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The Biogeographic Distribution of Caddisflies (Insecta

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The Biogeographic Distribution of Caddisflies (Insecta THE BIOGEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF CADDISFLIES (INSECTA: TRICHOPTERA) WITHIN THE SOUTH -CENTRAL UNITED STATES Heather A. Perry, M.S. Dissertation Prepared for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS May 201 8 APPROVED: James H. Kennedy, Major Professor Bruce Hunter, Committee Member Jeff A. Johnson, Committee Member Stephen R. Moulton II, Committee Member Sam Atkinson, Director of the Institute of Applied Science Arthur Goven, Chair of Department of Biological Sciences David Holdeman, Dean of the College of Science Victor Prybutok, Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School Perry, Heather A. The Biogeographic Distribution of Caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera) within the South-Central United States. Doctor of Philosophy (Biology), May 2018, 239 pp., 24 tables, 49 figures, references, 212 titles. Through the use of natural history records, published literature, and personal sampling (2011-2016) a total of 454 caddisfly species represented by 24 families and 93 genera were documented from the south-central United States. Two Hydroptilidae species were collected during the 2011-2016 collection efforts that are new to the region: Hydroptilia scheringi and Mayatrichia tuscaloosa. Eightteen species are endemic and 30 are considered species of concern by either federal or state agencies. The majority of each of these groups is Hydroptilidae, or microcaddisflies. Trichoptera community structure, by minimum number of species, was analysed in conjunction with large-scale geographical factors to determine which factor illustrated caddisfly community structure across the region. Physiographic provinces compared to other geographic factors analyzed best-represented caddisfly communities with a minimum of 10 or more species. Statistically, Hydrologic Unit Code 4 (HUC 4) was the most significant geographical factor but low number of samples representing this variable rendered it less representative of caddisfly community structure for the study area. Copyright 2018 By Heather A. Perry ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my major professor James H. Kennedy for his patience, guidance and motivation throughout this endeavor; Dr. Bruce Hunter for his willingness to guide me through the ocean of ArcMap; as well as the rest of my committee doctors Sam Atkinson, Jeff Johnson and Steve Moulton for their assistance in this project. I would like to express my gratitude for the best partner in all of this, my husband, Jeff. Thank you for keeping me sane and pushing me when I needed it. My immediate and extended family who understood when we could not attend family functions or simply brought us dinner, I cannot thank you enough. I would be remiss in this if I left our dogs out – Darwin, Cricket, Lily and Aila – devoted to a fault to be by my side during exams or writing. To the Benthic Ecology Lab; especially Lauren Pulliam, Amy Scott and Bethany Hambrick, who traveled with me on collection trips; I would have not accomplished this without having a great group of friends who I could call lab mates. Sharing in the frustrations and accomplishments of research and the extra-curricular festivities were the best part of these last few years. I would like to thank Dr. Oliver Flint, Dr. John Morse, Dr. Steve Harris, Dr. Andrew Rasmussen and David Ruiter for specimen verification as well as answering questions concerning taxonomy. Lastly, this research would not have been possible without all the people who collected, identified, and shared museum records of the thousands of specimens that were used as a baseline data for this research. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... x TRADEMARKS ............................................................................................................. xiii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 1.1 Statement of Problem ................................................................................ 1 1.1.1 Overview of Caddisflies ................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Global Status of Caddisflies ............................................................ 1 1.2 Objectives and Hypotheses of Study ......................................................... 5 1.2.1 Objectives ....................................................................................... 5 1.2.2 Null Hypotheses .............................................................................. 5 1.3 Scope......................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Contents of Remaining Chapters ............................................................... 6 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................. 8 2.1 Trichoptera Literature Review .................................................................... 8 2.1.1 Biology of Caddisflies ...................................................................... 8 2.1.2 Ecology of Caddisflies ................................................................... 12 2.1.3 Evolution of Caddisflies ................................................................. 13 2.2 Faunal Studies of Caddisflies in North America ....................................... 14 2.3 Previous Trichoptera Taxonomic Works from the South-Central United States....................................................................................................... 15 2.3.1 Arkansas ....................................................................................... 15 2.3.2 Louisiana ....................................................................................... 16 2.3.3 New Mexico .................................................................................. 16 2.3.4 Oklahoma ...................................................................................... 17 2.3.5 Texas ............................................................................................ 17 2.4 Natural History Collection’s Literature Review ......................................... 18 2.4.1 Importance of Natural History Collections ..................................... 18 iv 2.4.2 Biases in Natural History Collections (NHCs) ............................... 20 CHAPTER 3. METHODS .............................................................................................. 23 3.1 Study Area and Sample Locations ........................................................... 23 3.2 Natural History Record Sources .............................................................. 26 3.3 2011-2016 Caddisfly Collection and Preservation ................................... 29 3.4 Georefrencing Natural History Collection Records .................................. 34 3.5 Geographical Information Systems and Selection of Geographical Variables .................................................................................................. 34 3.6 Processing and Identification of Caddisflies ............................................. 35 3.7 Classification Scheme.............................................................................. 36 3.8 Statistical Analyses .................................................................................. 36 3.8.1 Uneven Sampling .......................................................................... 36 3.8.2 Data Purged .................................................................................. 37 3.8.3 Best-fit Trichoptera Biogeographic Regions and Community Structures ...................................................................................... 37 3.8.4 Caddisfly Community Similarity ..................................................... 39 CHAPTER 4. RESULTS ................................................................................................ 41 4.1 Historical Accounts from Natural History Collections ............................... 41 4.1.1 Arkansas Trichoptera .................................................................... 47 4.1.2 Louisiana Trichoptera .................................................................... 50 4.1.3 New Mexico Trichoptera ............................................................... 53 4.1.4 Oklahoma Trichoptera ................................................................... 57 4.1.5 Texas Trichoptera ......................................................................... 60 4.2 Additional Records from Published Peer Reviewed Literature ................. 64 4.3 Heather A. Perry (HAP) Sampling Records from 2011-2016 ................... 66 4.4 Caddisfly Demographics: for Study Area and by State ............................ 71 4.5 Sampling Demographics by Family and Species ..................................... 74 4.6 New Species Records and Range Expansions ........................................ 77 4.6.1 Mayatrichia tuscaloosa (Hydroptilidae) ......................................... 78 4.6.2 Hydroptila scheiringi (Hydroptilidae) .............................................. 79 4.6.3 Expanded Species Ranges ........................................................... 79 4.7 Endemic Species ....................................................................................
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