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Appendix A

Glossary of Terms

The following glossary contains Sanskrit terms used by Diimaga the occurrence of which in the Pramii1J,asamueeaya has been attested by citations in other works. Enclosed in parentheses following each Sanskrit ,~erm is the Tibetan of that term as found in Kanakavannan' s translation. In cases where a different translation of the term has been used by Vasudhararaksita, his translation will be preceded by "V=". A Tibetan phrase preceded by "J=" indicates the rendering of the term by BIo gro brtan 's translation of Jinendrabuddhi. Further information on the terms as dealt with in the present work is contained in square brackets after the main discussion of the entry. References to the occurrence of the term in the Pramii1J,asamueeaya indicate the chapter and verse. Words in quotation marks within the square brackets refer to the subject and author index of this work. arhsa (eha shas) Same meaning as (krtaka) of smaller units, are anitya. bheda, which see. [5:34] [2:7] atadbhedatva (tha dad pa rna yin anumiina (rjes su dpag pa) pa de nyid; V= de nyid tha dad Inference, judgement, reasoning; pa nyid) The fact of not being a especially, the process of drawing proper subset of some specified conclusions concerning the presence extension. [5:4] or absence of certain properties in a locus on the basis of observing other properties in that locus. More adr~ti (rna mthong) Non-observation; generally, the term as used by Dili• especially non-observation of a niiga signifies any cognitive act of counterexample to a rule. In which the subject matter is wholly or DiI'maga's system, a rule is good so partly made up of universals, long as there is no observation of a or synthetic-judgements. [2:5,5:1. See counterexample. [5:31,34] "inference" .] anitya (mi rtag) Transitory, subject to anumeya (rjes su dpag bya) The change, impermanent. All complex inferable object. The object about t/lings, being composed or created

313 314 Glossary of Sanskrit Tenus

which the inference supplies infonna• aprameya (gzhal bya min) tion. [2:5] Unknowable. The property of being unknowable is a stock example of a anaikiinta ( nges paY Said of a property that can never serve as an property that occurs sometimes with inferential sign, since it can never be and sometimes in the absence of a observed to occur in a subject, or in second property and therefore cannot any object in the induction domain, be used as evidence for that second and therefore does not satisfy any of property. [5:11] the three characteristics of proper evidence. [2:7] aprthaksruti (tha dad med thos; V= so sor rjod byed min) The abhidhiina (brjod pa; V= mngon fact of two or more words being used pa brjod) The action of naming or without a difference in case-endings. expressing. [5:9] Several words appearing together in the same sentence with the same case abhidheya (brjod bya) That which is endings is one of the fonnal indica• communicated or made known tions of a samanadhikarar; relation through a verbal symbol. [5: 12,15] between the words. [5:2] abhinnariipa (tha mi dad pa' ngo apoddhiira (dmigs kyis bkar) bo; V tha dad pa' i [sic dngos Grammatical tenn designating the = J analytic process of reasoning by po) Grammatical tenn for words which one detennines the meanings having the same phonetic fonn of individual words, morphological whether they universals or elements and other components of possessors of universals. Names of sentences by comparing how the colours and some other adjectives are meanings of sentences vary when abhinnarupa. In contrast, usually the components within those sentences name for a universal is derived from are replaced by other components. the name for a possesor of the [5:46] universal by the addiction of an abstraction suffix. "pumsa" = male, and "pumsatva" = masculinity; but apoha (sel baY Most often occurs as "sukla" = the colour in general, part of the phrase anyapoha (gzhan and "sukla" = a white thing in sel ). Separation, division, particular. [5:9. See "bhavapratyaya".] discrimination, preclusion, exclusion; especially, a word's exclusion from its own domain of application of a) amiirta (Ius min; = Ius can min) the applicability of contrary tenns and Incorporeal, not having a physical b) the objects to which contrary tenns body. The property of incorporeality are applicable. [5:1. See "abstraction is DiI'lnaga' s stock example of a pw• from others," "anyapoha," "apoha petty that has the flrst two characteris• theory of meaning" in index.] tics but fails to have the third charac• teristic of proper evidence. Incorporeality occurs in sound, the Finite verb apohate (sel bar byed) stock subject of inference, and also fonn from which the abstract occurs in such objects as action in the apoha is derived. [5:28] Glossary of Sanskrit Terms 315

induction domain that possess trans• asvatantratva (rang dbang med) itoriness, the property to be con• Lack of independence. As used by firmed. But since it is not always Difmaga, the term signifIes the state absent in the absence of the property of being grammatically subordinate. of being transitory, for ether is not [5:4. See upasarjana.] transitory despite being incorporeal, it cannot be used as evidence for trans• itoriness. [2:7] iikiink:jana (' dod pay Anticipation. GramIi-.atical term for the expectation created in the hearer of an expression (don) A thing, an object; for some further information. For especially, an object for which a example, when one hears "John's ... ", symbol stands, a symbol's meaning. one expects to hear the thought [5:9] completed by the name of something that John owns or is related to in some arthiik$epa (don gyis 'phangs) other way. Moreover,... [5:26] Disjunctive syllogism; a particular kind of argument or line of reasoning iidhiira (rten) Container. Dil'maga's in which it is first established example of a relatum that is generally of a set of alternatives that assymetrically related to another. at least one alternative of the set is Containment is an assymetrical rela• true, and then one specific alternative tion in that if A contains B, then B is affIrmed by denying all the others. does not contain A. That which con• [5:11] tains is called adhiira, while that which is contained is called iidheya aviicya (brjod min; V= brjod par (brten.) [2: 10] mi bya) Inexpressible. Objects of sensation are held to be inexpressible, iinantya (mtha' yas; V= mtha' yod since there is no symbol that can min; J= mtha' yas nyid) apply uniquely to a sense datum. Innumerability; the state of being Relations are also held to be infInite in or at least beyond inexpressible in sentences in the sense the practical possibility of counting. that there is no word in a sentence that Because the objects to which a names a relation directly; rather, rela• symbol can be applied are beyond tions are indicated by case endings reckoning, Diilnaga argues that and other morphological features. nothing to which the symbol is [2:10] applicable is made defInitively known through the symbol. [5:2] avisamviida (mi slu baY Non• deceptive, not misleading. It is an iipta (yid ehes) A credible person, an essential feature of a criterion of authoritative witness or expert whose knowledge that it not lead one astray. testimony is not liable to be corrupted [2:5] by personal prejudices or incompetence. It is axiomatic in avyabhiciira (' khrul med pa, mi Indian religious that the 'khrul pay Inerrancy; the fact of a reliability of scripture is dependent term or property being restricted to upon and proportional to the only that in which a given property is reliability of those who transmit and present. [2:8,11. 5:9] interpret it; consequently, it was not 316 Glossary of Sanskrit Terms

uncommon for Buddhists and others krtsniirthaparisamiipti (mtha' dag who rejected the authority of rtogs pa; V= don ma Ius pa scriptures to impugn the integrity of the priests who transmitted rtogs paY Literally, complete them. [2:5] throughout the entire object. Said of a universal's occurrence in the particulars in which it inheres. The (rten) A locus of a property; a entire universal is supposed to reside substratum. [5:36] without divisions in each one of plurality of particulars. Diimaga' s upaciira (btags pa; V= nye bar own gloss for pratyekaparisamiipti, brtags paY The use of a term in a which see. [5:36. See alsojiiti• non-literal sense; the application of a .] term that normally applies to a given object to some other closely related or gU1}a (yon tan) A quality. [5:2,5,40] similar object. Simile, metonymy, synecdoche, etc. [5:4] gU1}opakiira (yon tan gyis phan 'dogs; V= yon tan gyis phan upasarjana (gtso bo ma yin pa btags) The influence on one sub• tsam; V= khyad par du byas stratum of a quality that belongs to pa) Grammatical term signifying a another substratum, owing to which word that loses its independent status influence the first substratum appears and comes instead to qualify another to be qualitatively similar to the term as a result of compounding or second. A stock example is that of a the acquisition of certain rose placed next to a crystal so that morphological elements. [5:4] the red colour that actually resides in the rose apparently resides in the ekatva (gcig nyid) Unity. [See crystal, making the crystal virtually jiitidharma J. red. [5:5] ekiirthatii (don gcig) The fact of two ciik~~atva (mig gi gzung bay The or more expressions applying to the fact of being visible. The property of same object or set of objects. [5:26] visibility is Ditmaga's stock example of a property that meets the second and third characteristics of legitimate krt (byed pa; J= byed Idan) evidence but fails to meet the fIrst. Grammatical term applied to ail Visibility occurs with such transitory suffixes that, when applied to verbal objects as pottery in the induction roots, yield non-fmite verbal forms or domain, and no non-transitory thing is deverbative . [5:9] visible. Therefore, whatever is visible is transitory. But visibility does not krtakatva (byas; V= byas paY The reside in sound, so it cannot serve as property of being created or produced. evidence for the presence or absence The stock example in Dinnaga's logic of transitoriness or any other property of a property whose presence in a in sound. [2:7] locus serves as an inferential sign of a further property, transitoriness, in that jalla (blun; V= rmongs) Dull, stupid. locus. [2:7.5:1] Dumb, mute. Dinnaga claims that Glossary of Sanskrit Terms 317

