Phonological Phenomena of Hungarian Loanwords in The
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Chapter One Phonetic Change
CHAPTERONE PHONETICCHANGE The investigation of the nature and the types of changes that affect the sounds of a language is the most highly developed area of the study of language change. The term sound change is used to refer, in the broadest sense, to alterations in the phonetic shape of segments and suprasegmental features that result from the operation of phonological process es. The pho- netic makeup of given morphemes or words or sets of morphemes or words also may undergo change as a by-product of alterations in the grammatical patterns of a language. Sound change is used generally to refer only to those phonetic changes that affect all occurrences of a given sound or class of sounds (like the class of voiceless stops) under specifiable phonetic conditions . It is important to distinguish between the use of the term sound change as it refers tophonetic process es in a historical context , on the one hand, and as it refers to phonetic corre- spondences on the other. By phonetic process es we refer to the replacement of a sound or a sequenceof sounds presenting some articulatory difficulty by another sound or sequence lacking that difficulty . A phonetic correspondence can be said to exist between a sound at one point in the history of a language and the sound that is its direct descendent at any subsequent point in the history of that language. A phonetic correspondence often reflects the results of several phonetic process es that have affected a segment serially . Although phonetic process es are synchronic phenomena, they often have diachronic consequences. -
Glossary of Key Terms
Glossary of Key Terms accent: a pronunciation variety used by a specific group of people. allophone: different phonetic realizations of a phoneme. allophonic variation: variations in how a phoneme is pronounced which do not create a meaning difference in words. alveolar: a sound produced near or on the alveolar ridge. alveolar ridge: the small bony ridge behind the upper front teeth. approximants: obstruct the air flow so little that they could almost be classed as vowels if they were in a different context (e.g. /w/ or /j/). articulatory organs – (or articulators): are the different parts of the vocal tract that can change the shape of the air flow. articulatory settings or ‘voice quality’: refers to the characteristic or long-term positioning of articulators by individual or groups of speakers of a particular language. aspirated: phonemes involve an auditory plosion (‘puff of air’) where the air can be heard passing through the glottis after the release phase. assimilation: a process where one sound is influenced by the characteristics of an adjacent sound. back vowels: vowels where the back part of the tongue is raised (like ‘two’ and ‘tar’) bilabial: a sound that involves contact between the two lips. breathy voice: voice quality where whisper is combined with voicing. cardinal vowels: a set of phonetic vowels used as reference points which do not relate to any specific language. central vowels: vowels where the central part of the tongue is raised (like ‘fur’ and ‘sun’) centring diphthongs: glide towards /ə/. citation form: the way we say a word on its own. close vowel: where the tongue is raised as close as possible to the roof of the mouth. -
Singing in English in the 21St Century: a Study Comparing
SINGING IN ENGLISH IN THE 21ST CENTURY: A STUDY COMPARING AND APPLYING THE TENETS OF MADELEINE MARSHALL AND KATHRYN LABOUFF Helen Dewey Reikofski Dissertation Prepared for the Degree of DOCTOR OF MUSICAL ARTS UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS August 2015 APPROVED:….……………….. Jeffrey Snider, Major Professor Stephen Dubberly, Committee Member Benjamin Brand, Committee Member Stephen Austin, Committee Member and Chair of the Department of Vocal Studies … James C. Scott, Dean of the College of Music Costas Tsatsoulis, Interim Dean of the Toulouse Graduate School Reikofski, Helen Dewey. Singing in English in the 21st Century: A Study Comparing and Applying the Tenets of Madeleine Marshall and Kathryn LaBouff. Doctor of Musical Arts (Performance), August 2015, 171 pp., 6 tables, 21 figures, bibliography, 141 titles. The English diction texts by Madeleine Marshall and Kathryn LaBouff are two of the most acclaimed manuals on singing in this language. Differences in style between the two have separated proponents to be primarily devoted to one or the other. An in- depth study, comparing the precepts of both authors, and applying their principles, has resulted in an understanding of their common ground, as well as the need for the more comprehensive information, included by LaBouff, on singing in the dialect of American Standard, and changes in current Received Pronunciation, for British works, and Mid- Atlantic dialect, for English language works not specifically North American or British. Chapter 1 introduces Marshall and The Singer’s Manual of English Diction, and LaBouff and Singing and Communicating in English. An overview of selected works from Opera America’s resources exemplifies the need for three dialects in standardized English training. -
