Digitizing Penn's Indic Manuscripts

Manuscript Studies

Volume 3 Issue 2 Fall 2018 Article 9

2019

Digitizing Penn’s Indic Manuscripts

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Recommended Citation Fleming, Benjamin J. (2019) "Digitizing Penn’s Indic Manuscripts," Manuscript Studies: Vol. 3 : Iss. 2 , Article 9. Available at: https://repository.upenn.edu/mss_sims/vol3/iss2/9

This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/mss_sims/vol3/iss2/9 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Digitizing Penn’s Indic Manuscripts

Abstract The University of Pennsylvania possesses the largest collection of Sanskrit and vernacular Indian languages in the Western hemisphere. In 2014, UPenn was awarded a three-year Preservation and Access Grant (PW-51547-15) from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), entitled “Providing Global Access to Penn’s Indic Manuscripts.” The project was completed in 2017, within the scheduled three-year period for the award. The original terms of the grant stipulated that staff at the Rare Book and Manuscript Library (now absorbed by the Kislak Center) at Penn Libraries was to catalog, rehouse and digitize its Indic manuscript collection, building on efforts from previous years. The collection highlights Penn’s historical commitment to traditional Sanskrit studies and also includes a broad range of vernacular sources including Pali, Prakrit, Hindi, Awadhi, Bengali Marathi, Gujarati, Marwari, Persian, Tamil, and Telugu. In this article I outline some of the recent history leading up to the NEH project, including my own involvement as project cataloger and collection consultant. I will then give an overview of the project and highlight some of its scope, content, and significance. Finally, I will consider some possibilities for promoting the collection in the future.

Keywords Material texts, Hindu studies, Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, South Asian Manuscripts, Sanskrit, Indic lanugages, Digitization, Special collections cataloging, Manuscript studies

This annotations is available in Manuscript Studies: https://repository.upenn.edu/mss_sims/vol3/iss2/9 Fleming: Digitizing Penn’s Indic Manuscripts

M ANUSCRIPT STUDIES

A Journal of the Schoenberg Institute for Manuscript Studies

volume 3, number 2 (Fall 2018)

Manuscript Studies (issn 2381- 5329) is published semiannually by the University of Pennsylvania Press

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MANUSCRIPT STUDIES

volume 3, number 2 (Fall 2018)

ISSN 2381-5329 Copyright © 2018 University of Pennsylvania Libraries and University of Pennsylvania Press. All rights reserved. Published by the University of Pennsylvania Press, 3905 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 1910⒋ Printed in the U.S.A. on acid-  ee paper. Manuscript Studies brings together scholarship  om around the world and across disciplines related to the study of premodern manuscript books and documents, with a special emphasis on the role of digital technologies in advancing manuscript research. Articles for submission should be prepared according to the Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edition, and follow the style guidelines found at http://mss.pennpress.org. None of the contents of this journal may be reproduced without prior written consent of the University of Pennsylvania Press. Authorization to photocopy is granted by the University of Pennsylvania Press for libraries or other users registered with Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) Transaction Reporting Service, provided that all required fees are veriﬁ ed with CCC and paid directly to CCC, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 0192⒊ This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional pur- poses, for creating new collective works, for database retrieval, or for resale.

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https://repository.upenn.edu/mss_sims/vol3/iss2/9 2 Fleming: Digitizing Penn’s Indic Manuscripts

M ANUSCRIPT STUDIES A Journal of the Schoenberg Institute for Manuscript Studies

volume 3, number 2

Articles Notes of Exchange: Scribal Practices and Vernacular Religious Scholarship in Early Modern North India Tyler Williams 265

Translating Machiavelli’s Prince in Early Modern England: New Manuscript Evidence Alessandra Petrina 302

Provenance in the Aggregate: Th e Social Life of an Arabic Manuscript Collection in Naples Paul Love 334

Illuminated Leaves from an Ethiopic Gospel Book in the Newark Museum and in the Walters Art Museum Jacopo Gnisci 357

Re- Conceptualizing the Poems of the Pearl- Gawain Manuscript in Line and Color Maidie Hilmo 383

Annotations A Codicological Assessment of Th ree Gospel Books with Sideways- Oriented Illustrations Displayed in the Metropolitan Museum of Art’s Armenia Exhibition Zsuzsanna Gulácsi 421

A Psalter from Maillezais at Maynooth Peter J. Lucas and Angela M. Lucas 431

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A Dossier of Texts for the Augustinian Hermits of Lucca Thomas M. Izbicki 439

Digitizing the University of Pennsylvania’s Indic Manuscripts Benjamin J. Fleming 470

Reviews Kathryn M. Rudy. Piety in Pieces: How Medieval Readers Customized Th eir Manuscripts A. R. Bennett 487

Georgi R. Parpulov. Toward a History of Byzantine Psalters, ca. 850- 1350 AD Barbara Crostini 492

Corine Schleif and Volker Schier, eds. Manuscripts Changing Hands Johan Oosterman 495

Nichols, Stephen G. From Parchment to Cyberspace: Medieval Literature in the Digital Age Bridget Whearty 499

List of Manuscripts Cited 505

https://repository.upenn.edu/mss_sims/vol3/iss2/9 4 Fleming: Digitizing Penn’s Indic Manuscripts

Digitizing the University of Pennsylvania’s Indic Manuscripts

Benjamin J. Fleming City University of New York

he University of Pennsylvania possesses the largest collec- T tion of Sanskrit and vernacular Indian languages in the Western hemisphere. In 2014, Penn was awarded a three- year Preservation and Access Grant (PW- 51547- 15)  om the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), entitled “Providing Global Access to Penn’s Indic Manuscripts.” The project was completed in 2017, within the scheduled three- year period for the award. The original terms of the grant stipulated that staff at the Rare Book and Manuscript Library, now under the auspices of the Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books, and Manuscripts at Penn Libraries, were to catalog, rehouse, and digitize 1,728 Indic manuscripts, building on Penn’s cataloging and digitization eff orts  om previous years. The collection highlights Penn’s historical commitment to traditional Sanskrit studies and also includes a broad range of vernacular sources including Pali, Prakrit, Hindi, Awadhi, Bengali Marathi, Gujarati, Marwari, Per- sian, Tamil, and Telugu.1 In what follows, I will briefl y outline some of the

