality. Lethal concentration (LCP)—toxicant concentration estimated to produce death in a specified proportion (P) of test organisms. Usually defined
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Denis BAURAIN Département Des Sciences De La Vie Université De Liège Société Royale Des Sciences De Liège 20 Septembre 2012 Plan De L’Exposé
    L’évolution des Eucaryotes Denis BAURAIN Département des Sciences de la Vie Université de Liège Société Royale des Sciences de Liège 20 septembre 2012 Plan de l’exposé 1. Qu’est-ce qu’un Eucaryote ? 2. Quelle est la diversité des Eucaryotes ? 3. Quelles sont les relations de parenté entre les grands groupes d’Eucaryotes ? 4. D’où viennent les Eucaryotes ? Qu’est-ce1 qu’un Eucaryote ? Eukaryotic Cells définition ultrastructurale : organelles spécifiques • noyau (1) • nucléole (2) • RE (5, 8) • Golgi (6) • centriole(s) (13) • mitochondrie(s) (9) • chloroplaste(s) • ... http://en.wikipedia.org/ A eukaryotic gene is arranged in a patchwork of coding (exons) and non-coding sequences (introns). Introns are eliminated while exons are spliced together to yield the mature mRNA used for protein synthesis. http://reflexions.ulg.ac.be/ Gene DNA Transcription Exon1 Exon2 Exon3 Exon4 Exon5 Exon6 pre-mRNA Alternatif splicing mature mRNA Translation Protein In many Eukaryotes, almost all genes can lead to different proteins through a process termed alternative splicing. http://reflexions.ulg.ac.be/ REVIEWS Box 2 | Endosymbiotic evolution and the tree of genomes Intracellular endosymbionts that originally descended from free-living prokaryotes have been important in the evolution of eukaryotes by giving rise to two cytoplasmic organelles. Mitochondria arose from α-proteobacteria and chloroplasts arose from cyanobacteria. Both organelles have made substantial contributions to the complement of genes that are found in eukaryotic nuclei today. The figure shows a schematic diagram of the evolution of eukaryotes, highlighting the incorporation of mitochondria and chloroplasts into the eukaryotic lineage through endosymbiosis and the subsequent co-evolution of the nuclear and organelle genomes.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Animal Species with Ranks October 2017
    Washington Natural Heritage Program List of Animal Species with Ranks October 2017 The following list of animals known from Washington is complete for resident and transient vertebrates and several groups of invertebrates, including odonates, branchipods, tiger beetles, butterflies, gastropods, freshwater bivalves and bumble bees. Some species from other groups are included, especially where there are conservation concerns. Among these are the Palouse giant earthworm, a few moths and some of our mayflies and grasshoppers. Currently 857 vertebrate and 1,100 invertebrate taxa are included. Conservation status, in the form of range-wide, national and state ranks are assigned to each taxon. Information on species range and distribution, number of individuals, population trends and threats is collected into a ranking form, analyzed, and used to assign ranks. Ranks are updated periodically, as new information is collected. We welcome new information for any species on our list. Common Name Scientific Name Class Global Rank State Rank State Status Federal Status Northwestern Salamander Ambystoma gracile Amphibia G5 S5 Long-toed Salamander Ambystoma macrodactylum Amphibia G5 S5 Tiger Salamander Ambystoma tigrinum Amphibia G5 S3 Ensatina Ensatina eschscholtzii Amphibia G5 S5 Dunn's Salamander Plethodon dunni Amphibia G4 S3 C Larch Mountain Salamander Plethodon larselli Amphibia G3 S3 S Van Dyke's Salamander Plethodon vandykei Amphibia G3 S3 C Western Red-backed Salamander Plethodon vehiculum Amphibia G5 S5 Rough-skinned Newt Taricha granulosa
    [Show full text]
  • Protistology an International Journal Vol
