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The Role of Women in Violent Extremism

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The Role of Women in Violent Extremism THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN VIOLENT EXTREMISM A CASE STUDY OF THE PHILIPPINES AND INDONESIA AUTHORS: DAVID H. JIANG KEVIN LIN SANA MOJARRADI JOSHUA RACINE PETER ROTHPLETZ HARRY SEAVEY ALISSA WANG PROJECT ADVISOR: R EAR A DMIRAL J OHN F. W EIGOLD, IV. ( RET) SENIOR CAPSTONE PROJECT FOR THE JACKSON INSITUTE FOR GLOBAL AFFAIRS AND UNITED STATES INDO-PACIFIC COMMAND 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 4 Introduction 5 UN Security Council Resolution 1325 5 The United States Executive Order 13595 6 The United States National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security 6 Congressional Legislative History 8 Women, Peace, and Security Act of 2017 11 Congressional Intent 12 Assumptions 15 Push & Pull Factors 16 Examining the Causes of Radicalization 16 Moving Past “Push” & “Pull” 18 Case Studies 20 Philippines 20 Landscape of Violent Extremism 20 A Closer Look 27 Education and Activism 27 Government and Security 29 Indonesia 31 History of Violent Extremism in Indonesia 31 Women, Peace, Security, and CVE Approaches 33 I. Military, National Police, and Government Efforts 33 II. Civil Society Organizations and Education 36 III. Female Migrant Workers and Jihadist Prisoners 39 The Interagency 43 The United States Department of State 43 United States Agency for International Development 50 Department of State and USAID Joint Strategy on Countering Violent Extremism 56 2 Recommendations 60 1. Prioritizing Women’s Agency vs. Women’s Rights 60 2. Improving U.S. Engagement with Women through Islam 62 3. Leverage influence to promote gendered perspectives of partners 63 4. Interagency Alliances 64 5. Further Areas of Research 65 Case-Study Takeaways: 67 Philippines Takeaways 67 1. Female Perspectives in Peacemaking 67 2. Hijab Trooper Program 67 3. Women-led NGOs 68 4. Community Workshops 68 Indonesia Takeaways 68 1. Research needs 68 2. Issue prioritization 69 3. Political sensitivity 70 4. Technical assistance 70 5. Selective partnership with Indonesian government institutions 71 6. Men’s role in gender-based CVE 72 7. Engaging with non-violent extremists 74 Conclusions 76 Acknowledgements 79 Bibliography 80 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Nation-states throughout the Indo-Pacific region face a myriad of challenges in formulating and executing effective policies to counter the growth of violent extremist groups. This mission is further complicated by the fact many governments have historically ignored the experiences, narratives, and influences of women when crafting said policies. In this brief, one will find an extensive review of past and present efforts to include the voices of women in the CVE process – both within individual countries and international coalitions. In addition, the brief assesses the extant literature relating to the host of cultural, psychological, social, economic, and societal drivers that can push women down the path of radicalization. It goes on to examine specific case studies that contain notable intersections of women’s issues and violent extremism– namely, Indonesia and the Philippines. Finally, after considering dozens of interviews from policy experts and an extensive literature review, this paper recommends the formulation of a new framework that will optimize outcomes and minimize risks for women involved in every capacity of the CVE process. This new framework will predominantly center on the needs and wants of women, so INDOPACOM can be more efficient in building resilient communities throughout the Indo- Pacific region. 4 INTRODUCTION UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1325 In 2000, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace, and Security (WPS), a landmark resolution recognizing the unique and important role of women in the promotion of peace and resolution of conflict. UNSCR 1325 broadly calls on member states to ensure the participation of women in peace processes, the protection of women and prevention of gender-based violence in conflict, and the mainstreaming of gender-based approaches in UN policy-making and programming. The first National Action Plan (NAP) adopted by a member state in response to UNSCR 1325 was implemented by Denmark in 2005, with mostly European and African nations following suit with their own NAPs in the subsequent few years. The first country in the Asia-Pacific to develop an NAP was the Philippines in 2010, followed by Nepal, Australia, and Indonesia. To date, South Korea, New Zealand, Japan, Timor-Leste, and the Solomon Islands are the only other countries in the region to have promulgated their own NAPs. While it is promising that countries dealing firsthand with conflict and violent extremism have adopted a legal framework for incorporating women into peacemaking and conflict resolution, the mere adoption of an NAP does not necessarily imply effective policy-making or implementation and is too often seen as an end in itself. All countries must commit to investing in a multifaceted, collaborative approach among government agencies, security forces, and civil society to take action while staying responsive to local needs and dynamics.1 1 Barbara Miller, Milad Pournik, & Aisling Swaine. Women in Peace and Security through United Nations Security Resolution 1325: Literature Review, Content Analysis of National Action Plans, and Implementation. Report. George Washington University. 