words are ja4a with respect to the dissociation from the absence of the particulars to which they apply; that property to be inferred. [3:1] is, words can name only general features of things but not the features dariana (mthong; V = ston pa) of an individual that uniquely occur in Observation, direct experience. In it. [5:14] Dmniiga's system of epistemology. direct observation takes precedence jiiti (rigs) A universal. [5:4,11,36] over both general reasoning and authority in that the general rules of jiitidharma (rigs kyi chos) The three either can be overturned by what one characteristics of a universal, namely, actually experiences. [5:34] a) unity (ekatva), the property of having no internal divisions (rdzas) Substance. In regardless how many instances it and Vaise~ika metaphysics, substance resides in or applies to, b) constancy is that in which actions (karman) and (nityatva), the property of not being qualities (gllJ)a) inhere. [5:2,4,35] destroyed when individual instances perish, and c) residence in a plurality dharma (chos) A property or attribute of substrata (pratyekaparisamiipti). in the widest senses of those terms; [5:36] that which is named by the predicate term in a proposition. [2:8,9,11] jiitiiabda (rigs sgra) A general term, that is, a term that names a universal. dharmin (chos can) The locus of a One of the five types of word property; that which is named by the discussed by Dmniiga. [5:4] subject term in a proposition. [2:8,9,11] taddhita (de laphanpa) Grammatical term for a secondary dhf (blo) Idea. mental image. [5:5] suffix. that is. a suffix that unlike a krt suffix (which see) is not added directly to verb roots (dhiitu) but nitya (rtag pa) Imperishable. constant. rather is added to nominal forms that immutable. [2:7; 5:36] are themselves produced through the addition of a krt suffix to a verb root nityatva (rtag pa nyid) Constancy, [5:9] unchangeability, permanence. See jatidharma. [5:36] tadvat (de ldan) Equivalent to jatimat vastu. a particular object in its role as nimitta (rgyu mtshan) In general, the a concrete locus of a universal; an occasion or warrant for or grounds or instantiation of a universal. [2: 10. basis on which a thing or state of 5:4,8,9] affairs comes into being or continues to be. Of particular importance in the tririipaliriga (tshul gsum pa'i context of , nimitta in sabda• pravrttinimitta is the ground or rtags) Inferential mark that has warrant for applying a given word to three characteristics: 1) residence in a given object For example, the pre• the subject of the inference, 2) sence of the quality (gU/) of white association with the presence of the colour in an object is the grounds property to be inferred, and 3) 318 Glossary of Sanskrit Tenns

(nimitta) of the application (pravrtti) or being present in a plurality of sub• of the adjectival word (gUf.lasabda) strata. [5:36] "white" to the object Presence of action (kriya) is the grounds of pramii1)a (tshad rna) Knowledge. A applying a verb or deverbative (kriya• source of knowledge. The process of sabda), and so forth. [5:35] acquiring knowledge. Criterion by which an opinion or hypothesis can be nivrtti (ldog pa nyid; V= bzlog pa) judged. [5:1,50] Same meaning as apoha, which see. [5:36] pravrtti ('jug pa; V= rab tu 'jug) Same meaning as vrtti, which see. niscaya (nges pa) Certainty; the [5:50] absence of doubt as to whether a cognition is accurate or a proposition bhiivapratyaya (1= dngos po' i is true. [5:35] rkyen) Grammatical term for the abstraction or nominalizing suffIxes (tshig) An individual word as a TVA [--> -tva] and TAl [--> -tii] component of a sentence. By the con• According to PiiJ)ini 5.1.119, ventions of PiiJ)ini, a sentence-ready these two secondary suffixes are used pada consists of a verb root (dhiitu) in expressing a thing's nature bhiiva). plus a conjugational affix (TIn) or a [See "abstraction suffixes".] nominal stem (I!.riitipadika) plus a nominal affix (Sup). [5:46] bheda (khyadpar,' V= tha dad) Part of a set of objects, a subset; paryiiya (rnam grangs) Synonymous especially, a part of a set of objects to expression. [5:26] which a given term is applicable, a subextension of that term; in some piirthiva (sa las gyur; V= sa las contexts the bheda signilles an byung) Earthen; being composed of individual considered as a member of the earth element a given set. [5:2,8] A term that names a subextension of a given term, a narrower term with respect to a given prakar$a ('phel ba; V= 'jug pa; J= term. [5:25,26,28,31] A difference rab gyur) Vividness, intensity, [5:14] eminence. [5:5] murttatva (Ius can) Corporeal, pratibhii (spobs pa; V =so sor possessing a physical body. One of snang; J= so sor spobs) An DiI'lnaga's examples of a property image in cognition, an idea; especially that, failing to occur in the subject the idea that is the content of a sound. cannot serve as evidence for cognitive act consisting in an the presence or absence of any other understanding or grasping of a state of property in sound. [2:7] affairs, the communication of which idea is the function of a sentence. rudhi (bstan pa; V and J= grags [5:46] pa) Grammatical term for an idiomatic expression, one the pratyekaparisamiipti (re re fa yong meaning of which cannot be derived su rdzogs pa; V= so so ba kun from its morphological components fa khyab pa) The fact of residing Glossary of Sanskrit Terms 319

but is derived only from common viSe$a1J,avise$yatii (khyad par usage. [5:9] khyad par gzhi; V= khyad par byed dang khyad par bya) The lak$a1J,a (mtshan nyid) A characteris• relationship between a term that tic mark; an identifying property qualifies (vie$a1')a) and a term tha~ is possession of which identifies an qualified (vise$Ya). The qualification individual as a member of a given relation whereby one term specifies a class or as the very individual that it part of the extension of another. is. [5:36] [5: 14]

Unga (rtags; V= gtan tshigs) A vrtti ('jug; V= yin)) The occurrence sign; especially, an inferential sign. A of a property in a locus. The property the presence of which in a applicability of an expression or a specified locus is capable of yielding symbol to an object. [2:20. See knowledge of a further property in "applicability. "] that locus. The property indicated by the inferential sign is called lingin (rtags can). or sign-bearer. vyabhiciira (' khrul pa) Errancy. The [2:8,9,10,20] fact of a symbol or a property being able to apply to or occur in that in which a given property is absent, in vartate ('jug Finite verb form from which case the symbol is said to be which vrtti is derived, which see. errant with respect to that property. [5:9] . The fact that one property's occurrence is not restricted to another viikya tshig A statement. [2:5] (ngag) property. [5:2,34] Grammatical technical term signifying a complete sentence, vyavaccheda (rnam par bead pa) especially in contrast to pada. an Same meaning as apoha. [5: 1] individual word. [5:46]; vyudiisa (set ba; J= sel ba nyid) viicaka (rjod byed, brjod byed; V= Same meaning as apoha. [5:31] sgra, brjod par byed) That which expresses; a verbal symbol that is capable of making a thing known. sabda (sgra) Sound in general. [5:2,50] Particu~ly, articulate sound, . A linguistic item, such as a word, term, expression, or viicya Same meaning as abhidheya. symbol.[5:2,12,34] which see. That which is expressed by avacaka. siibda (sgra las byung ba) Knowledge derived from hearing vibhakti (V= rnam dbye) symbols spoken. The process of . Grammatical term denoting case acquiring knowledge through heanng terminations of nouns and personal speech. The spoken testimony of endings of fmite verbs, called sup and reliable authorities as a source of tin respectively. [5:2] knowledge. [5:1] virodhitva (' gal ba) The fact of being incompatible. Enmity, hostility. [5:28] 320 Glossary of Sanskrit Tenns