I would like to thank Elizabeth A. Cecil as well as Annette Yoshiko Reed for reading early dra s of this article. 1 For more details on languages of the Penn collection, see Beǌ amin J. Fleming, “The Materiality of South Asian Manuscripts  om the University of Pennsylvania MS Coll. 390 and the Rāmamālā Library in Bangladesh,” Manuscript Studies 1, no. 1 (2016): 28–5⒈

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figure 1. Case and wall displays from the exhibition “Intertwined Worlds” held at the Goldstein Family Gallery, Penn Libraries, 26 August–22 December 2017. Shot of the section entitled “Image, Ritual, Poetry,” featuring Jain, Hindu, and Buddhist manuscripts from Penn’s Indic manuscript collection along with objects from the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Photo: Benjamin J. Fleming.

recent history leading up to the NEH project, including my own involvement as project cataloger and collection consultant. I will then give an overview of the project and highlight some of its scope, content, and signifi cance. Finally, I will consider some possibilities for promoting the collection in the future.2 Penn has made the digital images of the Indic manuscripts available in two main formats. The fi rst is an open data repository called OPenn, where full- resolution TIFF fi les can be  eely accessed and downloaded along with

2 This article will not examine the important and valuable contributions of the department of conservation at Penn Libraries, but will primarily focus on the cataloging aspects. A separate review of the conservation of the Indic material is warranted. https://repository.upenn.edu/mss_sims/vol3/iss2/9 6 Fleming: Digitizing Penn’s Indic Manuscripts

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web-  iendly JPEG fi les.3 The second format is a web- based interface tool called “Penn in Hand” that allows all digitized manuscripts to be searched and viewed.4 I would estimate that currently about 80 percent of Penn’s Indic holdings can be viewed through OPenn and about 95 percent of digitized material via Penn in Hand. Additional collections of Asian manuscripts beyond Penn’s core Indic material are also available through these formats. These additions include the Rāmamālā Library collection of San- skrit and Bangla works, Arizona State University Sinhalese manuscripts, and the Thai Manuscript collection.5 The outcomes of Penn’s NEH project have received an overwhelming and positive response  om the broader scholarly community and will greatly benefi t and advance the study of Indic languages in the digital age. The most obvious positive result is the database and wealth of digital images of manuscripts now available to scholars. Another is the new digital cataloging record that I created between 2011 and 2017 using MARC standards, improv- ing on existing heritage records and building on the foundational, organi- zational, and cataloging work. Such foundational, pre- digital- era work is seen in Horace Poleman’s 1938 catalog of Indic manuscripts and in Stephan H. Levitt’s 1970s microfi lm project (see further below). Additionally, the project benefi ted  om the individual eff orts of countless scholars, students, and librarians who le their traces on the collection through the decades, since its inception in the early twentieth century. These traces include let-

3 http://openn.library.upenn.edu. It can be found in the “Repositories” link followed by clicking “University of Pennsylvania Books & Manuscripts Repository” near the bottom of the page. Individual entries can be searched via the ﬁ nd window of the browser or scrolling through the tens of thousands of entries (both Indic and other materials). 4 http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/medren/index.html. 5 The Thai and ASU Sinhalese materials are available through both OPenn and Penn in Hand. The Rāmamālā collection is currently available only through Penn in Hand. For more on the Thai manuscript collection, see Justin McDaniel and Susanne Ryuyin Kerekes, “Sia- mese Mauscript Collections in the United States,” Manuscript Studies 2, no. 1 (2017): 202–3⒎ On the Rāmamālā library, see Fleming, “The Materiality of South Asian Manuscripts,” as well as Fleming, “Ancient Texts and Modern Technologies: New Approaches to Asian Manu- scripts,” in Prachyavidya Patrika, ed. Dulal Bhowmikh (Dhaka: Department of Sanskrit, University of Dhaka, 2015), 1–⒖

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ters, handwritten notes, scrawls, Post- it notes, as well as printed emails le in envelopes or boxes accompanying the manuscripts. The resulting records can now be tracked through the digital metadata associated with each of Penn’s Indic manuscripts. This data will be invaluable to scholars wanting to make connections between manuscripts  om within the Indic collection as well as beyond.6 Such connections, for instance, could potentially be linked to manuscripts  om other institutions with simi- lar or parallel digital collections, thus building a fabulous index of scribes, scribal families, and premodern libraries. Such examples have the potential to engender cross- institutional and collaborative research projects and through these links develop new perspectives on the social history of scribal practice, ownership, and the historical dynamics of textual production.