Preceding Phonological Context Effects on Palatalization in Brazilian Portuguese/English Interphonology
Preceding Phonological Context... 63 PRECEDING PHONOLOGICAL CONTEXT EFFECTS ON PALATALIZATION IN BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE/ENGLISH INTERPHONOLOGY Melissa Bettoni-Techio Rosana Denise Koerich Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Abstract This article reports a study investigating the effects of the preceding context on palatalization of word-final alveolar stops by Brazilian learners of English. Thirty learners with 150 hours of formal instruction in English read a sentence list in the FL including 240 tokens of final alveolar stops in different preceding and following context combinations. The hypothesis investigated was that high vowels and rising diphthongs in the preceding context would cause more palatalization than mid and low vowels due to carryover effects from vowels to the target sound. The hypothesis was supported. A hierarchy of difficulty concerning preceding phonological contexts was established from the results. The combination of preceding and following phonological contexts was also investigated. Keywordsds: palatalization, interphonology, phonological context. Ilha do Desterro Florianópolis nº 55 p. 063-081 jul./dez. 2008 64 Melissa Bettoni-Techio & Rosana Denise Koerich 1. Introduction In general, phonologists and phoneticians agree that a universal principle of sound systems is that sound units are influenced by their adjacent elements, assuming different phonetic values, according to processes such as assimilation, elision, liaison, and epenthesis (Jackson, 1980; Laver, 1994; Wolfram & Johnson, 1982). Bearing in mind the claim that interlanguages undergo the same phonological processes of natural languages (Eckman, 1991), the above statement can be considered to be true for interlanguages as well. In Brazil, research has investigated the change of features of word- final consonants in Brazilian Portuguese (BP)/English interphonology concerning phonological context (e.g., Kluge, 2004). -
Between Natural and Unnatural Phonology: the Case of Cluster-Splitting Epenthesis Juliette Blevins the Graduate Center, CUNY
Chapter 1 Between natural and unnatural phonology: The case of cluster-splitting epenthesis Juliette Blevins The Graduate Center, CUNY A widely recognized feature of loan-word phonology is the resolution of clusters by vowel epenthesis. When a language lacking word-initial clusters borrows words from a language with initial #TRV sequences, T an oral stop and R a liquid, it is common to find vowel epenthesis, most typically vowel-copy, as in, for example: Basque <gurutze> ‘cross’ from Latin <cruce(m)>; Q’eqchi’ <kurus> ‘cross’ from Spanish <cruz> ‘cross’, or Fijian <kolosi> ‘cross’ from English <cross>. The phonological rule or sound change responsible for this pat- tern is sometimes called “cluster-splitting epenthesis”: #TRVi > #TV(i)RVi. The most widely accepted explanation for this pattern is that vowel epenthesis between the oral stop andthe following sonorant is due to the vowel-like nature of the TR transition, since #TRVi is per- ceptually similar to #TV(i)RVi. A fact not often appreciated, however, is that cluster-splitting epenthesis is extremely rare as a language-internal development. The central premise of this chapter is that #TRVi in a non-native language is heard or perceived as #TV(i)RVi when phonotactics of the native language demand TV transitions. Without this cognitive compo- nent, cluster-splitting epenthesis is rare and, as argued here, decidedly unnatural. 1 Introduction Diachronic explanations have been offered for both natural and unnatural sound pat- terns in human spoken languages. Building on the Neogrammarian tradition, as well as the experimental research program of Ohala (e.g. 1971; 1974; 1993), it is argued that natural sound patterns, like final obstruent devoicing, nasal place assimilation, vowel harmony, consonant lenition, and many others, arise from regular sound changes with clear phonetic bases (Blevins 2004, 2006, 2008, 2015; Anderson 2016). -