sriiva1)a (mnyang bya) Audible. The collection of components or a property of being audible is Din• multiplicity of properties. [5: 15] naga's stock example of a property that has the fIrst and third characteris• (' brei pa) Relation, rela• tics of legitimate evidence but fails to tionship. [2:8,10,20. 5:9,12,34] have the second. Being audible does occur in sound, it it does not occur in sambandhasaukarya (' brei pa sla anything in the induction domain that does not have the property of being ba; V= 'brei pa shin tu sla; J= transitory. But it also does not occur , brei pa sla ba nyid) Ease or with anything in the induction domain feasibility of making or understanding that does have the property of being a relation, especially between a transitory. Any property that, being symbol and what the symbol stands unique to the subject of an inference, for; such a relation must be cannot be observed at all in the understood before a symbol can yield induction domain cannot serve as knowledge of that for which it stands. evidence for the presence or absence The easier the connection between of any property in the subject. [2:7] sign and signified is to make, the more efficiently the sign can signify. $a$(hf (drug pa) Shortened form of [5:35] ~a~(hfvibhakti. sixth (nominal) case ending. Grammatical term for the siik$iit (dngos su) Directly or possessive case in nouns. [2: 10] immediately. Explicitly. opposite in meaning to arthiit. arthena or samsaya (the tshom) Uncertainty; arthatas. which terms are used in the especially, the cognitive state sense of implicitly. [5:4] resulting from inconclusive evidence. The lack of conclusive criteria by siimiiniidhikara1)ya (gzhi mthun which to decide between two contra• pa) Grammatical term signifying 1) dictory propositions. [5:26] the residence of a plurality of pro• perties in. the same locus, and 2) the sattii (yod pa; V= yod pa yin; J= application, warranted by such co• yod pa nyid) Reality. Actuality. residence, of a plurality of words to Presence. In Nyaya and VaiSe$ika the same object or set of objects. metaphysics, the most general [5:2,4] universal. [5:9] siimiinya (spyi) Applied to terms or samdeha (the tshom) Same meaning properties in the sense of that which is as sarhSaya. [5:35] shared, general or common. [2:5 {where V= mtshungs). 5:10,25,26.] samiisa (bsdu ba; V= tshig sdud) svariipa (rang gi ngo bo) Theform Grammatical term for nominal of a word. The phonetic characteris• compounds wherein all words except tics of a word token that identify it as the last lose their case terminations. belonging to a specifIed word class. [5:9] [5:4] samudiiya (bsdus pa) A complex entity; an individual existing as a Glossary of Sanskrit Terms 321

sriiva1J,a (mnyang bya) Audible. The collection of components or a property of being audible is Din• multiplicity of properties. [5: 15] nliga's stock example of a property that has the first and third characteris• sambandha (,brei pa) Relation, rela• tics of legitimate evidence but fails to tionship. [2:8,10,20. 5:9,12,34] have the second. Being audible does occur in sound, it it does not occur in anything in the induction domain that sambandhasaukarya (' breI pa sla does not have the property of being ba; V= 'brei pa shin tu sla; J= transitory. But it also does not occur , breI pa sla ba nyid) Ease or .with anything in the induction domain feasibility of making or understanding that does have the property of being a relation, especially between a transitory. Any property that, being symbol and what the symbol stands unique to the subject of an inference, for; such a relation must be cannot be observed at all in the understood before a symbol can yield induction domain cannot serve as knowledge of that for which it stands. evidence for the presence or absence The easier the connection between of any property in the subject. [2:7] sign and signified is to make, the more efficiently the sign can signify. sasthf (drug pa) Shortened form of [5:35] sas(hrvibhakti. sixth (nominal) case ending. Grammatical term for the siiksiit (dngos su) Directly or possessive case in nouns. [2: 10] immediately. Explicitly. opposite in meaning to arthiit. arthena or samsaya (the tshom) Uncertainty; arthatas. which terms are used in the especially, the cognitive state sense of implicitly. [5:4] resulting from inconclusive evidence. The lack of conclusive criteria by siimiiniidhikara1}ya (gzhi mthun which to decide between two contra• pa) Grammatical term signifying 1) dictory propositions. [5:26] the residence of a plurality of pro• perties in the same locus, and 2) the sattii (yod pa; V= yod pa yin; J= application, warranted by such co• yod pa nyid) Reality. Actuality. residence, of a plurality of words to Presence. In Nyaya and VaiSesika the same object or set of objects. metaphysics, the most general [5:2,4] universal. [5:9] siimiinya (spyi) Applied to terms or samdeha (the tshom) Same meaning properties in the sense of that which is as samsaya. [5:35] shared, general or common. [2:5 (where V= mtshungs). 5:10,25,26.] samiisa (bsdu ba; V= tshig sdud) Grammatical term for nominal svarupa (rang gi ngo bo) The form cpmpounds wherein all words except of a word. The phonetic characteris• tics of a word token that identify it as the last lose their case terminations. belonging to a specified word class. ~5:9] [5:4] samudiiya (bsdus pa) A complex entity; an individual existing as a Appendix B

Tibetan -Sanskrit Lexicon

The following list of Tibetan tenns those for which a Sanskrit equivalent has been attested in the second or fifth chapters of the Pramiif:taSamuccaya. Following the Sanskrit equivalent of each tenn is an indication of the passage of the Pramii1J.asamuccaya in which its use is attested. preceding a colon refer to chapter numbers, and numbers after the colon to verse numbers; numbers in italic print indicate that the citation occurs in Ditmaga's prose commentary to the verse of that number rather than in the verse itself. Tenns that are taken from Kanakavannan's translation are marked by a "K" before the chapter-verse infonnation, and those taken from Vasudhararaksita' s translation are indicated by "V." In case both translators use the same Tibetan expression to render a Sanskrit tenn, only the chapter-verse citation is given. Tenns taken from Blo brtan's translation of Iinendrabuddhi's Pramiil)a• samuccayatfkii are indicated by "1," followed by the folio number to the Peking edition of the Tibetan Tripitaka. The words are listed in the order of Tibetan lexicons.

KA dkar po min kha cig (KS: 10) kecit (2:8) rkyang khadog kevala (V5:15) vaIl)a (5:51) bskyed pa khona utpatti (5:26) eva (J313b6) upajanyate (K5:46)

322 Tibetan-Sanskrit Lexicon 323

khyad par grub (pa) bheda (K5:2,8,14,25,26,28,31) siddhatva (2:8) prasiddha (2:9,11) khyad par khyad par gzhi yin viseSaIJavisesyata (K5: 14) 'gal ba virodhitva (5:28; 1304a2) khyad par can visista (K5:51) 'gyur syat (5:5,31; 278a8) khyad par du byas pa upasarjana (V5:4) 'gyur gzhan visista (5:36) anyatha (V5:35) khyad par byed dang khyad par bya 'gro viseSaIJavisesyata (V5:14) Tcchati (K5:40) khyad par byas rgyu mtshan visista (V5:41) nimitta (5:35; 1312a3) 'khrul pa sgru ma vyabhicara (5:2) (5:40) 'khrul pa nyid sgra vyabhicarita (5:34) dhvani (2:7) vacaka (V5:2) 'khrul med pa -vacin (K2:25) avyabhicarita (5:9) Sabda (5:2,12,34,50; 13lOb~ avyabhicara (K2:8) sruti (J311a 1) sgra byung ba sabda (5:1) bar bya ba yin gamiSyati (V2: 11) NGA go rim log pa las ngag pratilomyatas (K5:35) vakya (5:46) gyur nges (pa) Tcchati (V5:41) niscaya (5:35; 1312a~ (V5:2) gyur pa prapta (5:41) dngos tadriipya (V5:5) gragspa rii

dngossu JA saksat (5:4) ji Ita ba katham (V5:1O) mngon par brjod abhidhana (V5:9) ji Itar katham (K5:1O) sngo asita (V5: 10; J283a6) 'jug vrtti (K2:20) sngon po nna (5: 15; J291a8) 'jug pa prakar$a (V5:5) pravrtta (5:4) prayujyate (5:50) pravrtti (K5:50) ci ste atha (K2:9) 'jug min na vartate (V5:9) ci phyir kimartham (2:9) 'jug par byed pravartate (K5:50) ci zhig kim (2:9) rjes (su) mthun las anuriipyeua (K5: 12; J289b6) gcig nyid ekatva (5:36) rjes (su) dpag (pa) anumana (2:5; 5:1) gcig la ekatra (5:10,14) rjes su dpag bya anumeya (2:5)

rjes su dpog byed CRA anumeyata (K2:9) shas amsa (5:34; J3lOb/) rjod (par) byed avayava (V5:50) vacaka (K5:2; V5:50) chu brjod (pa yin) salila (V5:50) abhidhana (K5:9) abhidhayin (V5:2) chu tshogs -iikhya (V5:46) salila (K5:50) aha (5:4) i~\3 (5:8) chos -vacin (V5:25) dhanna (2:8,9,11) brjod (par) bya (ba) chos can abhidheya (5:12,15; J288b6) dhannin (2:8,9,11) mchog parama (5:40) Tibetan-Sanskrit Lexicon 325

brjod (par) byed rtogs bhasate (K5: 1) gati (5: 12,14; J289bl ) vacaka (K5:50) rtogs par 'gyur brjod par my bya gami~yati (K2: II) avacya (V2: 10) stabs gcig pa brjod min sahabhii (V2:20) avacya (K2: 10) ston par byed disyate (V2:11)