History of Penn’s Indic Collections

The origins of the Indic manuscript collections date to around 1930–35, the period when W. Norman Brown, then professor of Sanskrit at Penn, began to collect South Asian manuscripts through funding  om the University of Pennsylvania as well as through external, private sources.7 The manuscripts collected by Brown represent about 90 percent of Penn’s Asian holdings in Special Collections. Brown had begun collecting manuscripts for his personal collection before this period, however, in 192⒏ The ﬁ rst manuscript he

6 Below I discuss the connections between scribes and personal libraries I was able to make through Penn’s tracking tools. Similarly, I was able to compare a watermark  om four Indic manuscripts, that of J. Whatman, with the same watermark in the binding of a completely unrelated work, a copy of Periermenias Aristotelis (Ǉ S 101, http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/ d/medren/9951865503503681). 7 For a full account of Brown’s funding  om internal sources at the University of Pennsyl- vania as well as outside donations  om private funders, see David N. Nelson, “The Penniman- Gribbel Collection of Sanskrit Manuscripts,” retrieved  om http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/ viewcontent.cgi?article=1021&context=library_papers; reprinted  om The Penn Library Col- lections at 250: From Franklin to the Web (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Library, 2000), 20⒊ Also see Stephan H. Levitt, Collected Papers on Manuscriptology, Epigraphy, and South Asian Art (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 2018), 3–10⒌ https://repository.upenn.edu/mss_sims/vol3/iss2/9 8 Fleming: Digitizing Penn’s Indic Manuscripts

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purchased was a copy of the Kālakācaryakathā, a Śvetāṃbara Jain work currently cataloged as MS Coll. 390, Item 3020; this manuscript is not included in Horace Poleman’s 1938 catalog since it did not enter into Penn’s possession until much later (see further below).8 Once Brown’s interest in manuscripts was sparked, he formed a relationship with the Maharashtrian Brahman, Pandit Narayana Shastri Khiste, who lived in Varāṇasī. It was through their collaboration that Brown purchased 2,839 works directly for the University of Pennsylvania. Because of Khiste’s background, a number of manuscripts in the collection appear to come out of the transplanted Maharashtrian Brahman community living in the city of Varāṇasī, some 1,200 kilometers away. These include multiple copies of Bhaṭṭoji Dīkṣita’s Siddhāntakaumudī (Elucidation of the established conclusion) as well as works by his students in the collection.9 Thus, Khiste’s inﬂ uence upon the shape and scope of the collection cannot be understated. Many of the manuscripts are partial, and many individual “items” sold to Penn are sections of larger, complete manuscripts for which Penn may hold a complete work across multiple item numbers. The actual number of complete or unique works  om this period is perhaps closer to 2,500 than to the 2,839 purchased. Connections between parts of works that have vir- tually linked and reestablished “whole” manuscripts have been integrated into catalog records where possible. The connections were made through identiﬁ cation of scribes, paper types, watermarks, and the like.10 I will address this phenomenon in more detail below. In 1938, Horace I. Poleman with editorial help  om Norman Brown published The Census of Indic Manuscripts, which contains entries for every

8 http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/medren/995866139350368⒈ See Nelson, “The Penniman- Gribbel Collection of Sanskrit Manuscripts,” 206–⒏ 9 Penn possesses eighty- three manuscripts associated with this title, for example. 10 See for example, MS Coll. 390, Items 890, 893, and 896, sections of the Pañcadaśī by Mādhava. Item 896, though undated, was dated to Śaka 1772 (1850 CE) because of its clear connection with items 890 and 89⒊ Such connections were typically made through identiﬁ cation of identical paper types, watermarks, scribes, and the like.

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manuscript acquired by Brown and Khiste between 1930 and 193⒌ 11 From 1938 until the completion of Penn’s NEH project in 2017, Poleman’s reference work has been the single- most used resource for scholars and students of South Asian languages seeking knowledge of Penn’s Indic manuscripts. It is hoped with the completion of the project that this dependence on Pole- man will largely be done away with, at least so far as Penn is concerned.12 A numbering system was put in place during this time: 1 to 2,83⒐ The last item (2,839) is Penn’s sole Tibetan manuscript. When Poleman and Brown created the catalog, Poleman assigned each Penn item, along with items  om other institutions, a separate “Poleman number.” This allowed his catalog to absorb manuscripts  om multiple institutions into his unique system. Thus, his system had nothing to do with Penn’s manuscript numbers, although it may in fact have been part of the push and motivation behind the creation of Penn’s system of numbering manuscripts. A er the publication of the Poleman catalog, Penn acquired additional manuscripts, absorbing collections  om other institutions, donations, as well as new purchases. These manuscripts have expanded the geographic and linguistic scope of the collection beyond South Asia. A number of these additional works were gi s or purchases  om scholars well known to the Indological community. These include the art historians Ananda Kentish Coomaraswamy and Stella Kramrisch as well as Brown himself.13 Others works have found their way somewhat mysteriously into Penn’s collections. Boxes in storage rooms in the basement of the Van Pelt–Dietrich Library Center have languished there for decades with relevant materials, some perhaps yet to be discovered. One such small collection of Asian and West- ern manuscripts appeared in two boxes that were previously owned by

11 Horace I. Poleman, A Census of Indic Manuscripts in the United States and Canada (New Haven, CT: American Oriental Society, 1938). 12 Other institutions, notably Harvard, may eventually complete an online catalog and a digital archive of their own Indic materials and give patrons and the scholarly community open access to them. 13 There are currently six works formerly owned by Coomaraswamy (MS Coll. 390, Items 2671, 2672, 2670, 2673, 2674, and 2675) all dated around 1906 CE; one item, MS Indic 26 (formerly MS Coll. 390, Item 3001) was owned by Kramrisch and sold to Penn for $50, according to accompanying documentation. https://repository.upenn.edu/mss_sims/vol3/iss2/9 10 Fleming: Digitizing Penn’s Indic Manuscripts