    Protistology An International Journal Vol. 10, Number 2, 2016 ___________________________________________________________________________________ CONTENTS INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC FORUM «PROTIST–2016» Yuri Mazei (Vice-Chairman) Welcome Address 2 Organizing Committee 3 Organizers and Sponsors 4 Abstracts 5 Author Index 94 Forum “PROTIST-2016” June 6–10, 2016 Moscow, Russia Website: http://onlinereg.ru/protist-2016 WELCOME ADDRESS Dear colleagues! Republic) entitled “Diplonemids – new kids on the block”. The third lecture will be given by Alexey The Forum “PROTIST–2016” aims at gathering Smirnov (Saint Petersburg State University, Russia): the researchers in all protistological fields, from “Phylogeny, diversity, and evolution of Amoebozoa: molecular biology to ecology, to stimulate cross- new findings and new problems”. Then Sandra disciplinary interactions and establish long-term Baldauf (Uppsala University, Sweden) will make a international scientific cooperation. The conference plenary presentation “The search for the eukaryote will cover a wide range of fundamental and applied root, now you see it now you don’t”, and the fifth topics in Protistology, with the major focus on plenary lecture “Protist-based methods for assessing evolution and phylogeny, taxonomy, systematics and marine water quality” will be made by Alan Warren DNA barcoding, genomics and molecular biology, (Natural History Museum, United Kingdom). cell biology, organismal biology, parasitology, diversity and biogeography, ecology of soil and There will be two symposia sponsored by ISoP: aquatic protists, bioindicators and palaeoecology. “Integrative co-evolution between mitochondria and their hosts” organized by Sergio A. Muñoz- The Forum is organized jointly by the International Gómez, Claudio H. Slamovits, and Andrew J. Society of Protistologists (ISoP), International Roger, and “Protists of Marine Sediments” orga- Society for Evolutionary Protistology (ISEP), nized by Jun Gong and Virginia Edgcomb.
    [Show full text]
  • Plenary Lecture & Symposium
    PLENARY LECTURE & SYMPOSIUM SYMPOSIuM From genomics to flagellar and ciliary struc - MONDAY 29 JulY tures and cytoskeleton dynamics (by FEPS) PlENARY lECTuRE (ISoP Honorary Member lECTuRE) Chairs (by ISoP) Cristina Miceli , University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy Helena Soares , University of Lisbon and Gulbenkian Foun - Introduction - John Dolan , CNRS-Sorbonne University, Ville - dation, Lisbon, Portugal franche-sur-Mer, France. Jack Sunter - Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK- Genome Tom Fenchel University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Den - wide tagging in trypanosomes uncovers flagellum asymmetries mark Dorota Wloga - Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, War - ISoP Honorary Member saw, Poland - Deciphering the molecular mechanisms that coor - dinate ciliary outer doublet complexes – search for “missing Size, Shape and Function among Protozoa links” Helena Soares - University of Lisbon and Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal - From centrosomal microtubule an - SYMPOSIuM on ciliate biology and taxonomy in memory choring and organization to basal body positioning: TBCCD1 an of Denis lynn (by FEPS/ISoP) elusive protein Chairs Pierangelo luporini , University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy Roberto Docampo , University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia TuESDAY 30 JulY Alan Warren - Natural History Museum, London, UK. The bio - logy and systematics of peritrich ciliates: old concepts and new PlENARY lECTuRE (PAST-PRESIDENT LECTURE, by ISoP) findings Rebecca Zufall - University of Houston, Houston, USA. Amitosis Introduction - Avelina Espinosa , Roger Williams University, and the Evolution of Asexuality in Tetrahymena Ciliates Bristol, USA Sabine Agatha - University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria. The biology and systematics of oligotrichean ciliates: new findings David Bass and old concepts Natural History Museum London, London & Cefas, Weymouth, laura utz - School of Sciences, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
    [Show full text]
  • Martina Hortvíková
    MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV BOTANIKY A ZOOLOGIE PREDAČNĚ-DISTURBAČNÍ EFEKT BLEŠIVCE POTOČNÍHO NA POČETNOST LAREV DVOUKŘÍDLÝCH V PRAMENNÉM BIOTOPU Diplomová práce Martina Hortvíková Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Vít Syrovátka, Ph.D. Brno 2016 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Bc. Martina Hortvíková Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav botaniky a zoologie Název práce: Predačně-disturbační efekt blešivce potočního na početnost larev dvoukřídlých v pramenném biotopu Studijní program: Chemie Studijní obor: Učitelství chemie pro střední školy Učitelství biologie pro střední školy Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Vít Syrovátka, Ph.D. Akademický rok: 2015/2016 Počet stran: 61+6 Klíčová slova: Blešivec potoční, Gammarus fossarum, predace, prameništní slatiniště, prameniště, minerotrofní gradient, pH, Chironomidae, Ceratopogonidae, Atrichopogon, Oligochaeta, obsah střeva Bibliographic Entry Author Bc. Martina Hortvíková Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of Botany and Zoology Title of Thesis: Predator-disturbance effect of Gammarus fossarum on the abundance of Diptera larvae at a spring biotope Degree programme: Chemistry Upper Secondary School Teacher Training in Field of Study: Chemistry Upper Secondary School Teacher Training in Biology Supervisor: Mgr. Vít Syrovátka, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2015/2016 Number of Pages: 61+6 Keywords: Gammarus fossarum, predation, spring fens, minerotrophic gradient, pH, Chironomidae, Ceratopogonidae, Atrichopogon, Oligochaeta, gut content Abstrakt Prameniště jsou vodní biotopy s relativně
    [Show full text]
  • 2002 Benthic Sites with Data Types Available for Each Site
    APPENDIX A 2002 Benthic Sites with Data Types Available for Each Site 04-1422-022.1 King County 2002 Benthic Macroinvertebrate Data Analyses FINAL August 2004 A-1 APPENDIX A - 2002 Benthic Sites with Data Types Available for Each Site Land WQ Hydrology Benthic Use Habitat Station WQ Station Hydrology Watershed Site Code Site Name Data Data Data Code Data Code Data Green-Duwamish 09BLA0675 Black 0675 x x x Green-Duwamish 09BLA0716 Black 0716 x x x Green-Duwamish 09BLA0722 Black 0722 x x x A326 x Green-Duwamish 09BLA0756 Black 0756 x x x Green-Duwamish 09BLA0768 Black 0768 x x x 03B x Green-Duwamish 09BLA0768 Black 0768 Replicate x x x 03B x Green-Duwamish 09BLA0771 Black 0771 x x x Green-Duwamish 09BLA0772 Black 0772 x x x Green-Duwamish 09BLA0813 Black 0813 x x x Green-Duwamish 09BLA0817 Black 0817 x x x Green-Duwamish 09BLA0817 Black 0817 Replicate x x x Green-Duwamish 09COV1165 Covington Basin 1165 x x x Green-Duwamish 09COV1418 Covington Basin 1418 x x x C320 x Green-Duwamish 09COV1753 Covington Basin 1753 x x x Green-Duwamish 09COV1798 Covington Basin 1798 x x x Green-Duwamish 09COV1862 Covington Basin 1862 x x x Green-Duwamish 09COV1864 Covington Basin 1864 x x x Green-Duwamish Covington Basin Soos 03 x x Green-Duwamish 09DEE2163 Deep/Coal Basin 2163 x x x Green-Duwamish 09DEE2208 Deep/Coal Basin 2208 x x x Green-Duwamish 09DEE2211 Deep/Coal Basin 2211 x x x Green-Duwamish 09DEE2266 Deep/Coal Basin 2266 x x x Green-Duwamish 09DEE2294 Deep/Coal Basin 2294 x x x Green-Duwamish 09DEE2294 Deep/Coal Basin 2294 Replicate x x x Green-Duwamish
    [Show full text]
  • Nabs 2004 Final
    CURRENT AND SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES ON BENTHIC BIOLOGY 2004 Published August, 2005 North American Benthological Society 2 FOREWORD “Current and Selected Bibliographies on Benthic Biology” is published annu- ally for the members of the North American Benthological Society, and summarizes titles of articles published during the previous year. Pertinent titles prior to that year are also included if they have not been cited in previous reviews. I wish to thank each of the members of the NABS Literature Review Committee for providing bibliographic information for the 2004 NABS BIBLIOGRAPHY. I would also like to thank Elizabeth Wohlgemuth, INHS Librarian, and library assis- tants Anna FitzSimmons, Jessica Beverly, and Elizabeth Day, for their assistance in putting the 2004 bibliography together. Membership in the North American Benthological Society may be obtained by contacting Ms. Lucinda B. Johnson, Natural Resources Research Institute, Uni- versity of Minnesota, 5013 Miller Trunk Highway, Duluth, MN 55811. Phone: 218/720-4251. email:[email protected]. Dr. Donald W. Webb, Editor NABS Bibliography Illinois Natural History Survey Center for Biodiversity 607 East Peabody Drive Champaign, IL 61820 217/333-6846 e-mail: [email protected] 3 CONTENTS PERIPHYTON: Christine L. Weilhoefer, Environmental Science and Resources, Portland State University, Portland, O97207.................................5 ANNELIDA (Oligochaeta, etc.): Mark J. Wetzel, Center for Biodiversity, Illinois Natural History Survey, 607 East Peabody Drive, Champaign, IL 61820.................................................................................................................6 ANNELIDA (Hirudinea): Donald J. Klemm, Ecosystems Research Branch (MS-642), Ecological Exposure Research Division, National Exposure Re- search Laboratory, Office of Research & Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268- 0001 and William E.