5 THE UNITED STATES EXECUTIVE ORDER 13595 Although the UN Security Council passed UNSCR 1325 in 2000, the United States did not join the international community in publishing an NAP until 2011. President Barack Obama signed Executive Order 13595, which mandated the United States Government publish an NAP on WPS.2 The Executive Order recognized several key factors between women’s involvement and the security process. First, the promotion of women’s participation in conflict prevention, resolution, and future post-conflict and relief advances peace, security, development, and international cooperation.3 Second, the Executive Order recognized that every nation has the responsibility to protect populations from genocide, war crimes, sexual violence, and other crimes against humanity. 4 The U.S. especially recognized that sexual violence against civilians could exacerbate armed conflict and delay the implementation of peace and security.5 The Executive Order also mandated that it is the responsibility of the executive departments and agencies to maintain an awareness of and implement U.S. policy regarding WPS.6 THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL ACTION PLAN ON WOMEN, PEACE, AND SECURITY As directed, the United States published its NAP on WPS in 2011. The NAP is guided by five principles. First, the engagement and protection of women as agents of peace and stability is key to preventing, responding to, and resolving conflicts and rebuilding societies.7 Second, the NAP seeks to complement and enhance existing U.S. initiatives to advance gender 2 Exec. Order. No. 13595, 76 Fed. Reg. 80205, (December 23, 2011) 3 Ibid. 4 Ibid. 5 Ibid. 6 Ibid. 7 The White House. The United States National Action Plan on Women Peace and Security. December 2011. 6 equality, human rights, and the needs of vulnerable populations in crisis areas.8 Third, the United States shall be guided by the principle of inclusion, and actively seek out the views and participation of various stakeholders, including marginalized groups, such as ethnic, racial, or religious minorities, persons with disabilities, displaced and indigenous persons, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals.9 Fourth, all departments and agencies of the U.S. government should be coordinated on all activities regarding WPS to maximize the impact of the NAP.10 And lastly, U.S. government agencies will be held accountable for the implementation of these policies.11 The NAP is both an inward-facing and outward-facing policy. The five principles guarantee that not only will the United States strive for gender equality internally, but it will also seek to follow these principles on a global stage. In 2016, the White House published a comprehensive review and identified positive progress across all five of the principles. Since the Plan has been adopted, the United States military has opened all occupations and positions previously closed to female service members. The United States has also advanced the participation of more than 60,000 women in the peacebuilding process and has helped more than 4 million survivors of gender-based violence to provide services in more than 40 countries.12 The government has helped build grassroots networks to lessen the effects of conflict and launched new programs addressing the vulnerability of women and girls in humanitarian emergencies. 13 However, despite all the achievements, the NAP has several shortfalls. In the 2016 updated NAP, the government itself identified several points that need improvement. First, the 8 Ibid. 9 Ibid. 10 Ibid. 11 Ibid. 12 The White House. The United States National Action Plan on Women, Peace, and Security. June 2016 13 Ibid. 7 government must implement monitoring and evaluation plans that can help identify the best practices and assess the impact of WPS programs. 14 Second, the government must also develop programs to empower women to prevent and respond to specific challenges associated with violent extremism. 15 Lastly, the government will further seek strengthened coordination between all the departments with regard to gender policies.16 The NAP has also been criticized by peace advocates and journalists. American political advocate Jodie Evans and Washington Post journalist Amie Ferris-Rotman
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