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eccentric collector Casey Wood, a one- time resident of a houseboat in Kash- mir in the 1920s, according to the accompanying documentation.14 Brian Zahn is another donor who contributed several Jain works in the late 1990s. When and how such additions entered Penn Library collections o en remains obscure. Such examples point to the growth and continued acquisition of Indic materials beyond the initial eff orts of Brown and Khiste. Indeed, Penn continues to acquire works of South and Southeast Asian provenance both physically and digitally.15 From 1972 to 1974 a former student of Norman Brown, Stephan H. Levitt, undertook a microfi lm project of all of Penn’s holdings of Indic manuscripts  om both the Penn Libraries (nos. 1–2,839) plus an additional 195 on top of Brown’s initial purchase, for a total of 3,034 manuscripts.16 Levitt and a team of students created item- level descriptions of each manuscript that were handwritten onto a template of white legal- sized offi ce paper. These were largely drawn  om Poleman but had some corrections and additions. These sheets of paper accompanied each manuscript and, in the recent rehousing eff orts under the NEH grant, have remained housed with each item. By this time (1972–74), the collection had not yet been integrated into Penn Libraries’ catalog records and remained siloed within the South Asian reading room. Manuscripts could be  eely consulted by anyone entering the reading room, during what I refer to as the “Wild West” days. Once they were retained and put under the auspices of the Rare Book and Manuscript Library in the late 1990s, however, the manuscripts became more secure. At

14 Today Wood is best remembered as the “Birdman of McGill” due to his extensive collection of bird manuscripts held at McGill University; however, he also was an avid collector of religious works in Persian, Hebrew, Arabic, Sinhalese, and Thai, as well as other Southeast Asian materials. His collection is now identiﬁ ed as Ms. Coll. 1293, “The Casey Wood Collec- tion of Manuscripts,” and is still in process. 15 Some recent acquisitions include a Persian version of the Viṣṇu Purāṇa (Gurmukhi Bisnu Puran, MS Indic 6) and a Rajasthani version of the Aśvamedhaparvan of the Mahābhārata (MS Indic 2). Purely digital holdings include the Rāmamālā Library project, mentioned above, and three Sinhalese works digitized on behalf of Arizona State University. 16 Levitt’s project also included a number of Southeast Asian Buddhist works now currently at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archeology and Anthropology.

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figure 2. One of Stephan H. Levitt ’s information sheets accompanying a palm-leaf manuscript from Penn’s Indic collection. Th ese sheets were central to Levitt ’s microfi lm project from 1971 to 1974, and some of their information was absorbed into the online digital catalog record of the NEH project. Photo: Benjamin J. Fleming.

this time, there was no comprehensive umbrella number assigned to the collection. The South Asian bibliographer at the time, David Nelson (retired 2010), along with former curator of manuscripts Nancy Shawcross (retired 2014), arbitrarily assigned the collection number “MS Coll. 390” to absorb this historic body of works. At the same time, Nelson and Shawcross began to introduce new South and Southeast Asian acquisitions under “MS Indic.” This was intended to maintain the historical integrity of Penn’s manuscripts and create a way to absorb new works as well. Nancy Shawcross, partially inspired by Peter Scharf’s 2010 Mahābhārata digitization project (see note 22 below), as well as her own success digitizing Penn’s medieval European manuscripts, decided to work toward the NEH grant covering the entire collection of Indic manuscripts at Penn. Because of my work on Scharf’s project, I was hired by the Rare Book and Manu- script Library in 2011 to begin to assess and catalog the thousands of manuscripts, and to write the subject- content of the NEH grant. The grant was submitted in 2013, right at the time the Rare Book and Manuscript Library https://repository.upenn.edu/mss_sims/vol3/iss2/9 12 Fleming: Digitizing Penn’s Indic Manuscripts

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was subsumed under the newly formed Kislak Center. The NEH Indic grant was awarded in 20⒕ Upon Shawcross’s departure  om the library soon a er, David McKnight, director of the Rare Book and Manuscript Library, took on the role of principal investigator in her place. I was included for my expertise in South Asian religions and languages, as well as for my experience in manuscript studies and material texts.

Overview and Significance of the Collection

The original vision for cataloging the collection was to propose a limited number of manuscripts based on the subject arrangement of the Poleman catalog. It was quickly realized, however, that Poleman’s categories were text- centered rather than manuscript- centered (as discussed above). The Kislak Center promotes fi delity to the material text and highlights individual heterogeneity of a given manuscript. Consequently, Poleman’s arrangement could not work since it divided a single manuscript into multiple entries. The beauty of the OCLC system of cataloging for unique items (as opposed to serials) is that it allows for subject complexity even when its system of authority headings confl ict with current scholarship.17 As a result, each manuscript was considered anew and entered into Penn’s library system to refl ect as much of its original intricacies as time would allow. For instance, a given manuscript may fi t into numerous categories because it contains multiple kinds of texts, because it is a compendium, or simply because it refl ects a genre that fi ts within multiple categories. A philosophical or grammatical work, for instance, might also fi t into a devotional category because some of its subject matter also addresses ritual/religious

17 The Library of Congress authority heading system is sometimes outdated or contradic- tory. An example of this is its misidentiﬁ cation of two distinct Patāñjalis as a single author; see Fleming, “The Two Patāñjalis: Challenges of Cataloguing Penn’s Sāṃkhya Teaching,” Penn Rare, 2015, available at https://pennrare.wordpress.com/2015/05/17/the-two - pataǌ alis -con ﬂ icts- cataloguing- penns- sa%e1%b9%83khya- teaching/.