    [Show full text]
  • Printing Off., Washington, D.C
    Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater Part 7000 RADIOACTIVITY 7010 INTRODUCTION*#(1) 7010 A. General Discussion 1. Occurrence and Monitoring The radioactivity in water and wastewater originates from both natural sources and human activities. The latter include operations concerned with the nuclear fuel cycle, from mining to reprocessing; medical uses of radioisotopes; industrial uses of radioisotopes; worldwide fallout from atmospheric testing of nuclear devices; and enhancement of the concentration of naturally occurring radionuclides. Monitoring programs for water and wastewater should be designed to assess realistically the degree of environmental radioactive contamination. In some cases, for example, compliance monitoring for drinking water, the conditions are spelled out.1 In others, it may be necessary to examine the individual situation2 for consideration of the critical radionuclide(s), the critical pathway by which the critical radionuclide moves through the environment, and a critical population group that is exposed to the particular radionuclide(s) moving along this particular pathway. Use of the critical nuclide-pathway-population approach will help narrow the list of possible radionuclides to monitor. A list of the most hazardous radionuclides can be selected by examining the radioactivity concentration standards given by the International Committee on Radiation Protection (ICRP)3, the Federal Radiation Council (FRC)4, the National Committee on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP)2, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency1, and also agencies in other countries. Individual states within the United States may have their own radioactivity concentration standards if they are Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) agreement states. With few exceptions, these numerical values for radioactivity concentrations in air and water are comparable if certain qualifying assumptions are applied.
    [Show full text]
  • Ciliate Biodiversity and Phylogenetic Reconstruction Assessed by Multiple Molecular Markers Micah Dunthorn University of Massachusetts Amherst, [email protected]
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Open Access Dissertations 9-2009 Ciliate Biodiversity and Phylogenetic Reconstruction Assessed by Multiple Molecular Markers Micah Dunthorn University of Massachusetts Amherst, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations Part of the Life Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Dunthorn, Micah, "Ciliate Biodiversity and Phylogenetic Reconstruction Assessed by Multiple Molecular Markers" (2009). Open Access Dissertations. 95. https://doi.org/10.7275/fyvd-rr19 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/95 This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CILIATE BIODIVERSITY AND PHYLOGENETIC RECONSTRUCTION ASSESSED BY MULTIPLE MOLECULAR MARKERS A Dissertation Presented by MICAH DUNTHORN Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2009 Organismic and Evolutionary Biology © Copyright by Micah Dunthorn 2009 All Rights Reserved CILIATE BIODIVERSITY AND PHYLOGENETIC RECONSTRUCTION ASSESSED BY MULTIPLE MOLECULAR MARKERS A Dissertation Presented By MICAH DUNTHORN Approved as to style and content by: _______________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Lipid Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Aquatic Insects
