St. Augustine
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
ST. AUGUSTINE: HIS LIFE .A.ND TIMES, ST. AUGUSTINE bis '.lLtfe anb 'ttimes BY l'HE REV. R. WHELER BUSH, M.A., F.R.G.S. RECTOR OF ST. ALPllAOEJ- LONDO~ WALL, SOMETIME SELE.:CT PREA<JIIER AT OXFORD Author of "' .AN INTRODUCTION TO 'fllE PENT ..\TEUCU.'' J<:;.Tr. LONDON THE RELIGIOUS TRACT SOCIETY 56 PATERNOSTER Row, 65 ST. PAUL"S CHURCHYARD .8.ND 164 PICCADILLY ••Eximuis Pater, inter summa Eccleslm ornamenta ac !11mina prinaeps. "-(ERASMUS,) CONTENTS.- PA.RTL THE BIRTH, PARENTAGE, BOYHOOD, AND YOUTH OF AUGU8TJNE, CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. PAG• Influence of Augustine, 3 State of the Christian Church in the Fourth Century, !i CHAPTER II. THE IlTRTH AND PARENTAGE OF AlWUSTINE. Birth of Augustine, 7 His Parents, 9 His Home, 10 His Mother's Influence, 11 Illness of Augustine, , 12 CHAPTER III. THE JlOYHOOD AND SCIIOOL•DAYS OF AUGUSTINE AT TAGASTE AND MADAURA. Augustine's Friendship with Alypius, 13 His Father gives him a Good Education, 14 The School at Madaura, 15 Augustine as a Boy, • 16 CHAPTER IV. A GLOOMY INTERVAL IN HIS SCHOOL CAREER. Augustine in Bondage to Sin, 19 V 8607 vl CONTENTS. CHAPTER V. HIS FATHER'S CONVERSION. PAGE Conversion of Patricius, 22 Monica's Sorrow-blended Joy, 23 CHAPTER VI. t:"NIYERSITY LIFE AT CARTHAGE. }fonica's Prayer, 25 Carthage, 26 Temptations of Carthage, 27 Augustine's Spiritual Struggles, 29 Influence of Cicero, 30 i\fanichooism, 32 i\[anichooan Teaching, 34 Mane~, the Founder of Manichooism, . 36 Augustine at Twenty, • 37 PART II. AUGUBTINE'8 PROFE880RIAL LIFE AT TAGABTE, CARTHAGE, ROME, AND MILAN. CHAPTER I. AUGUSTINE A PROFESSOR AT TAGASTE, Severed, as a Manicl1ee, from his Mother's Home, 41 Monica's Application to the Bishop for Guidance, 42 Her Dream, 43 Death of Augustine's Friend, . 44 CHAPTER II. AUGUSTINE A PROFESSOR OF RHETORIC AT CARTHAGE, He wins Prizes for Oratory and Poetry, 45 l::itudies Astrology, 46 Writes on the 'Beautiful and Fitting,' 46 His Intercourse with Faustus the Manichee, 47 .Augustine anno_yed by his Pupils, 47 CONTENTS, vii CHAPTER III. AUGUSTINE A PROFESSOR AT ROME, PAGE Rome in the Fourth Century, 49 Augustine deceives his Mother, 51 His Illness, 52 Disappointed with his Pupils, 53 Appointed Professor at Milan, 53 CHAPTER IV. AUGUSTINE A PROFESSOR AT J\l!LAN. Milan in the Fourth Century, 54 Ambrose, Bishop of Milan, 55 Influence of .Ambrose on .Augustine, 55 Augt1stine's Search after Truth, 58 Monica arrives at Milan, 60 Augustine's Intercourse with Ambrose, 61 His Separation from the Mother of .Adeodatus, 63 Renewa.l of his Friendship with Alypius of Tagaste, 63 Study of St. Paul's Epistles, 64 The Influence of Simplician, • 65 Visit of Pontitianus, • 65 Great Crisis in Augustine's Spiritual History, 66 His Conversion, 67 PART III. THE INTERVAL BETWEEN AUGUBTINE'B PROFE880RIAL AND MINISTERIAL LIFE. CHAPTER I. AUGUSTINE IN RETIREMENT AT CASSIACUM, His Bodily Weakness and Resignation of his Professorship, 73 Cassia.cum, • • 7 4 Select Circle of Friends, 75 viil CONTENTS. PAO'£ His Writings at this Period, , 75 Against the Academics, • 75 Concerning the Blessed Life, 75 SoliloquieR, 75 He reviews his Past Life, 77 CHAPTER II. AUGUSTINE'S BAPTISM llY AMBROSE AT MILAN. Services in Milan Cathedral, • so Augustine's Influence on Hymn Writers, 81 Baptism of Augustine, 81 Legend concerning the Baptism, 82 Au~stine leaves