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concerns, or because of a short work appended to it.18 Below I briefl y sketch out some of the larger groupings and major categories of manuscripts using the Library of Congress subject headings they appear under. “Hindu Philosophy” (also cataloged as “Philosophy, India”) is by far the largest grouping of works, with nearly eight hundred manuscripts linked to this category. The two most dominant subcategories, “Advaita” and “Nyāya,” together comprise more than half of this grouping on their own. There is also an extensive array of commentaries and subcommentaries making up nearly half the collection of philosophical works. Thus, a single manuscript can sometimes bear two or three works  om diff erent authors spanning centuries. The second largest grouping of manuscripts is “Rites and Ceremonies,” with more than seven hundred works. This grouping contains the subcategories of “Hindu Law” and “Dharma,” which combined cover more than fi ve hundred works on a range of related topics: vratas (penances), marriage, funerals, bathing customs, atonement, and others. From a material- text perspective, these works give us valuable insight into the diff erent ways that manuscripts were employed as manuals and guides during the performance of rituals, ceremonies, and so on. Most were pulled  om larger manuscripts and highlight a single ritual, rite, or religious observance. The range of materials encompasses both the exalted and the seemingly mundane, a diversity that shows us something of the religious life of premodern Hindu communities as well as something of concerns and ideas that are perpetuated in contemporary Hindu liturgies. Penn’s collection of ritual manuscripts beautifully encapsulates the creativity, practices, and concerns of the Hindu tradition.19

18 An example of this is Śaṅkarācārya’s Vākyasudhā (MS Coll. 390, Item 1136, http://hdl. library.upenn.edu/1017/d/medren/9963242973503681), a synopsis of his Vedānta teachings, with the addition of a hymn (stotra) dedicated to Śiva’s jyotirliṅgas (liṅgas of light), a network of pilgrimage sites honoring the deity. 19 Many include rituals surrounding gi s, property, temples, homes, well building, fl ag pole raising, the veneration of images, tree worship and more. Works dedicated to women (or for use by their husbands) are both general and extremely specifi c. For instance, there are many manuals dedicated to women’s fasts (vratas) as well as a manual of rites for the husband of a child bride menstruating for the fi rst time (the Ṛtuśānti, MS Coll. 390, Item 1334, https://repository.upenn.edu/mss_sims/vol3/iss2/9 14 Fleming: Digitizing Penn’s Indic Manuscripts

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The third largest grouping is “Devotional Literature,” with more than six hundred manuscripts, many of which are tiny and can ﬁ t easily in the palm of someone’s hand—a genre of pocket- book manuscripts. The grouping contains many devotional hymns, prayers, and other liturgical literature dedicated to individual Hindu deities and meant to be recited during times of worship (pūjā). More than three hundred works are dedicated to Śiva, and more than one hundred each to the deities Rāma and Kṛṣṇa (forms of Viṣṇu). In addition to pan- Asian deities like Śiva and Viṣṇu, other works are dedicated to deities  om particular geographical areas such as the goddess of smallpox, Śītilā, popular in Bengal. The child-god Pāṇḍuraṅga is especially popular in Maharashtra, as are the Vināyakas (special forms of Gaṇeśa) seen, for instance, in the Vināyakaśānti (MS Coll. 390, Item 178).20 Some of the devotional works follow the structure of a kavaca, a kind of protective amulet in words. The reciter seeks bodily protection (physical or spiritual) through praise of a particular god or goddess (see, e.g., MS Coll. 390, Item 2660).21 “Hindu Mythology” is the fourth largest group, with more than three hundred works, among which the Mahābhārata as well as the Bhāgavatapurāṇa are prominent.22 Additionally, there are some Rāmāyaṇa- themed manuscripts as well as other purāṇic materials. There is a complete version of the Rāmacaritamānasa in Awadhi (related to Hindi) by Tulasīdāsa, for instance (MS Coll. 390, Item 2615),23 as well as a complete Vāmanapurāṇa (Ms. Coll. 390, Item 2172),24 among others. Much like the “Hindu Philosophy” grouping, “Hindu Mythology” contains numerous commentarial works, many philosophical in nature. Among these, the philosopher Śrīdharasvāmin, well known for his fusion of philosophical and devotional themes, is promi-

http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/medren/9963979573503681). This grouping also contains many manuals to aid in a minutia of rites related to Vedic ﬁ re and Soma sacriﬁ ce. 20 http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/medren/995864431350368⒈ 21 http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/medren/995758153350368⒈ 22 Many of the Mahābhārata and Bhāgavatapurāṇa manuscripts, approximately 220, were cataloged prior to 2011 as part of an NEH- sponsored grant (PW- 50408- 09, https://securegrants. neh.gov/publicquery/main.aspx?f=1&gn=PW- 50408- 09) investigated by Peter Scharf. 23 http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/medren/997401570350368⒈ 24 http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/medren/995188723350368⒈

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figure 3. Rāmacaritamānasa in Awadhi (related to Hindi) by Tulasīdāsa. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, MS Coll. 390, Item 2615, fols. 141v–142r.

nent. His commentaries are related to close to fi  manuscripts, especially manuscripts of the Bhāgavatapurāṇa. The fi  h largest body of works in the Penn collection is “Hindu Astron- omy,” with more than two hundred and fi  manuscripts. There are many unpublished and understudied titles as well as a number that are unknown due to their unique specifi city, such as personal astrological almanacs (pañ- cāṅga or pañjika). There are treatises on how to read astrological charts, birth records, and various life- cycle events (marriages, etc.). There are works divining the meaning and signifi cance of house geckos falling on diff erent parts of one’s body (the Pallīpattanakārikā). Additionally, there are numerous https://repository.upenn.edu/mss_sims/vol3/iss2/9 16 Fleming: Digitizing Penn’s Indic Manuscripts

