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Martina Hortvíková MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV BOTANIKY A ZOOLOGIE PREDAČNĚ-DISTURBAČNÍ EFEKT BLEŠIVCE POTOČNÍHO NA POČETNOST LAREV DVOUKŘÍDLÝCH V PRAMENNÉM BIOTOPU Diplomová práce Martina Hortvíková Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Vít Syrovátka, Ph.D. Brno 2016 Bibliografický záznam Autor: Bc. Martina Hortvíková Přírodovědecká fakulta, Masarykova univerzita Ústav botaniky a zoologie Název práce: Predačně-disturbační efekt blešivce potočního na početnost larev dvoukřídlých v pramenném biotopu Studijní program: Chemie Studijní obor: Učitelství chemie pro střední školy Učitelství biologie pro střední školy Vedoucí práce: Mgr. Vít Syrovátka, Ph.D. Akademický rok: 2015/2016 Počet stran: 61+6 Klíčová slova: Blešivec potoční, Gammarus fossarum, predace, prameništní slatiniště, prameniště, minerotrofní gradient, pH, Chironomidae, Ceratopogonidae, Atrichopogon, Oligochaeta, obsah střeva Bibliographic Entry Author Bc. Martina Hortvíková Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Department of Botany and Zoology Title of Thesis: Predator-disturbance effect of Gammarus fossarum on the abundance of Diptera larvae at a spring biotope Degree programme: Chemistry Upper Secondary School Teacher Training in Field of Study: Chemistry Upper Secondary School Teacher Training in Biology Supervisor: Mgr. Vít Syrovátka, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2015/2016 Number of Pages: 61+6 Keywords: Gammarus fossarum, predation, spring fens, minerotrophic gradient, pH, Chironomidae, Ceratopogonidae, Atrichopogon, Oligochaeta, gut content Abstrakt Prameniště jsou vodní biotopy s relativně stálými podmínkami prostředí a s vysokou diverzitou společenstev vodních bezobratlých živočichů. Druhové složení těchto pramenných biotopů se mění podél gradientu minerální bohatosti, který je dán především vlastnostmi substrátu a chemismem vody. Blešivec potoční Gammarus fossarum (Koch 1835) se na bazických prameništích vyskytuje v obrovských abundancích, naopak v kyselých lokalitách zcela chybí. Obdobně se podél tohoto minerotrofního gradientu mění druhové složení společenstva pakomárovitých (Diptera: Chironomidae), což je druhově nejbohatší skupina hmyzu na prameništích. Některé druhy pakomárů, které si staví přenosné schránky z anorganického materiálu, žijí pouze na bazických prameništích. Tedy tam, kde blešivec potoční dosahuje nejvyšších abundancí. Jedním z možných vysvětlení této druhové změny společenstva pakomárovitých by mohl být predační nebo disturbační tlak blešivce na minerálně bohatých prameništích a s tím související ústup některých pakomárovitých do kyselejší části gradientu. Cílem této diplomové práce je vyhodnotit vliv blešivce potočního na početnost larev dvoukřídlých (zejména pakomárů) v pramenném biotopu pomocí terénního manipulačního experimentu připraveného během mé bakalářské práce. V rámci tohoto experimentu byly na lokalitu, kde se blešivec přirozeně nevyskytuje, nainstalovány kruhové klece, do nichž byli vloženi blešivci v počtech, které odpovídají jejich běžné denzitě na bazických lokalitách. Po 4 týdnech expozice byly odebrány a následně v laboratoři analyzovány vzorky makrozoobentosu a byl otestován efekt blešivce na početnost nejhojnějších taxonomických skupin pomocí zobecněných lineárních modelů (GLM) s negativně binomickým rozdělením. Nejsilnější efekt blešivce byl pozorován u larev pakomárců rodu Atrichopogon, kteří byli zároveň i tím nejpočetnějším taxonem na lokalitě. Jejich početnost klesla v experimentální skupině s blešivcem na polovinu. Slabší efekt blešivce byl pak zaznamenán u máloštětinatých červů (třetí nejpočetnější skupina), kdežto u larev pakomárů (druhá nejpočetnější skupina) statisticky významný efekt blešivce pozorován nebyl. Protože predace pakomárů blešivcem nebyla prokázána terénním experimentem ani mikroskopickou analýzou střev vybraných experimentálních jedinců, byl proveden ještě laboratorní experiment, kde bylo jednomu blešivci nabídnuto vždy 5 larev pakomárů jako kořist. Tento ex situ experiment potvrdil, že blešivec potoční dokáže predačně velmi efektivně redukovat počty pakomárů (minimálně v laboratorních podmínkách), když během 24 hodin pozřel všech 5 larev téměř ve všech opakováních. Tato práce dokládá, že blešivec potoční může působit silným predačním tlakem na podstatnou část společenstva makrozoobentosu na prameništích. Je tedy možné, že se takto podílí na změně jeho druhového složení podél minerotorfního gradientu. Abstract Spring areas are aquatic habitats with relatively stable environmental conditions and a high diversity of aquatic invertebrate assemblages. The species composition of these spring biotopes reflects a gradient of mineral richness, which is determined mainly by bedrock and water chemistry. Gammarus fossarum (Koch 1835) is found in base-rich springs in huge densities, however, it is absent from acidic habitats. Similarly, the species composition of chironomid assemblages (Diptera: Chironomidae), which is a group with the highest species richness present in spring areas, changes along this minerotrophic gradient. Larvae of some chironomid species found in base- rich springs build portable cases from inorganic material. Such unusual protective cases might be an adaptation to predatory or disturbance effect of Gammarus fossarum, who reaches highest densities at the same sites. