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Appendix a Glossary of Sanskrit Terms

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Appendix a Glossary of Sanskrit Terms Appendix A Glossary of Sanskrit Terms The following glossary contains Sanskrit terms used by Diimaga the occurrence of which in the Pramii1J,asamueeaya has been attested by citations in other works. Enclosed in parentheses following each Sanskrit ,~erm is the Tibetan translation of that term as found in Kanakavannan' s translation. In cases where a different translation of the term has been used by Vasudhararaksita, his translation will be preceded by "V=". A Tibetan phrase preceded by "J=" indicates the rendering of the term by BIo gro brtan pa's translation of Jinendrabuddhi. Further information on the terms as dealt with in the present work is contained in square brackets after the main discussion of the entry. References to the occurrence of the term in the Pramii1J,asamueeaya indicate the chapter and verse. Words in quotation marks within the square brackets refer to the subject and author index of this work. arhsa (eha shas) Same meaning as (krtaka) of smaller units, are anitya. bheda, which see. [5:34] [2:7] atadbhedatva (tha dad pa rna yin anumiina (rjes su dpag pa) pa de nyid; V= de nyid tha dad Inference, judgement, reasoning; pa nyid) The fact of not being a especially, the process of drawing proper subset of some specified conclusions concerning the presence extension. [5:4] or absence of certain properties in a locus on the basis of observing other properties in that locus. More adr~ti (rna mthong) Non-observation; generally, the term as used by Dili­ especially non-observation of a niiga signifies any cognitive act of counterexample to a general rule. In which the subject matter is wholly or DiI'maga's system, a rule is good so partly made up of universals, names long as there is no observation of a or synthetic-judgements. [2:5,5:1. See counterexample. [5:31,34] "inference" .] anitya (mi rtag) Transitory, subject to anumeya (rjes su dpag bya) The change, impermanent. All complex inferable object. The object about t/lings, being composed or created 313 314 Glossary of Sanskrit Tenus which the inference supplies infonna­ aprameya (gzhal bya min) tion. [2:5] Unknowable. The property of being unknowable is a stock example of a anaikiinta (ma nges paY Said of a property that can never serve as an property that occurs sometimes with inferential sign, since it can never be and sometimes in the absence of a observed to occur in a subject, or in second property and therefore cannot any object in the induction domain, be used as evidence for that second and therefore does not satisfy any of property. [5:11] the three characteristics of proper evidence. [2:7] aprthaksruti (tha dad med thos; V= so sor rjod byed min) The abhidhiina (brjod pa; V= mngon fact of two or more words being used pa brjod) The action of naming or without a difference in case-endings. expressing. [5:9] Several words appearing together in the same sentence with the same case abhidheya (brjod bya) That which is endings is one of the fonnal indica­ communicated or made known tions of a samanadhikarar;ya relation through a verbal symbol. [5: 12,15] between the words. [5:2] abhinnariipa (tha mi dad pa' i ngo apoddhiira (dmigs kyis bkar) bo; V tha dad pa' i [sic dngos Grammatical tenn designating the = J analytic process of reasoning by po) Grammatical tenn for words which one detennines the meanings having the same phonetic fonn of individual words, morphological whether they name universals or elements and other components of possessors of universals. Names of sentences by comparing how the colours and some other adjectives are meanings of sentences vary when abhinnarupa. In contrast, usually the components within those sentences name for a universal is derived from are replaced by other components. the name for a possesor of the [5:46] universal by the addiction of an abstraction suffix. "pumsa" = male, and "pumsatva" = masculinity; but apoha (sel baY Most often occurs as "sukla" = the colour white in general, part of the phrase anyapoha (gzhan and "sukla" = a white thing in sel ba). Separation, division, particular. [5:9. See "bhavapratyaya".] discrimination, preclusion, exclusion; especially, a word's exclusion from its own domain of application of a) amiirta (Ius min; = Ius can min) the applicability of contrary tenns and Incorporeal, not having a physical b) the objects to which contrary tenns body. The property of incorporeality are applicable. [5:1. See "abstraction is DiI'lnaga' s stock example of a pw­ from others," "anyapoha," "apoha petty that has the flrst two characteris­ theory of meaning" in index.] tics but fails to have the third charac­ teristic of proper evidence. Incorporeality occurs in sound, the Finite verb apohate (sel bar byed) stock