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astrological works of a medical nature, making predictions about a person’s health, drawing upon beliefs about the alignment of the body and the move- ment of the planets and the stars. Perhaps more than any other part of the Penn collection of Indic manuscripts, the astrological material has much to off er scholars of the history of science and religion. The sixth largest group of manuscripts is “Sanskrit Language,” with nearly two hundred and fi  works, mostly grammars, but also containing reference works such as dictionaries, lexographies, encyclopedias, and simi- lar materials. This category also contains a plethora of commentaries and super- commentaries on other, well- established grammatical writers, especially Pāṇini and Patañjali. These commentaries represent a breadth of interpretation and reception about Sanskrit grammar  om the late medieval period and into the modern age. This grouping also gives us insight into Norman Brown’s interest in promoting the study of Sanskrit grammar at Penn and provides us a wealth of data about Sanskrit studies more broadly. This body of material is an important resource, allowing students and scholars to better understand the fabric of grammatical commentaries while also, more basically, outlining specifi c case endings, declensions, and other important aspects of language learning. The seventh largest grouping of Penn’s Indic collection, “Sanskrit Poetry,” contains close to one hundred manuscripts. This grouping includes works of traditional, non- epic kāvya by authors such as Kālidāsa, Bhāravi, Māgha, and others. Additionally, within this genre, are works on poetics, Sanskrit rhetoric (alaṃkāraśāstra), and treatises on ascetics taking the form of commentaries on works of major fi gures (Kālidāsa, etc).25 Here we might also mention a few scattered works of “Sanskrit Drama.” Though too few to make up an independent category, they are relevant to this grouping. Of particular note is a seventeenth- century satire, the Laṭakamelakaprahasana (MS Coll., 390, Item 1567), which deals with issues and tensions, possibly social critique, surrounding Jain and Buddhist monks.26

25 See, for instance, MS Coll. 390, Item 497 (http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/medren/ 9959555703503681), the Raghuvaṃśaṭīkā by Mallinātha. 26 http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/medren/996759055350368⒈

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figure 4. Nai.sadhīyacarita (selections) by Śrī har .sa. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, MS Coll. 390, Item 533, fols. 48v–49r. Contains an endnote in Modi script, formerly used exclusively for Marathi language, but mostly lost during the nineteenth century.

Finally, there are a number of unique and “oddball” items that do not fi t neatly into any genre or category of more traditional literature. One such work is MS Coll. 390, Item 3045, a list of items written in either the related Laṇḍā or Khojki script  om the Puǌ ab, typically used by merchants and traders.27 This work had been folded up and used as a cover of a Vedic ritual manual (MS Coll. 390, Item 42), but may give us some insight into the lives and libraries of diff erent communities of South Asia, as well as the fl uidity between diff erent religious, scribal, and commercial communities. One work pointing to the diversity of scribal communities is MS Coll. 390, Item 533, the colophon for which is written in the abandoned Modi script, formerly used exclusively for Marathi language. Other oddball items include dried

27 http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/medren/996445951350368⒈ https://repository.upenn.edu/mss_sims/vol3/iss2/9 18 Fleming: Digitizing Penn’s Indic Manuscripts

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snake skins, embedded within the folios of two manuscripts.28 While such works are not central to the signiﬁ cance of Penn’s Indic collection, they highlight some of its details and material dimensions that can be seen throughout.

Scribal Units and Personal Libraries

One noteworthy outcome of the NEH project is the identifi cation of scribal units and the identifi cation of pre- British- era libraries within Penn’s Indic material that are contained specifi cally within MS Coll. 390. I found multiple works copied by a single scribe as well as groups of manuscripts produced by whole communities of scribes, including father- son lineages as well as master- student lineages. One scribe, Bhāskara Dāḍ ekara, has so far been identifi ed with thirty manuscripts—many of these having to do with the building of dwellings and other architectural structures and the rituals that were performed during their construction. Another scribe of note is Sadāśiva, the son of Kāśīnātha, who is associated with at least twenty- two manuscripts. Sadāśiva himself was the scribe of at least fourteen of these, while at least seven were scribed by his students and one possibly by his father, as identifi ed in the colophons of these works. The school of scribes spans a period of over fi  years  om the mid- seventeenth to early eighteenth centuries. Such identifi cations will be especially important for understanding how Indian intellectual communities produced manuscripts and will give scholars very specifi c examples of a unique community in pre- British India. More than one hundred and fi  records have been identifi ed with specifi c owners, and  om among these we see traces of a number of personal libraries in which a single fi gure owned multiple works. One prominent owner is Janārdana Konḍ adeva Gāḍ agīla, who comes  om the village of Gāḍ agīla in present- day Jarakhand. He owned more than twenty manuscripts and actively collected for over fi ve decades  om the mid- eighteenth

28 MS Coll. 390, Item 292 and Item 205⒊

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to early nineteenth centuries. His library includes philosophy, commentaries, ritual, and devotional works. The scribe he employed to make copies for his library was identifi ed as Ballāḷa Bhuskuṭa. Another fi gure is Viśvanātha Goḍ isa, the son of Raghunātha,  om Allahabad in the late seventeenth century, who is identifi ed with four manuscripts. In another case, a manuscript contains premodern records for two owners of a single work (MS Coll. 390, Item 1783).

Conclusions

Prior to this NEH project, many connections between Penn’s Indic manuscripts went unnoticed or unrecorded, and few links were identifi ed between individual manuscripts. This is the result of a number of factors. When manuscripts were sold to Brown between 1930 and 1935, the sellers broke up complete manuscripts into smaller units. This was perhaps to increase sales or simply to create separate, identifi able texts, according to the instruc- tions of Brown himself. The disassociation of “text”  om manuscript, however, was compounded further by Horace Poleman in the formation of his 1938 catalog. Poleman tended to list works by text alone and not by the manuscript they came  om. Thus, a single manuscript, even two or three folios long, could potentially have as many as ten Poleman numbers and be spread throughout his catalog. This makes the study of the manuscripts diffi cult without consulting them directly or without the painstaking task of tracking and comparing Poleman and Penn numbers, which I was uniquely able to do. Having the opportunity to work slowly through the collection allowed me the chance to pull many of these lost scribal units and libraries together and to note these connections in the digital record. In some cases, even texts without named scribes could be connected through careful identifi cation of watermarks, paper quality, and hand analysis. Thus, I was able to employ new technologies to build upon the foundational ground- work accomplished by Brown and Poleman in the early to mid- twentieth century. I am happy to have contributed to this scholarly legacy, while also to have been able to move the study forward by emphasizing a material cultural perspective, discovering new texts within the collection, as well as https://repository.upenn.edu/mss_sims/vol3/iss2/9 20 Fleming: Digitizing Penn’s Indic Manuscripts

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creating an expanded, searchable index of scribes and former owners. The work accomplished through the NEH project will position Penn’s Indic collection as an invaluable resource for the international community and as a touchstone for future digitization and cataloging projects of Indic manuscripts, cross- institutional collaboration, and general promotion of South Asian cultural heritage in the digital age.

