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Accomodating Diversity Within Feminism in Turkey: the Amargi Women's Cooperative, 2001-2011 a Thesis Submitted to the Graduate

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Accomodating Diversity Within Feminism in Turkey: the Amargi Women's Cooperative, 2001-2011 a Thesis Submitted to the Graduate ACCOMODATING DIVERSITY WITHIN FEMINISM IN TURKEY: THE AMARGI WOMEN’S COOPERATIVE, 2001-2011 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY AYŞE ÜLKÜ ÖZAKIN IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN GENDER AND WOMEN'S STUDIES FEBRUARY 2012 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science/Arts / Doctor of Philosophy. Prof Dr. Yıldız Ecevit Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science/Arts/Doctor of Philosophy. Assist. Prof. Dr. Canan Aslan-Akman Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Aksu Bora (Hacettepe U, COMM) Assist. Prof. Dr. Canan Aslan-Akman (METU, ADM) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayşe Gündüz Hoşgör (METU, SOC) PLAGIARISM I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Ayşe Ülkü ÖZAKIN Signature : iii ABSTRACT ACCOMODATING DIVERSITY WITHIN FEMINISM IN TURKEY: THE AMARGI WOMEN’S COOPERATIVE, 2001-2011 Özakın, Ayşe Ülkü M.Sc., Department of Gender and Women’s Studies Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Canan Aslan-Akman February, 2012, 169 pages In this thesis, Amargi Women’s Cooperative in Istanbul is studied as an example of diversity feminism in Turkey. Its feminist perspective and challenges faced in realizing its objectives in this context are analyzed based on a description of the process of Amargi’s formation, the course of its activities and the debates within the group and especially the in-depth interviews held with ten volunteers. The group’s accomplishments and problems encountered during the last ten years in its quest for “doing politics together with women of diverse identities” are at the focus of this research. The explicit invitation for diversity is one of the Amargi’s differences, as one of the prominent feminist groups in Turkey. In this study, “transversal politics” is identified as the concept underscoring Amargi’s approach to feminism. Difference and diversity among women are emphasized according to ‘dialogical-situated epistemology’ and antimilitarist politics conducted in the Turkish context. Key-words: Amargi, difference, Diversity Feminism, Transversal Politics, Dialogical-Situated Epistemology. iv ÖZ TÜRKİYE FEMİNİZMİNDE FARKLILIĞA YER AÇMAK: AMARGİ KADIN KOOPERATİFİ, 2001-2011 Özakın, Ayşe Ülkü Yüksek Lisans, Kadın Çalışmaları Anabilim Dalı Yrd. Doç Dr. Canan Aslan-Akman Şubat, 2012, 169 sayfa Bu tezde, İstanbul’daki Amargi Kadın Kooperatifi Türkiye’de farklılık feminizminin bir örneği olarak çalışılmıştır. Tezde Amargi’nin feminist perspektifi ile bu bağlamda hayata geçirmekte karşılaştığı zorluklar, grubun oluşumundaki sürece, faaliyetlerine, kendi içindeki tartışmaların betimlenmesine ve özellikle on gönüllü aktivistle gerçekleştirilen derinlemesine mülakatlara dayanarak analiz edilmiştir. Grubun son on yılda “farklı kimliklerden kadınlarla birlikte siyaset yapmak” arayışında başardıkları ve sorunları bu araştırmanın odağındadır. Farklılık için açık davet Türkiye’deki önemli feminist gruplardan olan Amargi’yi ayırt eden özelliklerinden biridir. Bu çalışmada, “çapraz siyaset” Amargi’nin feminizme yaklaşımını tanımlayan terim olarak belirlenmiştir. Türkiye bağlamında, yürütülen ‘diyalog içindeki konumsal epistemoloji‘ ve antimilitarist siyasete uygun olarak farklılık ve kadınlar arası çeşitlilik vurgulanmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Amargi, farklılık, Farklılık Feminizmi, Çapraz Siyaset, Diyalog içindeki Konumlanmış Epistemoloji v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor, Canan Aslan-Akman, for her support and contribution during all the stages related to the writing of this thesis. Her feedback and revisions motivated me to conduct a more complete study. I am also grateful to my parents for their support and effort in raising me as well as their confidence in me. I would like to thank my dear friend, Aslı Çoban, for reviewing my thesis as well as her valuable ideas, which also contributed to this project. I appreciate the time and effort the participants, the Amargi volunteers, devoted to answering my questions. Last but not least, I extend many thanks to my friend, Pınar Selek, for founding Amargi as part of her “search for freedom” which had the effect of changing the lives of many women, including myself. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM........................................................................................................ iii ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... iv ÖZ ............................................................................................................................v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS....................................................................................... vi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................... 1 1.1. Subject Matter and the Objective of the Study........................................ 1 1.2. The Scope and the Significance of the Thesis ......................................... 5 1.3. Research Procedure ................................................................................ 8 1.3.1. Data Collection................................................................................. 9 1.3.2. Design of the Questions...................................................................12 2. WESTERN FEMINISM CONFRONTS THE DIVERSITY CHALLENGE .15 2.1. Identity Politics and the Threat of Essentialism.........................................15 2.2. Feminism as Identity Politics and Identity Politics within Feminism.........17 2.3. Diversity Feminism, Transversal Feminism and Antimilitarism................22 3. AN OVERVIEW OF THE TURKISH FEMINIST MOVEMENT ................31 IN THE ERA OF IDENTITY POLITICS AND ITS PREDICAMENTS..............31 3.1. The Legacy of Kemalist State Feminism and the Feminist Movement of the Post-1980 Period.............................................................................................31 3.2. Feminists and Identity Politics in the 1990s..............................................37 3.2.1. The Kurdish Movement and Critique of Feminists by Kurdish Women ……………………………………………………………………….. 39 3.2.2. Islamic Feministsand the Headscarf Ban............................................41 3.2.3. The LGBT movement, LBT Women; Homophobia, Transphobia among Feminists.........................................................................................................44 3.3. Beyond Feminist Identity Politics: Contextualizing Amargi’s Aim to Bridge Differences......................................................................................................45 4. THE AMARGI WOMEN’S COOPERATIVE ..............................................48 4.1. The Emergence of Amargi within the Feminist Movement in Turkey........48 vii 4.2. Amargi’s Perspective on Feminism: Inclusiveness, Reflexivity and Solidarity ........................................................................................................54 4.3. Organizational Structure and the Challenge of Leadership ........................58 4.4. The First Years’ Activities in Amargi and the Problematization of Knowledge......................................................................................................63 4.4.1. ITEP project (Istanbul Social Ecology Project) ................................69 4.4.2. Theater Amargi................................................................................71 4.5. The Second Period: The more academic and literary years, 2006-2011: ....72 5. DIVERSITY CHALLENGES IN THE PERCEPTIONS OF THE AMARGI VOLUNTEERS ..................................................................................................74 5.1. Distinction of Amargi within the Feminist Movement in Turkey ...........74 5.2. The Question of Subordinate and Hegemonic Identities within Amargi.77 5.3. Amargi Experience as an Implementation of Transversal Politics...........81 5.4. Transcending Identity Politics and Conflicts over Identities...................88 5.4.1. The Repercussions of the Kurdish Issue and Kurdish Women in Amargi............................................................................................................93 5.4.2. Discrimination Based on Sexual Identity and Sexual Orientation....100 5.4.3. Debate over the Headscarf Ban.......................................................107 5.5. Other Debates over Prevailing Power Structures.....................................112 5.5.1. Antimilitarism and Nationalism ......................................................112 5.5.2. Discussions about Heterosexism and Homophobia..........................115 5.5.3. The Issue of Capitalism...................................................................116 5.6. Perceptions of Amargi’s Exclusiveness or Openness to Newcomers........119 5.6.1. Profile Change Amargi Women over Time and Groupings ..............122 5.6.2. The Goal of Personal Transformations and Interpersonal Conflicts .124 5.6.3. “Non-violence Training” in the Transformation
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