The Tune Drives the Text - Competing Information Channels of Speech Shape Phonological Systems
The tune drives the text - Competing information channels of speech shape phonological systems Cite as: Roettger, Timo B. & Grice, Martine (2019). The tune drives the text - Competing information channels of speech shape phonological systems. Language Dynamics and Change, 9(2), 265–298. DOI: 10.1163/22105832-00902006 Abstract In recent years there has been increasing recognition of the vital role of intonation in speech communication. While contemporary models represent intonation – the tune – and the text that bears it on separate autonomous tiers, this paper distils previously unconnected findings across diverse languages that point to important interactions between these two tiers. These interactions often involve vowels, which, given their rich harmonic structure, lend themselves particularly well to the transmission of pitch. Existing vowels can be lengthened, new vowels can be inserted and loss of their voicing can be blocked. The negotiation between tune and text ensures that pragmatic information is accurately transmitted and possibly plays a role in the typology of phonological systems. Keywords: Intonation, epenthesis, devoicing, lengthening, phonological typology Acknowledgment Funding from the German Research Foundation (SFB 1252 Prominence in Language) is gratefully acknowledged. We would like to thank Aviad Albert, James German, Márton Sóskuthy, and Andy Wedel for their comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript. We would like to thank the Departments of Linguistics at the University of Cologne, the Goethe University in Frankfurt, Northwestern University in Evanston, the Institute of Phonetics and Speech Processing at the University of Munich, and the audience of XLanS in Lyon for their valuable input on this project. Finally, we would like to express our gratitude to three anonymous reviewers and the editor Jeff Good for their comments during the review process. -
Historical Linguistics and the Comparative Study of African Languages
Historical Linguistics and the Comparative Study of African Languages UNCORRECTED PROOFS © JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY 1st proofs UNCORRECTED PROOFS © JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY 1st proofs Historical Linguistics and the Comparative Study of African Languages Gerrit J. Dimmendaal University of Cologne John Benjamins Publishing Company Amsterdam / Philadelphia UNCORRECTED PROOFS © JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY 1st proofs TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American 8 National Standard for Information Sciences — Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dimmendaal, Gerrit Jan. Historical linguistics and the comparative study of African languages / Gerrit J. Dimmendaal. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. African languages--Grammar, Comparative. 2. Historical linguistics. I. Title. PL8008.D56 2011 496--dc22 2011002759 isbn 978 90 272 1178 1 (Hb; alk. paper) isbn 978 90 272 1179 8 (Pb; alk. paper) isbn 978 90 272 8722 9 (Eb) © 2011 – John Benjamins B.V. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. John Benjamins Publishing Company • P.O. Box 36224 • 1020 me Amsterdam • The Netherlands John Benjamins North America • P.O. Box 27519 • Philadelphia PA 19118-0519 • USA UNCORRECTED PROOFS © JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY 1st proofs Table of contents Preface ix Figures xiii Maps xv Tables -
Subphonemic Teamwork: a Typology and Theory of Cumulative Coarticulatory Effects in Phonology by Florian Adrien Jack Lionnet
Subphonemic Teamwork: A Typology and Theory of Cumulative Coarticulatory Effects in Phonology by Florian Adrien Jack Lionnet A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Larry M. Hyman, Co-chair Professor Sharon Inkelas, Co-chair Professor Keith A. Johnson Professor Darya A. Kavitskaya Fall 2016 Subphonemic Teamwork: A Typology and Theory of Cumulative Coarticulatory Effects in Phonology Copyright 2016 by Florian Adrien Jack Lionnet 1 Abstract Subphonemic Teamwork: A Typology and Theory of Cumulative Coarticulatory Effects in Phonology by Florian Adrien Jack Lionnet Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics University of California, Berkeley Professor Larry M. Hyman, Co-chair Professor Sharon Inkelas, Co-chair In this dissertation, I argue that phonology is —at least partly— grounded in phonetics, and