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Boyd Jay Hanson for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Fisheries presented on January 6, 1983 Title: Lipid Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Aquatic Insects: Dietary Influence and Aquatic Adaptation. Redacted for privacy Abstract approved: K.W. Cuins The effect of diet on the lipid content and fatty acid composition of aquatic insects was examined in a series of laboratory feeding experiments, through collection of species of various dietary types from natural populations, and through field introductions of insects into habitats with varying dietary resources. Dietary influences on growth and biochemical composition of the caddisfly Clistoronia magnifica were examined with a variety of diets including wheat, microbially conditioned alder leaves, and wheat plus alder. Larval growth of late instar C. magnifica was slower and resulting pupae were smaller and had less lipid on alder alone than on the diets with wheat. Increased temperature negatively affected the growth of insects on the itadequate alder diet, but not that of larvae receiving wheat. Biochemical analyses of foods and insects indicated that the higher growth rates of wheat-fed larvae resulted from the storage of lipids derived from the wheat. It appears that a source of carbohydrate for the synthesis of storage lipid is a major requirement for late instar C. magnifica. Lipid content and fatty acid composition was determined for representatives of 58 aquatic genera from 7 orders and 6 functional feeding groups. The majority of the insects had total lipid contents of 10% - 20% of total dry weight, and fatty acid compositions generally similar to those reported for related terrestrial species.
    [Show full text]
  • Influences of Diet on the Life Histories of Aquatic Insectsi,2 Toplankton Toxicants, N
    PERSPECTIVES 335 Res. Board Influences of Diet on the Life Histories of Aquatic Insectsi,2 toplankton toxicants, N. H. ANDERSON AND KENNETH W. CUMMINS Fish. Res. Department of Entomology and Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA iver into a !33. ,RAM. 1975. ANDERSON, N. H., AND K. W. CUMMINS. 1979. Influences of diet on the life histories of aquatic le effect of insects. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 36: 335-342. growth of Benthic species are partitioned into functional feeding groups based on food-acquiring mechanisms. Effects of food quality on voltinism, growth rate, and size at maturity are demon- I larvae of strated for representatives of gougers and shredders, collectors, and scrapers. Food quality for iscidae). J. predators is uniformly high, but food quantity (prey density) obviously influences their life histories. A food switch from herbivory to predation, or some ingestion of animal tissues, in large dams stream flow the later stages is a feature of the life cycle of many aquatic insects. Temperature interacts with and C. H. both food quality and quantity in effects on growth as well as having a direct effect on control of metabolism. Thus further elaboration of the role of food in life history phenomena will d seasonal require controlled field or laboratory studies to partition the effects of temperature and food. .ructure of Key words: aquatic insects, feeding strategies, functional groups, life histories i. W. Esch II, ERDA ANDERSON, N. H., AND K. W. CUMMINS. 1979. Influences of diet on the life histories of aquatic G.
    [Show full text]
  • St. Johns Estuary: Estuarine Benthic Macroinvertebrates Phase 2 Final Report
    SPECIAL PUBLICATION SJ2012-SP4 ST. JOHNS ESTUARY: ESTUARINE BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES PHASE 2 FINAL REPORT FINAL REPORT St. Johns Estuary: Estuarine Benthic Macroinvertebrates Phase 2 Final Report Paul A. Montagna, Principal Investigator Terry A. Palmer, Research Specialist Jennifer B. Pollack, Assistant Research Scientist Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies Texas A&M University – Corpus Christi Harte Research Institute 6300 Ocean Drive, Unit 5869 Corpus Christi, Texas 78412 Final Report Submitted to: St. Johns River Water Management District P.O. Box 1429 Palatka, Florida 32178 August, 2011 Cite as: Montagna, P.A., T.A. Palmer, and J.B. Pollack. 2011. St. Johns Estuary: Estuarine Benthic Macroinvertebrates Phase 2. A final report submitted to the St. Johns River Water Management District, Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies Texas A&M University – Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, Texas, 49 pp. Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... i List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. ii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ ii Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Methods .........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]