Milan, 83 CHAPTER III. THE DEATH OF MONICA. Augustine and his Friends arrive at Ostia, , 84 Monica's Presentiment of Death, 86 Last Words of Monica, 87 Burial of Monica, 88 Sorrow of Augustine, • 89 CHAPTER IV. HIS RETURN HOME llY WAY OF ROME AND CARTHAGE. Stay at Rome, • 90 Death of Adeodatus at Carthage, 91 Death of N ebridius, 91 Paternal Property of Augustine, 92 Ilis Writings at this Period, • 93 (1) Greatness of tlie Soul, 93 (2) On Genesis, against the Manichaians, 93 On the Morals of the Manichreans, • 93 On the Morals of the Oatlw/ic Church, 94 (3) The .bfaster, 94 (4) On Music, 94 (5) On Free-will, 95 (6) On True Religion, 95 CONTENTS. ix: PART IV. AUGUSTINE A8 PRESBYTER AND BISHOP OF HIPPO. CHAPTER L AUGUSTINE AS PRESBYTER A'l' HIPPO, PAGR Hippo, • 99 Ordained to the Ministry, 100 Success as a. Preacher, 100 CHAPTER II. AUGUSTINE AS BISHOP OF HIPPO, Augustine chosen as Bishop, • 102 Uneventful Character of his Life, 103 Disposition of Augustine, 104 Mode of Living, 105 CHAPTER III. 'l'HE CLOSING SCENE OF AUGUSTINE'S LIFE, Count Boniface, • • 107 Ravages of the Gothic Forces, 108 Grief of Augustine, • 110 Deat'h-bed of Augustin11, 110 Influence of Augustine, • 112 Testimonies of N eander and Gibbon, 113 Testimonies. of Pree.sense and Tulloch, 114 PART V. A REVIEW OF THE LEADING CHARACTERISTICS OF AUGUSTINE. CHAPTER I. .A.UGrJSTINE AS A PREACHER, His Sermons, , 119 His Eloquence, 120 X CONTENTS. PAOR His Persuasive Power, • 121 His Power as an Orator, 122 His Tenderness, 123 CHAPTER IL AUGUSTINE AS A WRITER. His Learning, • 124 His Style, 125 (1) Confessions, 126 Contents, 127 Sketch of, by Augustine, 129 (2) The City of God, 130 Contents, 130 Origin, • 130 Object, • 131 Structure, 13 2 (3) Retractations, 135 (4) Holy Trinity, 135 Contents, 136 (5) Letters, • 137 (6) Exegetical Writings, 138 Commentaries on the Psalms, 138 On the Agreements qf the Evangelists, 138 Sermon on the Mount, 138 Commentaries on the Old and New Testaments, 138 CHAPTER III. AUGUSTINE AS A SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGIAN. Gradual Growth of his Views, 140 Predestination, 142 Prevenient Grace, 144 Operative Grace, 144 Co-operating Grace, 144 Source of his Opinions, 145 Original Sin, 146 Final Perseverance, 149 Free-will, 149 CONTENTS. xi CHAPTER IV. AUGUSTINE AS A CONTROVERSIALIST, PAGE His Gifts in Controversy, 151 (1) Controversy with the Manichreans, 152 (2) Controversy with the Donatists, 159 Sketch of the Donatists, 159 (3) Controversy with Pelagius, 167 Story of Pelagius, 167 Ccelestius and Julian, • 172 Propositions of Paulinus, 173 Conduct of Zosinus, 17 4 Hooker on Augustine's Views of Predestination, 178 Semi-Pelagianism, 180 CHAPTER V. AUGUSTJNE'B INFLUENCE ON HIS OWN AND ON AFTER AGES. His Works a Mine for after Workers, 182 Practical Tone of Augnstine's Teaching, 183 His Views the Outcome of Experience, 184 His Earnestness, 186 His Life the Type of his Views, 187 His Influence on Calvin, 188 Bis Sway over Schoolmen and Mystics, 189 His Influence on Reformers, • 189 His Power during his Lifetime, 191 CHAPTER VI. EXTRACTS FROM THE WRITINGS OF AUGUSTINE, I. Devotional and Doctrinal Works, 19' (1) Confessions, • 194 (a) Bis Misery consequent on the Death of his Friend, 194 (b) Benefit of the Lowliness and yet the Depth of Scripture, 195 (c) The Fear of Death and Judgment checks to Augustine in his Sin, 196 (d) Memory, though boundless, reaches not to God,. 