NYA stong nye bar bskyed tucchaka (V5:40) upajanyatc (V5:46) ston pa nye bar brtags pa yin darsana (V5:34) upacaryamaQa (V5:4) ston par byed nyid bhasate (V5:1) eva (5:8) dyotayati (V5:1)

gnyis po bltos pa med pa dvayam (2:10) nirapeksa (5:50)

mnyang bya brten SravaQa (2:7) adheya (2:20)

bstan pa riighi (K5:9) TA gtan tshigs bstan par bya linga (V2:8,9,1O) disyate (K2: 11) btags pa yin upacaryamaQa (K5:4) THA rtag pa tha dad nitya (2:7) bheda (V5:2,8,14,25,26,28,31) bhinna (K5: 14) rtag pa nyid nityatva (5:36) tha dad pa rna yin pa de nyid atadbhedatva (K5:4) rtags linga (2:20; K2:8,9,l0) tha dad med abhinna (5:14) rtags can lingin (2:20) tha dad med thos aprt/lakSruti (K5 :2; J272b I) rten adhfu'a (2:20) tha mi dad pa asraya (5:36) abheda (5:36) 326 Tibetan-Sanskrit Lexicon

tha mi dad pa'i ngo bo de dang Idan pa abhinnariipa (K5:9) tadyuktam (2:11) thams cad deldan sarvatha (K5:12) tadvat (2: 10; 5:4,4,8,9; J281a6, 313a8, 3I3b6) thigs pa bindu (5:50) de la phan pa taddhita (5:9) the tshom sarildeha (5:35) der gtogs pa samsaya (5:26) tadgata (K5:4)

thos don sruyeta (K2: 10) artha (5:9,46) mtha' dag rtogs pa don gyis 'phangs krtsnarthaparisamapti (K5:36) arthak~epa (5: 11) mtha' yas don gyis 'pheng anantya (K5:2) arthak~epa (1284a4) mtha' yod min don gcig anantya (V5:2) ekiirthata (5:26) mthun don gcig nyid tulya (V2:5) ekarthata (B03a8) mthong don phye darSana (K5:34; BlOb~ bhinnartha (V5:14) mthong ba don rna Ius pa rtogs pa dr~ta (5:31) Iqtsnlirthaparisamapti (5 :36) ~ti (k5:40) don rnam gcod vyavacchedarthakarin (V5: 12)

DA don la roam bcod byed dang vyavacchedarthakarin (K5: 12) atha (2:5) drug pa dang po ~thI(2:1O) adau (5:46) 'dus pa de ngo bo samudaya (V5:50) tadriipya (K5:5) 'dod (pa) de nyid tha dad pa nyid akank~a (5:26; 1303a3) atadbhedatva (V5:4) icchanti (2:8) de ltar atha(V2:9) Tibetan-Sanskrit Lexicon 327

Idan PA yukta (K5:31) dpag (5:2) miyate (V2:9) Idog pa nyid dpag par bya ba nivrtti (K5:36) meya(V2:8) bsdu ba dpag bya samasa (K5:9) anumeyata (V2:9) bsdus pa dpog samudaya (5: 15) meya(K2:8) dpog par byed mlyate (K2:9) NA gnas spangs pa yin -stha (2:20) niralq'ta (K5:8) rnam kun spong (mi) byed sarvatha (V5:12) (na) uijhita (K5:26) roam graogs spobs pa paryaya (5:26) pratibha (K5:46) rnam par bead pa spyi vyavaccheda (5:1) samanya (K2:5; 5:10,25,26) roam par brtags vivecita (5:46) roam par goas 'phel ba avati~\hante (5:36) utkarsa (K5:36) vyavasthiti (5:36) prakarsa (K5:5) roam pa dphyad vicanta (5:9) BA roam par rna chad pa bumpa anuccheda (VS:36) ghata (5:4,9) rnam dbye bor (rna) yin vibhakti (V5:2) (na) uijhita (V5:26) snang ba byas (pa) drsti (V5:40) lqtakatva (2:7; 5:1) snam bu pata(V5:9) 328 Tibetan-Sanskrit Lexicon

byed Idan rna bzung lqt (128Ia8) nopatta (5:26)

byed pa rnangpo lqt (5:9) bahudha (5: 12)

blangs (rna) yin rni 'khrul pa (na) upiitta (13037) avyabhicara (K2: 11)

blun rni 'khrul pa nyid jada (K5: 14) avyabhicarita

blo rni chad pa (5:5) anuccheda (K5:36)

dbyibs rni 'jug samsthana (5:50) na vartate (K5:9) dbye ba rni rtag bheda (1289a8) anitya (2:7)

'ba' zhig rni 'phen pa kevala (5: 15; 1291a8) aniiksepa (V5:4)

'bras rni slu ba karya (5:14) avisarhviida (2:5)

'brei pa mig gi gzung ba sambandha (2:8,10,20; 5:9,9,12,34; cak~u~atva (2:7) 1281a6, 288b6, 311a1) -samgata (2: 10) rning can -iikhya (1324a1) 'brei pa sla ba sambandhasaukarya (K5:35) rned asat (2:5) sbyor ba nasti (2: 10) sam yogin (K2:20) vina (5:5)

rnedpa nastita (2:5) MA rna nges pa mod kyang anaiklinta (5: 11; 1284a4) yadyapi (V2:20) rna rnthong drnigs kyis bkar adr~ta (5:31; J307a4, 308b5) apoddhara (K5:46; J323b6) adr~ti (5:34; J3lOb5) drnigs pa (rna) yin rna 'phangs pa (na) upalabhyate (5:50) anlik$epa (k5:4) Tibetan-Sanskrit Lexicon 329

rmongs bzlog pa jada (V 5: 14; J289b1) nivrtti (V5:36)

YA TSA-TSHA-DZA yang dag pa'i don du gtso bo rna yin tsam bhiitiirthena (5:4) upasatjana (K5:4) yang dag 'phrod pa tshad rna samyogin (V2:20) pramal)a (5:1;50) yan lag tshig avayava (K5:50) vakya(2:5) pada (5:46; 1323b6) yid ches apta (2:5) tshig sdud samasa (1281a8) yod sadbhava (2:5) tshogs pa samudaya (K5:50) yodpa sat (5:4,4,35) mtshan nyid satta (K5:9) lalq;}a (5:36) utkarsa (V5:36) mtshungs yod pa nyid tulya (K2:5) satta (J281a6) samanya (V2:5) samya (5:26; J303a8) yod pa'i sgra sacchabda (5:4) rdzas dravya (5:2,4,35) yon tan gUI}a (5:2,40) yon tan can gUI}in (V5:2) ZHA-ZA gzhan yon tan gyis phan 'dogs anyat (2:9) gUI}Opakara (K5:5; J278a8) gzhan nyid anyatva (5:25) -LA gzhan du rang gi ngo bo anyathii (2:11; K5:35; 1312a3) svariipa (5:4) gzhal bya min rang don aprameya (V2:7) svartha (5:34; 13lOb6) gzhi mthun pa nyid rang dbang med samanadhikaraJ.1ya (5:2,4) asvatantratva (5:4; 1313a8) 330 Tibetan-Sanskrit Lexicon

rang bzhin shin tu stong riipa (5:40) sutucchaka (V5:40) rab gyur shes pa prakar~a (1278a8) jileya (K5:35) rab tu grub bshad prasiddhi (V5:2) -likhya (K5:46) rab tu 'jug sa las gyur pravartate (V5:50) parthiva (K5:35) pravrtti (V5:50) sa las byung rigs parthiva (V5:35) jati (5:4.11; J283b3, 314a5) sel ba rigs kyi chos apohya (V5: 14) jatidharma (5:36) -nut (V5:31) vyudasa (5:31) rigs sgra jatiSabda (5:4) sel ba nyid vyudasa (1307a4) rigs pa yukta (V5:31) sel bar byed apohate (5:28) rim bzlog las pratilomyatas (V5:35) so so ba kun la khyab pa pratyekaparisamapti (V5:36) re re la yong su rdzogs pa pratyekaparisamapti (K5:36) so sor rjod byed min aprthakSruti (V5:2) lam patha (5:40) so sor snang pratibha (V5:46) Ius can miirttatva (2:7) so sor spobs pratibha (1324a 1) Ius can min amiirta (V2:7) gsal bar byed pa dyotayati (K5:1) Ius min amiirta (K2:7) gsalbya jileya (V5:35) len (mi) byed (na) upatta (K5:26) gsog sutucchaka (K5:40) gsal SHA-SA -nut (K5:31) shing Vfk~ (5:35) Tibetan-Sanskrit Lexicon 331 bsal ba yin bsal zin nirlUqta (J313b6) niralqta (V5:8) bsal bya apohya (K5: 14; 1289a8) Appendix C

Text key to of Pramii1}asamuccaya

In order to make the translations of the PramtiIJasamuccaya that occur in this book more easy to read, it was decided not to encumber the English translation with numerous references to the Tibetan translations from which it was made. But in order to make the English translation more usable to those who wish to compare it with the original texts, those references have been included in this appendix. For each numbered passage that occurs in the English translation, information is given concerning the corresponding folio numbers and line numbers of the Tibetan editions. The key to how that information is presented appears in the following chart.

KP PramafJasamuccayavrtti. Translated into Tibetan by Gser gyi go cha [= Kanakavarmanl and Dad pa shes rab. Text 5702 in Tibetan Tripi{aka: Peking Edition. (Diimaga 1957b ed.)

VD PramafJasamuccayavrtti. Translated into Tibetan by Vasudhararaksita and Seng rgyal. Text 4204 in Tibetan Tripi{aka. Sde dge edition. (Ditmaga 1981 ed.)