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LIST OF M ANUSCRIPTS CITED

Baltimore, Walters Art Museum Dublin, Trinity College Library W.527: 374 n. 33 MS 58: 366 n. 10 W.530.A: 374 n. 33 Edinburgh, National Library of Scotland W.531: 374 n. 33 MS Hawthornden 2064: 306, 318, 318 n. W.838: 358, 360, 362, 362 fi g. 5, 364 41, 320–21, 330–31 table 1, 365–77, 380–2 W.839: 358, 360, 361 fi g. 4, 362, 365–77, Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana 370 n. 29, 380–2 Plut. ⒈ 56: 374 n. 33, 422 W.840: 358, 360, 360 fi g. 3, 365–77, 370 The Hague, National Library of the n. 29, 380–2 Netherlands Boru Śǝllase Monastery MMW 10 A 19: 412, 412 n. 57 Gospels of Boru Śǝllase: 367, 367 n. 17, Jaipur, Maharaja Sawai Singh II Museum 369–72, 373 fi g. 7, 374–82, 376 fi g. 8, 378 MS 2440.28: 288, 288 n. 33 fi g. 9 Jaipur, Rajasthan Oriental Research Institute Cambridge, MA, Harvard University, MS 2165: 296 Houghton Library Jodhpur, Rajasthan Oriental Research MS Eng. 1014: 306, 316–17, 317 n. 38, Institute 320, 330 MS 24778: 294 n. 42 MS Richardson 28: 441 n. 12, 442 n. 14 MS 26094: 286–87 Chandigarh, Puǌ ab University, AC Joshi MS 26334: 277 fi g. 3 Library MS 26579: 296; 297 fi g. 6 MS 1428: 292 n. 39 MS 27518: 284 fi g. 4 MS M-105: 292 n. 39 Leiden, Rĳ ksuniversiteitbibliothek Cleveland, Cleveland Museum of Art BPL 108: 435 194⒉ 1511: 374 n. 33 BPL 111: 435 Scaliger 38: 435 Däbrä Ḥayq Ǝsṭifanos Monastery London, British Library Gospels of Iyäsus Mo’a: 377–78, 377 n. 40, MS 2 B I: 398, 399 fi g. 10, 407, 410 379 fi g. 10, 381 MS Add. 5111: 374 n. 33 Däbrä Tä’amina Monastery MS Add. 62925: 403–4, 405 fi g. 13 Gospels of Däbrä Tä’amina: 367, 367 n. 18, MS Cotton Nero A.x: 383–90, 383 n. 1, 369–72, 372 fi g. 6, 374–75, 381–82 384 n. 3, 388 fi g. 1, 389 fi g. 2, 390 fi g. 3,

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391 fi g. 4, 391 fi g. 5, 392 fi g. 6, 392–407, MS Harley 5943: 311 n. 30 394 fi g. 7, 395 fi g. 8, 401 fi g. 11, 406 f MS Harley 5944: 311 n. 30 ig. 14, 408 n. 48, 408 n. 49, 409–20, 411 MS Harley 5945: 311 n. 30 fi g. 15 MS Harley 5946: 311 n. 30 MS Egerton 1070: 401 n. 32 MS Harley 5947: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 364: 306, 317, 317 n. 39, 320 MS Harley 5948: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 966: 305 MS Harley 5949: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 967: 302, 306 MS Harley 5950: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 2292: 306 MS Harley 5951: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5903: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5952: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5906b: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5953: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5908: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5954: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5909: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5956: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5910: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5957: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5914: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5958: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5915: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5959: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5916: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5960: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5917: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5961: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5918: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5962: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5919: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5963: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5920: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5964: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5921: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5965: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5922: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5966: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5923: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5967: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5924: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5968: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5925: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5969: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5926: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5970: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5927: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5971: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5928: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5972: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5929: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5973: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5930: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5974: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5931: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5975: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5932: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5976: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5933: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5977: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5934: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5978: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5935: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5986: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5936: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5987: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5937: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5988: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5938: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5989: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5939: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5990: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5940: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5991: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5941: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5992: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5942: 311 n. 30 MS Harley 5993: 311 n. 30