196 xii CONTENTS. PAGK Devotional and Doctrinal Works-continued. (2) Soliloquies, 197 The Invocation to God, 197 (3) 'On Christian Doctrine,' 198 (a) Love never faileth, 198 (b) On the Duty of the Christian Teacher, 199 (4) The Enchiridion, 199 Love, which is greater than Faith and Hope, is shed abroad in our Hearts by the Holy Ghost, 199 (5) 'On Faith and the Creed,' 200 Of the Son of God, and of His title of the Word, 200 (6) 'On the Trinity,' ; 201 (a} The Object of the Treatise, • 201 (b) Conclusions on the Trinity, • 202 II. His great Apologetic Treatise The City of God, 203 (a) From the Explanatory Preface, 203 (b) On the Reward of the Inhabitants of the Celestial City, 203 (c) Of the Everlasting Felicity of the City of God, 204 III. Letters, 205 (a) To Euodius, 206 (b) To Alypius, • 207 IV. Controversial Writings, 207 (1) Donatism, 207 On the Correction of the Donatists, 208 (2) Manichreism, 209 .Against the Epistle of Manichams called Funda- mental, • 209 (3) Pela.gianism, 210 From the Treatise ' On Forgiveness of Sins and Baptism,' 210 v. Sermons, 211 Extract from Sermon LXX., 211 PART I. THB '.}31f1.TH, f> Af\ENTfQE, '.J3ovHooo, AND youTH OF ¥'-UCJ.UpTlN,E, A CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. " In such an age, when all was insecure, Did human genius, touched by God's own fire, Emerge from darkness, to delight the worlcl, Give strength to love, stability to faith, And be for centuries a radiant light, Guiding men's footsteps on the road to !1caven." Cou:'s St. Augustine. THERE are few indeed, if any, on the roll of theologians who have exerted as great and as permanent an influence, not only on their contemporaries, but also upon all subsequent generations, as St. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo. This high estimate of his life and his teaching has been almost universally admitted, even by writers of differing creeds, ages, and countries. Thus a well known modern author has remarked, tliat his "spiritual history lias probably had more influence on the Chris tian life of fifteen centuries, than the history of any other human being except St. Paul;" 1 while another distinguished writer of older date calls him "the greatest of all the Fathers, and the worthiest divine the Church of God ever had since the apostles' time." 2 In the same spirit, and almost in the same words, Luther says of him : "Since the apostles' time the 1 See The Voice of Christian Life in Song, 1'· 75, 2 Dr. Fidd, OJ the Church. 3 4 INTRODUCTION. [PART I. Church never had a better doctor than St. Austin;" and again: "After the sacred Scriptures, there is no doctor in the Church who is to be compared to Austin." The judicious Hooker's testimony to liis merits is equally strong: " Without any equal in the Church of Christ from that day to this." And so also the calm and dispassionate Dean Milman lias not scrupled to assert that "Augustine, by the extraordinary adaptation of his genius to his own age, the comprehensive grandeur of his views, the intense earnestness of his character, his inexhaustible activity, the vigour, warmth, and perspicuity 0£ his style, had a right to command the homage of western Christendom." 1 Such is the exalted testimony borne to Augustine by writers in different ages of the Church of Christ, a testimony which sufficiently proves that no attention paid to his character, his writings, or his genius can possibly be bestowed in vain.