VP PramafJasamuccayavrtti. Translated into Tibetan by Vasudhararaksita and Seng rgyal. Text 5701 in Tibetan Tripi{aka: Peking Edition. (Diimaga 1957a ed.)

C.1 Pramii1}asamuccaya Chapter Two: "Svarthanumanapariccheda"

1.1.0 = KP109al , VD27a5, VP27b6 3.1.0 = KP109b4, VD27b6 , VP28a7

2.1.0 = KP109a5, VD27bl, VP28a2 3.2.0 = KP109B7, VD28al • VP28b3

2.3.0 = KP109b2, VD27b4, VP28a7 3.4.0 = KPllOa5, VD28a5, VP29a1

332 Text key to translations 333

4.1.0 = KPllOa7, VD28a7, VP29a4 13.1.0 = KPl12b7, VD30b2, VP3l b3

4.2.0 = KPIlOb2, VD28b2, VP29a6 14.0.0 = KP113a2, VD30b5, VP3lb6

5.1.0 = KPllla3, VD29a2, VP29b7 15.0.0 = KP113a4, VD30b7, VP31b7

5.2.0 = KPl11a6, VD29a4, VP30a1 16.0.0 = KPl13a8, VD3la2 , VP32a3

6.1.0 = KPl11b1, VD29a7, VP30a5 17.0.0 = KPl13b3, VD3la5, VP32a6

6.2.0 = KPlll b3, VD29b1, VP30a7 18.0.0 = KP113b4, VD31a6, VP32a7

7.0.0 = KPlllb7, VD29b4, VP30b3 20.0.0 = KP113b7, VD31b1, VP32lJ2

8.1.0 = KPl11b8, VD29b6, VP30b3 21.0.0 = KP114a1, VD3lb3, VP32b5

9.1.0 = KP112a3, VD29b7, VP30b6 22.0.0 = KP1l4aS, VD31b6, VP32b8

10.1.0 = KP112aS, VD30a2, VP3la3 23.0.0 = KP114a7, VD31b7, VP33a2

11.1.0 = KPl12b2, VD30a6, VP3la6 24.0.0 = KP1l4b2, VD32a2, VP33a5

12.0.0 = KP112b6, VD30b2, VP31b2

C.2 Pramii1)asamuccaya Chapter Five: II Anyapohaparik~a"

8.1.0 = KP157b6, VD67b7, VP72a2 1.0.0 = KP156a4, VD66a7, VP70a8 9.1.0 = KP158a2, VD68a3, VP72a4 2.1.0 = KP156a6, VD66b2, VP70b1 10.1.0 = KP158a5, VD68a5, VP72a8 2.2.0 = KP156b1, VD66b3, VP70b4 10.2.0 =KP158a 7, VD68a6, VP72b1 2.3.0 = KP156b1, VD66b4, VP70b5 10.3.0 = KP158b2, VD68a7, VP72b3 3.0.0 = KP156b3, VD66b7, VP70b8 11.2.0 =KP158b 7, VD68b4, VP72b8 4.1.0 = KP156b6, VD67a1, VP71a3 11.3.0 = KP159a2, VD68b6, VP73a3 4.3.0 = KP157a2, VD67a4, VP71a6 12.0.0 = KP159a3, VD69a1, VP73a4 4.5.0 = KP157a3, VD67a5, VP71a8 14.1.0 = KP159a4, VD69a2, VP73a5 5.0.0 = KP157a5, VD67a7, VP71b1 IS.1.0 = KP159b1, VD69a5, VP73b1 6.1.0 = KP157b1, VD67b2, VP71b4 16.1.0 = KP159b3, VD69a7, VP73b4 7.2.0 = KP157b5, VD67b5, VP71bs 334 Text key to translations

17.1.0 = KP159b8, VD69b3, VP73b8 28.1.0 = KP163b3, VD72b7, VP77b2

18.1.0 = KP160a5, VD69b7, VP74a4 29.1.0 = KPl64a2, VD73a5, VP77b5

18.2.0 = KP160b3, VD70a4, VP74b1 30.1.0 = KPl64a6, VD73b1, VP78as

18.3.0 = KPl60b8, VD70b1, VP74b6 33.1.0 = KP165a1, VD74a2, VP78b8

19.1.0 = KP161a3, VD70b3, VP75a1 34.1.0 = KP165a4, VD74a4, VP79a4

20.1.0 = KP161a7, VD70b6, VP75a6 35.0.0 = KP165B 1, VD74b2, VP79b1

25.0.0 = KP163a5, VD72b1, VP77a2 36.1.0 = KP165b3, VD74b3, VP79b4

26.0.0 = KP163b2, VD72b6, VP77a8 Selected Bibliography

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Yamaguchi Susumu 1929 tr Dignaga's Examen de l' objet de la connaissance [Alambanapari~iiJ: textes tibetain et chinois et traduction des stances et du commentaire eclaircissements et notes d' apres Ie commentaire tibetain de Vinftadeva. In collaboration with Henriette Meyer. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. Subject and Author Index

anvaya: 119 anyiipoha: 158 A aphasia, Skeptic philosophers': 52 Abhidhamma Pi taka: 92 apoha theory of meaning: 8, 13, 14, abhidlzarma: xii; 6,23,28,73, 88,93, 18-21,26-29,202,210,278; 94,96,100,142,143,170,173, Dharmottara's: 22; DiiInaga's: 23 227,233 ApohaprakarafJam: 21 Abhidharmakosa: 29, 94,103, 173 applicability (vrtti; 'jug pa): 255 Absolute, transcendental of: 89 apposition: 194,253 absolute simple: 96, 174 appositional phrase: 198 absolutely singular: 75, 96 apprehension of oneself: 84 abstract notions: 105 Aquinas, St Thomas: 77 abstract nouns: 30 archetype (arkhe): 82; Aristotle's: 74; abstract property (dharma): 100 Plato's: 74; substance and: 75 abstraction: 211 arguable property (siidhya): 146 abstraction from others (anyiipoha): 95 arhant: 97 abstraction suffixes: 270 Aristocles the Paripatetic: 51 accidentally (shugs kyis; *siimiirthyat): Aristotle: 74, 146,258; Ockham's 294 appeal to: 77 action (karman): 206 art of persuasion: 93 action (kriya): 206,271 arthiik:;epa: 276 adjectival symbol, nature of: 197 AsaiIga: 6, 12, 171 adjectival term: 206 association (anvaya): 118, 120, 130, adjectives: degrees of comparison: 275; 151,241,298; in grammar: 190 (gufJasabda): 203 ataraxia, Skeptic philosophers': 52 afflictions (kle§a): 53 AnSa: 226 Agama, Buddhist: 42, 50 atom: 96; (paramiinu): 103, 104 agent (kartr): 271 atomic proposition: 281 Ajdukiewicz, Kazimierz: 112 audible symbols: 189 Alambanaparfk~ii: 132, 173 Averroes, Ockham's appeal to: 77 AlaiIkadeva: 10 avijjii: 42 (commentator on Aristotle): awareness (vijfiiina; vifinaf)a): 81, 86 146 ayoniso manasikiira: 42, 63 : 51 ambiguity: 297 analogy (upamiina): 61, 70 B anger, impairment of judgement due to: Blihuleya: 273 46 Barbara syllogism: 130 AiIguttara Nikaya: 45 Bhamaha: 19 "anonymous Christian," Rahner's Bhartrhari: ix, 27, 28,30,31,178-182, concept of: 34 251,256-261,270,278,280,297,