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MS Harley 5994: 311 n. 30 Gärima III: 363, 363 n. 4, 363 n. 5, 366, MS Harley 5995: 311 n. 30 366 n. 10, 367–68 MS Harley 5996: 311 n. 30 Naples, Università degli Studi di Napoli MS Harley 5997: 311 n. 30 L’Orientale MS Harley 5998: 311 n. 30 MS ARA 30: 340 n. 14, 342 n. 21, 343 n. MS Harley 6795: 306 24, 344 n. 28, 347 n. 37, 356 MS Royal 6 E VI: 396, 396 n. 21 MS ARA 50: 340 n. 14, 340 n. 15, 342 n. MS Royal 6 E VII: 396, 396 n. 21 21, 344–45, 344 n. 27, 345 n. 29, 345 n. MS Royal 16 G VI: 403, 403 n. 40, 404 30, 345 n. 31, 347 n. 37, 356 fi g. 12 MS ARA 51: 356 MS Royal 19 B XV: 393 n. 19 MS ARA 71: 340 n. 14, 343 n. 24, 347 n. MS Sloane 885: 311 n. 30, 312 37, 356 MS Sloane 1044: 311 n. 30 MS ARA 93: 340 n. 15, 343 n. 24, 356 MS Sloane 1086: 311 n. 30 MS ARA 259: 345 n. 30, 345 n. 31, 347 MS Sloane 1983: 311 n. 30 n. 37, 356 London, Lambeth Palace Library MS ARA [no shelfmark] “Kitāb al-jawāhir MS Arc.L.40.2/E.23: 307 al-muntaqāt”: 345 n. 30, 345 n. 31, 347 n. MS Arc.L.40.2/E.25: 307 37, 356 MS Arc.L.40.2/E.64: 308 n. 22 MS ARA [no shelfmark] “Fiqh Ibāḍite”: MS Sion L40.2/E24: 307–8, 309 fi g. 1, 347 n. 37, 356 312–15, 316 fi g. 2, 318–19, 321–29, 325 New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art fi g. 3, 328 fi g. 4, 331–33, 331 n. 50, 332 5⒎ 18⒌ 3: 425–26, 427 fi g. 2 fi g. 5 New York, Morgan Library and Museum London, University College London MS M.639: 374 n. 33 Library MS M.828: 363 n. 4, 367, 367 n. 15, 369 MS Ogden 7: 305 n. 13 n. 28, 378 n. 43, 381 n. 53 Los Angeles, J. Paul Getty Museum MS M.1078: 396, 397 fi g. 9, 409 n. 52 MS 33: 413–14, 413 fi g. 16 MS M.1112: 425–26, 427 fi g. 2 MS 89: 370–71, 370 n. 31 Newark, Ǌ , Newark Museum Manchester, John Rylands Library Coll. 9⒍ 4⒍ 1: 357–58, 358 fi g. 1, 365–77, Hindustani MS 1: 275 fi g. 2 375 n. 35, 380–82, 380 n. 46–51 Rylands French 142: 406–7, 407 n. 43 Coll. 9⒍ 4⒍ 2: 357–58, 359 fi g. 2, 360, 362, 364 table 1, 365–77, 380–82 Maynooth, Russell Library RB36: 431–32, 432 fi g. 1, 433 fi g. 2, 436, Oxford, Bodleian Library 438 MS Ashmole 792: 306, 312 n. 32 MS. Eng. poet. a. 1: 398, 398 n. 28 Mehakelegnaw, Abba Garima Monastery MS Junius 11: 396, 396 n. 20 Gärima I: 363, 363 n. 4, 363 n. 5, 366 n. 10, 367–68 Oxford, Queen’s College Library Gärima II: 363 n. 4, 363 n. 5, 366, 366 MS 251: 306, 313, 317–18, 318 n. 40, n. 10, 367 320, 330, 333

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Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale MS Indic 6: 476 n. 15 MS Éthiopien 32: 365 n. 7, 367–68, 368 MS Indic 10: 274 fi g. 1 n. 18 MS Indic 26: 475 n. 13 MS. lat. 964: 435, 435 n. 6 MS Indic 28: 275 n. 15 MS. lat. 4892: 435 Rossano, Rossano Cathedral, Diocesan MS. lat. 5019: 435 Museum MS. lat. 9435: 435 GA 042: 374 n. 33, 422 Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania MS Codex 85: 442–69, 442 n. 15, 443 Šemazānā, Akkala Guzāy, Däbrä Libanos n. 16, 443 n. 17, 443 n. 20, 444 n. 21, 444 Monastery n. 22 Gospel of Däbrä Libanos: 365 n. 6 MS Codex 736: 441–42, 441 n. 12, 442 Tǝgray, Church of Qärsäbär Mika’el n. 14 Gospels of Qärsäbär Mika’el: 371 n. 32 MS Coll. 390, Item 42: 483 MS Coll. 390, Item 178: 480 Vatican City, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana MS Coll. 390, Item 292: 484 n. 28 Pal. Gr. 220: 374 n. 33 MS Coll. 390, Item 497: 482 n. 25 Vat. Gr. 364: 374 n. 33 MS Coll. 390, Item 533: 483, 483 fi g. 4 Venice, San Lazzaro, Mekhitarist Library MS Coll. 390, Item 890: 474 n. 10 MS 1400/108: 374 n. 33 MS Coll. 390, Item 893: 474 n. 10 MS Coll. 390, Item 896: 474 n. 10 Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek MS Coll. 390, Item 1136: 479 n. 18 Cod. Suppl. Gr. 52: 374 n. 33 MS Coll. 390, Item 1334: 479 n. 19 Washington, D.C., U.S. Library of MS Coll. 390, Item 1567: 482 Congress MS Coll. 390, Item 1783: 485 MS 1–85–15⒋ 77: 276 n. 16 MS Coll. 390, Item 2053: 484 n. 28 MS Coll. 390, Item 2172: 480 Yerevan, Matenadaran MS Coll. 390, Item 2615: 480, 481 fi g. 3 MS 238: 422 n.4 MS Coll. 390, Item 2660: 480 MS 974: 423, 424 fi g. 1, 425 MS Coll. 390, Item 2670: 475 n. 13 MS 2877: 422 n.4 MS Coll. 390, Item 2671: 475 n. 13 MS 2930: 422 n.4 MS Coll. 390, Item 2672: 475 n. 13 MS 3784: 423 n.6 MS Coll. 390, Item 2673: 475 n. 13 MS 4813: 423 n.6, 426, 428 fi g. 3, 429 MS Coll. 390, Item 2674: 475 n. 13 MS 4818: 422 n.4 MS Coll. 390, Item 2675: 475 n. 13 MS 7456: 422 n.4 MS Coll. 390, Item 3020: 474 MS 7736: 422 n.4 MS Coll. 390, Item 3045: 483 MS 9423: 422 n.4 MS Indic 2: 476 n. 15 MS 10780: 422 n.4

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