subject of inference, and also fonn from which the abstract noun occurs in such objects as action in the apoha is derived. [5:28] Glossary of Sanskrit Terms 315 induction domain that possess trans­ asvatantratva (rang dbang med) itoriness, the property to be con­ Lack of independence. As used by firmed. But since it is not always Difmaga, the term signifIes the state absent in the absence of the property of being grammatically subordinate. of being transitory, for ether is not [5:4. See upasarjana.] transitory despite being incorporeal, it cannot be used as evidence for trans­ itoriness. [2:7] iikiink:jana (' dod pay Anticipation. GramIi-.atical term for the expectation created in the hearer of an expression artha (don) A thing, an object; for some further information. For especially, an object for which a example, when one hears "John's ... ", symbol stands, a symbol's meaning. one expects to hear the thought [5:9] completed by the name of something that John owns or is related to in some arthiik$epa (don gyis 'phangs) other way. Moreover,... [5:26] Disjunctive syllogism; a particular kind of argument or line of reasoning iidhiira (rten) Container. Dil'maga's in which it is first established example of a relatum that is generally of a set of alternatives that assymetrically related to another. at least one alternative of the set is Containment is an assymetrical rela­ true, and then one specific alternative tion in that if A contains B, then B is affIrmed by denying all the others. does not contain A. That which con­ [5:11] tains is called adhiira, while that which is contained is called iidheya aviicya (brjod min; V= brjod par (brten.) [2: 10] mi bya) Inexpressible. Objects of sensation are held to be inexpressible, iinantya (mtha' yas; V= mtha' yod since there is no symbol that can min; J= mtha' yas nyid) apply uniquely to a sense datum. Innumerability; the state of being Relations are also held to be infInite in number or at least beyond inexpressible in sentences in the sense the practical possibility of counting. that there is no word in a sentence that Because the objects to which a names a relation directly; rather, rela­ symbol can be applied are beyond tions are indicated by case endings reckoning, Diilnaga argues that and other morphological features. nothing to which the symbol is [2:10] applicable is made defInitively known through the symbol. [5:2] avisamviida (mi slu baY Non­ deceptive, not misleading. It is an iipta (yid ehes) A credible person, an essential feature of a criterion of authoritative witness or expert whose knowledge that it not lead one astray. testimony is not liable to be corrupted [2:5] by personal prejudices or incompetence. It is axiomatic in avyabhiciira (' khrul med pa, mi Indian religious philosophy that the 'khrul pay Inerrancy; the fact of a reliability of scripture is dependent term or property being restricted to upon and proportional to the only that in which a given property is reliability of those who transmit and present. [2:8,11. 5:9] interpret it; consequently, it was not 316 Glossary of Sanskrit Terms uncommon for Buddhists and others krtsniirthaparisamiipti (mtha' dag who rejected the authority of rtogs pa; V= don ma Ius pa scriptures to impugn the integrity of the brahman priests who transmitted rtogs paY Literally, complete them. [2:5] throughout the entire object. Said of a universal's occurrence in the particulars in which it inheres. The asraya (rten) A locus of a property; a entire universal is supposed to reside substratum. [5:36] without divisions in each one of plurality of particulars. Diimaga' s upaciira (btags pa; V= nye bar own gloss for pratyekaparisamiipti, brtags paY The use of a term in a which see. [5:36. See alsojiiti­ non-literal sense; the application of a dharma.] term that normally applies to a given object to some other closely related or gU1}a (yon tan) A quality. [5:2,5,40] similar object. Simile, metonymy, synecdoche, etc. [5:4] gU1}opakiira (yon tan gyis phan 'dogs; V= yon tan gyis phan upasarjana (gtso bo ma yin pa btags) The influence on one sub­ tsam; V= khyad par du byas stratum of a quality that belongs to pa) Grammatical term signifying a another substratum, owing to which word that loses its independent status influence the first substratum appears and comes instead to qualify another to be qualitatively similar to the term as a result of compounding or second. A stock example is that of a the acquisition of certain rose placed next to a crystal so that morphological elements. [5:4] the red colour that actually resides in the rose apparently resides in the ekatva (gcig nyid) Unity. [See crystal, making the crystal virtually jiitidharma J. red. [5:5] ekiirthatii (don gcig) The fact of two ciik~u~atva (mig gi gzung bay The or more expressions applying to the fact of being visible.
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