353 354 Index

299, 311; Diimaga influenced by: class, generated by language: 210 13,23,29,30,41,212,238 class containment: 113 BhanaputraJayamisra: 223, 224, 262, class disjunction: 113 263,265,272,302,304,305,307, class overlapping: 113 308 cognition (jfiiina): 94 Blo gros brtan pa: 228 colour (rupa): 100, 235 Blue Annals: 227 common-sense: 16 Boole, George: 169 common usage (ruq.hi; grags paY: 237 Brahmajala Sutta: 45 complex entity (samudiiya; bsdus paY: brahman: 43,49,50,51,78,80 282 Brahmanism: 23 conceit (mana): 85 Broad, C.D.: 134 concept: 14, 15, 18, 19,23,24,37; 'Brag mi: 226 (vikalpa; rnam par rtog paY: 238 Bstan 'gyur: 9,223,224; Sde dge configuration (iikrti): 19 (Derge) edition: 25, 228 confirmation (stidhana): 111 Bu ston Rin po che: 4, 226, 229 connotation: 19; Satkari Mookerjee's Buddha Gautama (Gotama): 42,46, 50, usage of term: 19 79,81,82,84,90; caste, views on: containment (class relation): 113 79; Kalamas, advice to: 48; contaminants (iisrava): 94 Socrates compared with: 49 contemplation (dhyiina; jhiina): 66, 83 Buddha's words (buddhavacana): 33; context (prakarar:Ia): 295 authority of: 5 contradiction, law of; Nagarjuna's Buddhaghosa: 107 adherence to: 58 Buddhism: Canonical: 35; schools of 17 contrariety of terms: 206; indirect: 207; Buddhist practice: 6 V aise~ika : 207 Buddhist : 79 contrary terms: 205 Bumyeat, Myles: 52 conventional truth: 94 Butchvarov, Panayot: 274 conventions, for usage of symbols: 19 Conze, Edward: 4, 5, 88 co-reference: 259,260,264,274,278, C 283; (siimiiniidhikarafJya): 187, calm (upasama): 81 262,278 Candragomin: 229 counterextension: 158, 254 Candrananda: 249 counterfactuals: 164 Candrarahula: 226 creator: 46 Caraka: 29 criterion (pramiifJa): 60 Cardona, George: 119, 302 criterion of reality: 14 Carvaka: 44 "critical realism"; 16 case affixes (vibhakti): 171 (See also Cynic school of philosophy: 51 inflectional affixes.) caste (jiiti) system: 79 catalepsy (abhisafifiii-): 82 D categories: 235 Dad pa'i shes rab: 228 causal efficiency (arthakriyii): 14, 15, de Jong, J .W.: 36 18,20,23,26,225 , existence after: 45, 90 causal relation: 18,24, 163,254,260 debate: 93 causation: 143 defining attribute (lak~af)a): 56, 73 character (samskiira; samkhiira): 81, 86 deliverance (apavarga): 253 Chatterji, Durgacharan: 10 demonstration: 29; (pariirthiinumiina): Chenna: 10 25,26 Ching, Julia: 106 denotation, Satkari Mookerjee' s usage Hatthisariputto: 84 of term: 19 Index 355

derivative idea: 54,88,91,92 domain (vi$aya): 193 desire (tr$lJii; talJhii): 85 doxastic minimalism: 52 Dge lugs pa school: 4 Dravid, Raja Ram: 15,20,32,246 Dharmadharmatavibhangakiirikii: 227 dravya: 27 DharmakIrti: x, xiii, 3-5,7, 10, 11, 14-17,20-22,24,29,30,32,33,35, 37,95,119,162,171,224,253, E 260, 308-310; DiI'maga contrasted earth (prthivf): 235 , with: 15,20, 137; inference eidos, to: Plato's: 73; Socrates s: 73 according to: 252; sensation element (bhuta): 56; (dhiitu): 100 according to: 137; Stcherbatsky's emancipation: 5 (See also nirviilJa.) view of as "moderate": 12 empirical knowledge: 88 Dharmotuua:x,4, 7,10,11,17,21,22 empirical realm: 81 differentiation (bheda): 27 Encompassment (ak$epa; 'phen pa) dialectics: 89,90,91 relation: 261 Dlgha Nikaya: 45 epistemology: I, 16,23,29,32; Diimaga: ix, xi, I, 2,4-17, 20, 22-31, Buddhism, place of in: 3,6 78,95,111-127,135,136,149, emptiness (sunyatii): 56, 61, 71, 93; as 150,153-158,163,166,175, antidote to opinions: 62 178-183,186-190,193-205, epiphenomenon: 90 208-215,223,226,229,235,236, episteme, in Plato: 74 239,240,246,253-269,272-289, errancy (vyabhiciira; 'khrul pa): 113, 294,297,303,308-311; association 155,255 according to: 196; DharmakIrti essence (svabhtiva): 95 contrasted with: 15,20, 137; essential aspect (to eidos): 73, 86 dissociation according to: 196; essential (puru$a) in Samkhya: 264 evidence, 3 characteristics of essential relationship (svabhiiva- according to: 121; inference pratibandha): 162 according to: 254; linguistic signs ether (iikiisa): 235, 277 according to: 188; mind, view of: Euthyphro: 72 138; Nyaya school, critique of: 136, evidence (hetu): 113, 146, 181,231, 206; particulars according to: 189; 253; legitimate, three characteristics reasoning according to: 180; (tririlpa) of: 121 semantic theory of: 2597; excluded middle, law of; Nagarjuna's Stcherbatsky's view of as anti• adherence to: 58 MMhyamaka, anti-skeptic and exclusion (apoha): 184,211 "moderate" 12, 13; truth, theory of: expressor relation (viicyaviicaka• 204; universals, argument against: sambandha): 260 182; Vasubandhu's influence on: extension: 169,254; oflinguistic sign: 172 193,278 Diogenes Laertius: 51 extensionally (arthatas): 294 discipline (sikkhii): 82 external object (btihyartha): 132 disjunction (of classes): 113 external reality: 19 disregarding the differences external : 297 (bhedagraha): 28 disjunctive syllogism: 276 dissociation (vyatireka): 118, 120, 130, F 152, 158,241,298; in grammar: faculty of reason: 216 190 : 5 distress (dul,lkha; dukkha): 50, 81, 84 fallac y (jtiti): 25 divinity (devata): 253 feelings (vedanti): 81, 86 dogmatics, Buddhist 33 356 Index

field of operation (vi$aya; yut): 174, H 232 Haack, Susan: 250 figurative language: 199; constraints on: habit-energy (vtisana): 32 265 Hall, Bruce Cameron: 98,99,109 fire (tejas): 235 "hand-maiden of ": 5 folk designation (loka-vohtira): 85 happiness, true (siva): 53, 55 folk expression (loka-nirutti): 85 Haradatta Misra: 305 folk idea (loka-pafifiatti): 85 Hattori Masaaki: 26-31, 36, 38,132, folk name (loka-samafifiti): 85 139,170,226,230,302,306-308 foolish masses of people Hayes, Elizabeth A.: xiv, 39 (btilaputhujjanti): 110 Hayes, Richard P.: 36-39, 109, 159, formal debate: 130; (viida): 145 170,250 Frauwallner, Erich: 10, 16,20-24, "Hayes-Diimliga" system oflogic, H.G. 29-32,37,41,108,133,163,277, Herzberger's critique of: 159 305,310 head word (pradhtina): 262 full awakening (sambodhi): 81 (): 239, 253 Hellirlija: 260, 278, 305 : 239 G Hellenistic Skeptics: xiii gamogenesis: 90 Herzberger, Hans G.: 157 Gangesa: 10 Herzberger, Radhika: 26, 30-32, 38,41, general attribute (stimanyalak$ar;a): 311 135,238 HetucakranirfJaya: 111-131, 145, general term: 195-199,205,261,288; 151-154,159,161,165,241,242 (jatisabda; rigs kyi sgra): 202, 255, hetu-trairupya: 121 257; relative scope of: 288 homomorphs: 297 : 146 homonymity: 296 genus-species relations: 163,287 Hospers, John: 135 Gillon, Brendan S.: xiv, 172 Humble Path (Hfnaytina): 96 Gnoli, Raniero: 38 hypothesis: 112; (pratijfiti): 60 gnosis: 34 gnosis, in Plato: 74 : 34 I 'Gos khug pa: 226 ideal form (to eidos): 104 'Gos 10 tsa ba Gzhon nu dpal: 227 Idealists: 13 "Gotama'srazor": 50 identity: 54, 78, 87 grammar (vytikarafJa): 229 identity relation: 194 grammarians, Sanskrit: 119, 156, 190, identity theory of universals: 274 200,206,250,275,280,302,304; idiomatic expression (rucfhi; grags pa): DiIinliga influenced by: 41 271 : 146 impact (pratightita), three types of: 173 grammatical subordination incompatibility (virodha): 113 (upasarjana): 262 Indian logic: 29, 30 Grand Path (): 96 indirect implication (arthtik$cpa): 276 grounds of application (pravrttinimitta): individuals: 32,75; (vyakti): 19,255, 206, 207 (See also warrant for 261 application.) induction domain: 113, 118, 125, 127, gymnosophists, influence on Skeptics: 129,242 51 Index 357