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the influence of Gammarus fossarum on the abundance of Diptera larvae (especially Chironomidae) in a spring biotope by a field manipulation experiment prepared with my bachelor thesis. Within this experiment, circular cages were installed in the locality where Gammarus fossarum is not present naturally. Gammmarus fossarum was introduced into these cages in quantities that correspond to their usual density in base-rich locations. After four weeks of exposition samples of macrozoobenthos were taken and analysed for the effect of Gammarus fossarum on the number of the most abundant taxonomic groups using generalised linear models (GLM) with negative binomial distribution. The strongest effect of Gammarus fossarum was observed in the larvae of Atrichopogon, the most abundant taxon at the locality. In average, its abundance halved in the experimental group with Gammarus fossarum. A weaker effect of Gammarus fossarum was observed in Oligochaeta, (the third most abundant group), while no statistically significant effect was observed in chironomid larvae (the second most abundant group). Because neither the field experiment nor microscopic gut content analysis of selected experimental individuals proved the predation of Chironomidae by Gammarus fossarum, an additional laboratory experiment was executed. Five larvae of Chironomidae were offered to each Gammarus fossarum as prey. This ex situ experiment confirmed that Gammarus fossarum can very efficiently reduce the number of Chironomidae by predation (at least in laboratory conditions), as all 5 larvae were consumed within 24 hours in almost all repetitions. This thesis demonstrates that Gammarus fossarum can exert a strong predatory pressure on a substantial part of benthic assemblages in springs. It is therefore possible that Gammarus fossarum is involved in the change of the species composition along the minerotrophic gradient. Poděkování Velké děkuji patří Víťovi Syrovátkovi za trpělivost a vstřícnost, pomoc se zpracování dat, odborné vedení a cenné rady, které mi pomohly při vypracování diplomové práce a za veškerý čas, který mi věnoval. Dále chci poděkovat Zuzce Lizoňové, Aničce Šímové, Ondrovi Fikarovi a Tomáši Peterkovi za pomoc v terénu. Děkuji také své rodině za podporu během studia. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem svoji diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím informačních zdrojů, které jsou v práci citovány. Brno 2. května 2016 ……………………………… Martina Hortvíková Obsah 1. ÚVOD ...................................................................................................................... 13 1.1. Pramenné biotopy ........................................................................................... 13 1.2. Charakteristika druhu blešivce potočního ...................................................... 15 1.3. Rozšíření a habitatové nároky blešivce potočního ......................................... 16 1.4. Potravní nároky blešivce potočního ................................................................ 18 1.5. Chironomidae na slatiništích ........................................................................... 20 1.6. Pakomárci rodu Atrichopogon ........................................................................ 21 2. MATERIÁL A METODIKA ......................................................................................... 22 2.1. Terénní manipulační experiment .................................................................... 22 2.2. Popis studované lokality ................................................................................. 22 2.3. Design klecí ...................................................................................................... 25 2.4. Instalace klecí .................................................................................................. 26 2.5. Odběr a zpracování vzorků.............................................................................. 27 2.6. Pitva ................................................................................................................. 29 2.7. Laboratorní experiment .................................................................................. 29 2.7.1. Design laboratorního experimentu .........................................................
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