inerrancy (avyabhicara): 255 K inferable object (anumeya): 144 Kaiyata: 305 inference: 1,5,14,15,20,23,29, Kalamas: 48 178-180, 253; fallibility of: 178, kalpanii: 135 180; test for accuracy of: 14; theory Kamalasila: x, 5, 7,10,16,18,27,170, of, Diimaga's: 24; theory of, 253,263,300,303,306-308 N yaya-Vaise$ika: 24 Kanakavarman:25,219,224,234,247, inferential sign (/inga).· 8, 24, 29, 132, 248,257,264,272,296,302,304 146,181,187,203,211,245,255, : 253 277,294 karman: 79, 251 (See also action.) inflectional affixes: 216 Kasikiivrtti: 229 inner peace (ajjhattasantirh), by Kathavatthu: 91 abandoning opinions: 44,45 Katsura Shoryu: x, xiii, 10,29,251 insight (cakkhu): 81, 84 : 30,31 insight (vipasyana) meditation and Kim : xiv logic: 168 Kitagawa Hidenori: 25,26,29,31,39, instantiation of universal (jiitimat): 196, 132,238,243 261,263,269 Knitter, Paul F.: 40 instrumental cause (karafJa): 141 Kochumuttom, Thomas A: 98, 109 intension: 169, 197; linguistic sign, of: Krishan, Y.: 79, 106 193,278 Kumarila Bhatta: xiii, 8,10, 16, 17, 19, intentional object (dngos po; *vastu): 22,27,199,270,303 259 Kun dga' rgyal mtshan: 3 intensionally (sabdatas): 294 Kunjunni Raja, K.: 27 intellect: 68, 74, 82, 105 interpretation of signs: 1, 33 intuition (pratibha): 28 L Isipatana (Deer Park): 81 La Vallee Poussin, Louis de: 93,108 ISvarasena: 224 lak:;afJa: 90; and to eidos compared: 73 Lamotte, Etienne: 79 language: I, 15,20,30; DiI'lnaga's J theory of: 32, 33 Jainas: 17 LaI'lkavatlira SUtra: 103 : 79 lexeme: 261,265,269,288,297,302 , Muni: 304,307 liIiga:26 jati: meaning of term: 106 linguistic convention: 208, 252, 255, Jhalala1car, Bhimaclirya: 261 294 jhiina, first: 66 linguistic science (sgra rig pa; Bhatta: 20 *sabdavidyii): 229 Jinendrabuddhi: xiv, 8, 11, 12,26, 199, linguistic sign: 187,203,250-252,277 200,223-225,228-234,238,243, living being (): 90 245,250,251,253,255,258,259, : 146 262,264,265,268-270,273-275, Locke, John: 98 284,285,290-296,298,302, logic: 10,23,29, 163; Buddhism, place 304-306 of in: 3,5,12,13; DiI'lnaga's theory Ji'ilinasrimitra: x, 7 of: 32,35; Ji'ilinendra: 305 logically complete sentence: 194 Joyce, James: 89 Lukasiewicz, Jan: 146,169 judgement: 14, 15,37, 135,255; impairment by emotion of: 46; test for accuracy of: 23 358 Index

M ~oksiikaragupta: 229 ~dhava, Vidyaraoya:44 ~ookeDee,Satkari: 15-22,24,32,97, ~dhyamaka school: 16, 25, 88; early 309 phase of: xi, 41, 144; mysticism moral behaviour, justification for: 90 and: 12,58,61; skepticism and: 12, Mulamadhyamakakarika: 55, 92 13 muni: 110 Magi, influence on Skeptics: 51 mysticism: 34 Mahayana Buddhism: 3, 12 ~ahayanasfitras:6,42 ~aitreyanatha: 227 N major premiss: 130 Nagarjuna: 13,35,41,52-59,69,70, ~allaviidin KsamMramal)a: xiii, 8 88-92,104,109,144 ~alvania, Dalsukh: 7 : 67, 86 ~ibhadraraksita: 227 "naive realism": 12, 16 ~u, social codes of: 79 narrower term (vise$asabda): 288 material form (rupa): 95 nature (prakrti): 266 materialism, Carvaka: 44 necessarily (dngos su; sak$at): 294 Matilal, Bimal Krishna: x, xiii, 171, Nikiiya literature: 42 203,251,302,306 nirva1)a: 3, 18,33,34,42,69,81,83, MATup (taddhitapratyaya): 263, 272 84,86,92,94,100,104,312; ~atthews, P.R.: 302 Buddhist: 52; differing opinions of: means of acquiring knowledge 47; logic and: 168; Nagarjuna's (prama1)a): 253 view of: 55; "numinous" nature of: means of understanding (buddhyupaya; 34 rtogs pa'i thabs); 237 noble eight-fold path: 81 meditation: 100 (See also jhana) nominal affixes (Sup): 302 meditation adept, sensation of (- nominal (samasa; tshig pratyak$a): 136 sdud): 270, 281 memory: 273, 274 nominal existence (prajfiapti-sat): 28 mental image: 19 nominal stem (pratipadika): 302 mentality (caitta): 175 nominalism: 13,28,35,41,92,95, 173; metaphysical categories: 206 Buddhist: 20; Ditmaga's: 205; metaphysical doctrines: 20 objection to: 210; Ockham's: 77,87 metaphysical parsimony: l3 nominalist theory of universals: 274 metaphysical presuppositions: 20 nominative case: 146 metaphysical terminology: 204 non-empirical realm: 81 metaphysics: 10, 16, 163 numen, Otto's concept of: 34 metonymy (upacara; btags pa): 265 Nyaya school: 8, l3, 16, 17,23,206, ~etrodorus of Chios: 51 262, 275; DiI'maga citicized by: ~inda,King:67,86 142; early: 10; inference theory of: MimliIfisa school: 10, 17; "naive 24; modem: 10; "naive realism" realism" and: 16; sensation and: 12, 16; pratyak$a, definition according to: 132 of: 139; sensation according to: l32 Mlmamsaslokavarttika: xiii, 270, 272, Nyayabindu: 8,11,21 303 Nyayamukha: 23; Chinese translations: mind (monas): 83, l35, 140,235 29; Japanese translation: 29 minor premiss: 130 Nyayasutra: 139 mirage: 140 Nyayavarttika: xiii misconception (avidya; avijja): 43, 94 Nyi rna rgyal mtshan: 229 modus tollendo ponens: 276 Index 359

o pondering (vikalpa): 53 observed precedent (dr~{anta): 25, 237 Potthapada: 82, 83 obverse proposition: 119 Potthapada Sutta: 82,92 Ockham, William: 77,87,96 PrajfUUcaragupta: 169-171 opinion (dmi; diUhi): 85; abandoning: : 227 52; contamination through: 94; ill pramar:ta: 5; meaning of the term: 70 co~sequences of: 44; impediments Pramar:tasamuccaya: x, 8, 10, 17,23, to mner peace: 44, 51,92; non• 26,27,129,162,172,177,187, Buddhist teachers': 46 189,192,194,195,198,204-214, Otto, Rudolf: 34 218,219-243,273,277-280,285, overlapping of classes: 1 13 290,298, 303, 306-308; English translation: 26; Japanese translation: 25; Tibetan translations: p 8,25 Pa tshab 10 tsa ba Nyi rna grags pa: 228 Pramar:tasamuccaya{fkt'i: 228 pak$adharmata: 121 Pramar:taviirttika: 21, 22, 26, 38, 260, Pali Canon: 42 308 Pill)ini: ix, 2, 30 prapanca:53,68 Paramatthakasutta: 43 pratibhii: 212 Parthasarathimisra: 10,223,224,264, preclusion (apoha): 223, 297 270, 272, 302-308 preconception: 135 particular: 14,15,18,19,21,23,24,28, predication: 196; simple: 193 73, 192,255,273; (bheda; khyad Priestley, L.C.D.C.: 63 par): 257, 276, 304; (svalak$ana): primary elements: 207 26,27 . primary suffix (lqtpratyaya): 271 particular proposition: 154 primitive idea: 92 particularity: 31 p~mord!al matter (prakrti): 253 particularizing expression (bhedasabda' prunordlal substance (; gtso khyad par kyi sgra): 255 ' bo): 180,238,239,266 Patai'ijali: ix, 27, 272; universals principled thinking (yoniso manaskiira): according to: 183 92,93 peculiar attribute (svalaksana): 238 process of elimination: 235 273 . . , proof: 112 perception: 5; (sarhlj'na' sanna): 81 82 properties: 1 86 ' " property-J?earer ( dharmin): 137 perfection of wisdom (prajiit'iparamita): property-possessor (dharmin): 146 89 property to be confirmed (siidhya- person: 86, 90, 94; as mental construct: dharma): 113,241,254 45 proposition: atomic: 281; defined: 56; pervasion (; khyab pa): 29, 113, obverse: 119; particular: 152; 156,158,256,263 singular: 152; universal: 152; phenomenalism: 93,131,138,173 universal affirmative: 119, 167 phenomenon (vijnapti): 99 psychologism: 240 physical resistance (avaralJa- pudgala; puggala: 87 pratight'ita): 174 Pyrrho of Elis: 51,67 Pisacas: 253 Pythagoras: 1 "point-instant": 14, 15, 20 Plato: 73,78,81,96,258; Aristotle's criticisms of: 75 Q pleasure, impairment of judgement due qualificand (vise$ya): 286 to: 46 qualifier (vise$ar:ta): 286 360 Index

qualifier-qualificand relation (vise~aI:Ja­ Sakyabuddhi: 22 visesyabhliva): 31, 187,275,278; stimantidhikaraIJya: 286 symmetrical and asymmetrical: 291 SaIhkaracarya: 304 quality (guIJa): 31,206,271 Stirhkhya Karikii: 253 quasi-evidence (hetvabhasa; gtan tshigs Samkhya school: 17,23,143,180,239, ltar snang ba): 241 253,266; Dinnaga influenced by: 133; sensation according to: 132 samyagjflana: 5 R sanketa: 256 radical momentariness, doctrine of Sanskrit language: xiii, 2, 146 (~aIJikaviida): 15, 19,23 Santabhadra: 10 Rahner, Karl: 40 S'antarak~ita: x, 5, 7,16,17,18,19,27, Rahula, Walpola: 48 255,263,309 Rak~asas: 253 : 16 Randle, H.N.: 10,250,251 satisfaction (of a symbol): 214 Rangaswami Iyengar, H. R: 10,27, Sautrantikaschool: 17,23,27,29,96 305,308 saviour (soter): 35 rational discussion (vada): 60 scriptural tradition (agama): 61, 70, Ratnakrrti: x, 7,16,20 178, 236; accountability to reason: Realists: 13,20 181 reality (sattva): 207 : 17 reasoning (anwnana): 1,61,70,135 Sde dge (Derge) Bstan 'gyur: 25,232 reasoning for oneself (svarthanumana): secondary suffix (taddhitapratyaya): 1,23,25,26 195,263,271 reference: S. Mookerjee's usage of sectarian affiliations, Dinnaga' s: 17 term: 19 seer (r$i): 179 rejaxepoid: 190 segregation (apoha): 211 relations: 19, 259; expression of in self: 91,94; (atman; attan): 53, 54,78, language: 195, 197; reality of: 13; 81,82,87,235,266 (sarhsarga): 27; (sambandha): 270 self-cognizing cognition: 140 religious duty (dharma) in Brahmanism: self-referring expression: 360 179 semantics: 19 Renou, Louis: 301 sensation: 14,135,168,178-180,255, representation ism: 97 274; (pratyak$a): 24, 61, 70,132, resemblance: 246,273; (siirupya; 'dra 134, 139,234,273,283; yogin's: ba): 265 136 resemblance theory of universals: 274 sense datum: 100,134,176,233,255, resistance (pratigha; thogs pa): 236 273 (See also sensum) revelation: 6; Buddhism, place of in: 12, sense faculties: 100, 135, 233 58 sensible objects: 26, 78 rigorous truth (paramarthasat; sensum/sensa: 135 (See also "sense paramatthasat): 94 datum") Rgyal tshab Dar rna rin chen: 253 sentence: function of words in: 280; Rma 10 tsa ba: 227 logically complete: 193; primary Rngog 10 tsa ba: 227 unit of speech: 212; (vakya; ngag): Ruegg, David Seyfort: x, 230, 280 237,302; meaning of (vakyartha): rilpadhatu: 101 28,212,215,238,254,290 sentential homomorphism: 297 set-subset relation (tadbhedatva): 198 S Sextus Empiricus: 52, 68 Sa skya Pru,c;lita: 3 Sharma, Dhirendra: 15 S'abaleya: 273 Index 361

Shastri, Dhannendra Nath: 7,15,20,32, TarkabMsii: 228 97,309 taste (): 100,235 sign: conventional: 1; linguistic: 211; Tathagata: 46, 85 natural: 1; (linga): 231 Tattvasangraha: 8, 18, 303 simple predication: 194 term: Diimaga's five types of: 203 Singh, Amar: 97, 108 theology: 10, 163 singular proposition: 154 "thing universal" (arthajiiti): 31 singular term: 188, 189,206; three features (trairupya): 29 (yadrccMsabda): 203 Tibetan Tripitaka: 227; Peking edition: "skill in means" (upayakausalya): 4 25 skeptical rationalism: 41, 62 time (kiila): 235 smell (gandha): 100,235 Ting nge 'dzin bzang po: 226 smoke: (See fire.) touch (spada): 100,235 Socrates: 49, 52, 72, 86 Toulmin, Stephen: 70 soteriology: 10, 34 traidhiitukam: 101 , reality of: 13 Traikiilyaparuqii: 23 sound sabda: 100 transcendental intuition: 89 , as an element: 58; (dis): 235 Tripathi, Chhote Lal: 15 Stcherbatsky, Th.: 3, 11-17,21-22,37, truth: 15; conventional: 94; ultimate: 93 58,61,97,230 Tsong kha pa Blo bzangs grags pa: 253 Steinkellner, Ernst: 5, 33 Tucci, Giuseppe: 10 string of words (tshogs; *samaha): 290 structure/structuring (kalpanii): 134, 234,274 U stupid chatter (apparihlrakatarh Udayana: 11,249 bhiisitarh): 84 Uddyotakara: xiii, 8, 10, 16, 19,22,27, subject (pa/qa) of inference: 113 142,150,171,199,223,250,258, subject matter (vi$aya): 94 264,265,302-304; Dil'maga subjective constructions: 19 citicized by: 149 subjective idealism: 16,98,131 ultimate fact (paramiirtha; paramattha): subjectlike class (sapa/qa): 116, 118 88 subordinate word: 262 ultimate truth: 93 subordination, grammatical understanding (nar;a): 81 (upasarjana): 197,262 unity: 75; relationship with diversity: 85 substance (dravya): 209, 235 universal: 13-15, 18-20,24,28,30-32, substance (ousia), Aristotle's: 75 41,75,85,187,210,246,254,261, superior knowledge (abhinna): 46, 81; 265, 270, 283; abstraction, as: 211; nature of Tathligata's: 47 ontological status of: 19; support (alambana): 174 signification of words, as: 195; : 44, 83,105,311 (jiiti; rigs): 28, 183, 206, 270, 276; Sutta Pitaka: 100 Dil'mliga's definition of: 296; Suzuki, Daisetz Teitaro: 89, 107 grammarian's definition of: 271; symbol: class: 192,200,206,288; properties of: 210, 300; relation to meaning of: 19; token: 192,200, particular instantiation: 274; 288 (samanya; spyi): 32; (samanya• synonymous terms: 285, 288 laksal)a): 26,27 synonymy: 289 universal-possessor: 196 universal affirmative proposition: 119; implicit existential import of: 169 T universal proposition: 154 tadbhedatva: 198 unrelated to thought (cittaviprayukta): Taranli.tha: 10 28 362 Index

unsubjectlike class (asapak~a): 116, Vigrahavyiivartanl: 52, 59 118 Vijilaptimatratasiddhi: 103,239 Upani~ads: 79 Vinaya Pi{aka: 91 upasarjana: 263 Vinltadeva: 10,11,217 vipa~a: 254 Visaliimalavatl: 228 V viSe~afJavise~yabhiiva: 286 vacaka relation: 257 visible quality (rapa): 209 Vacaspatimisra: 10, 11,20 vital principle: 90 Vaibh~ika school: 25,28,96 vrtti relation: 257 Vaise~ika school: 8, 13, 16,23, 143, VyliQi: 27, 31, 32 206,235,236,262,282; inference VyiikarafJamahiibhti~a: 305 according to: 24; "naive realism" vyatireka: 119 and: 12; sensation according to: 132 vyavahtira: 256 Vaisesika Siitras: 249 Vajapyayana: 27, 28, 31 Vakyapadfya: 179,180,217,218,256, W 259,260,278,302,306 Warder, A.K.: xiii, 6, 32,79,309 van der Kuijp, L.W.J.: 4, 5 warrant for application (pravrttinimitta): Vasetthasutta: 79 261,280 (See also grounds of Vasettha and Bharadvaja, dispute on application.) caste: 80 water (iipas): 235 Vasubandhu: 11,12,28,41,92,94-98, Wayman, Alex: 4,98 101,103,138,170,173,177,239, Weiss, Jason: xiv 311; DiI'maga influenced by: 97, whole-part relation: 194, 195,286; 173; sensation according to: 132 expression of in language: 194 Vasudhararaksita: 25,220,224,227, wider term (samanyasabda): 288 228,238,249-251,259,266,272, wind (): 235 296,303,307 word: individual (pada; tshig): 237, vedana: 48 302; meaning of: 19,215 school: 17 word form: 265 : 49 word token: 265 Vedic injunctions: 31 "word universal" (sabdajiiti): 31 Venkataclirya, T.: xiii world of matter (rapaloka): 100 Venn, John: 114 verb root (dhtitu): 302 verbal affixes (TIn): 302 X verbal communication, as form of : 29,108,253 inference: 181 verbal conjugational affixes (TIn): 325 verbal symbol (sabda): 211; parallelism y with inferential signs: 298 Yasomitra: 173 verbal term: 206 : 10, 25, 30 verbal testimony (sabda; sgra las byung Yogacara school: 16,23,25,96,129, ba): 237, 253 140 verbs and deverbatives (kriyasabda): Yuktidlpika: 253 203 Vetter, T.: 5,34 via antiqua and via moderna (Aristotelian schools): 77 Z Vidyabhiisal.la, Satis Chandra: 9, 10, Zen masters: 89 163,251 Zha rna rdo rje rgyal mtshan: 227 Index 363

Zha rna Seng ge: 227 STUDIES OF CLASSICAL INDIA

Volume 1 Philosophy and Argument in Late Vedanta: Sri Har~a's KhafJqanakhafJqakhiidya by P. E. Granoff ISBN 90-277-0878-9

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