that the phonetic information that is relevant to phonology must be given dedicated scalar repre- sentations. I lay out the foundations of a theory of such representations, which I call subfeatures. A typology and case-study of subphonemic teamwork, a kind of multiple-trigger assimilation driven by partial coarticulatory effects, serves as the empirical basis of this proposal. Iargue, on the basis of instrumental evidence, that such partial coarticulatory effects are relevant to the phonological grammar, and must accordingly be represented in it. In doing so, I take a stand in several debates that have shaped phonology. First, the debate surrounding phonological substance: I argue against a substance-free approach (cf. Blaho 2008 and references therein) by showing that some phonological phenomena (here, subphonemic team- work) require a phonetically grounded, or “natural”, approach. -
Word-Final Vowel Epenthesis Ng E-Ching · [email protected] · National University of Singapore · 9 January 2017
A sound change with L2 origins: Word-final vowel epenthesis Ng E-Ching · [email protected] · National University of Singapore · 9 January 2017 1. Overview (1) The controversy: simplicity a. A creole is a (i) massively restructured (ii) L2 that has become an L1. b. Are creoles simple languages? i. Bioprogram: child L1 acquisition simple grammars (Bickerton 1984) Discredited: bilingual creolisation in Hawaii (Roberts 2000; Siegel 2006) ii. Creole prototype: adult L2 acquisition simple grammars (McWhorter 1998) Discredited: average phoneme inventories, syllable templates (Klein 2011) (2) My hypothesis: transmission bias a. Creoles are simple different. b. The differences are synchronic diachronic. c. Missing sound changes can be traced to child L1 learners’ cognitive biases adult L2 learners’ phonetic biases. (3) Today’s missing sound change: paragoge Word-final consonant repairs Language contact L1 transmission a. Vowel big > bigi rare b. Consonant big > bik > biʔ > bi Some terms: epenthesis: insertion paragoge: word-final epenthesis 2. Data (4) Examples of paragoge (refs. in Ng 2015: 115ff; Plag 2009: 131; Hammarberg 1994) a. Pidgins and creoles English walk > Jamaican Maroon Spirit Language waka copy vowel English school > Solomon Islands Pidgin sukulu copy vowel Portuguese doutor > São Tome dotolo ‘doctor’ copy vowel Dutch pompoen > Berbice Dutch Creole pampuna ‘pumpkin’ b. Loanword adaptation English ice > Japanese [aisu] ‘ice cream’ reduced vowel French avec ‘with’ > Korean [apεk’ɨ] ‘dating couple’ reduced vowel Arabic nūr > Swahili [nuru] ‘light’ copy vowel Malay burung > Malagasy [vorona] ‘bird’ c. L2 acquisition Mandarin English red [redə] placeless vowel Cantonese English blanket [blæŋkətə ̥̆ ] placeless vowel German Swedish familj [fəmiljə] ‘family’ placeless vowel Brazilian Portuguese English dog [dogi] 2 (5) Language contact: Paragoge is everywhere (refs. -
Deriving Sonority from the Structure, Not the Other Way Round: a Strict CV Approach to Consonant Clusters Joaquim Brandão De Carvalho
Deriving sonority from the structure, not the other way round: A Strict CV approach to consonant clusters Joaquim Brandão De Carvalho To cite this version: Joaquim Brandão De Carvalho. Deriving sonority from the structure, not the other way round: A Strict CV approach to consonant clusters. The linguistic review, Walter de Gruyter & Co, De Gruyter, 2017, 34 (4), pp.589 - 614. 10.1515/tlr-2017-0012. hal-01647923 HAL Id: hal-01647923 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01647923 Submitted on 11 Jan 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. In The Linguistic Review 34, 2017, 589-614. https://doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2017-0012 Abstract This paper aims to show that sonority-based generalizations on consonant phonotactics should directly follow from representations, not from stipulations on representations such as the commonly accepted licensing or government statements. The basic reason for this is that the second approach is both arbitrary and circular, as it entails a variable ranking of alleged well-formedness principles, if we want to explain, for example, why TR clusters may be either tautosyllabic or heterosyllabic depending on the language. -
Introduction to Dactylic Hexameter Updated Version: This Page Is an Archive
Introduction to Dactylic Hexameter Updated version: http://www.skidmore.edu/academics/classics/courses/metrica/ This page is an archive. Introduction to the Dactylic Hexameter Preface. What follows is not a complete discussion of hexameter verse, but a utilitarian guide to the first principles of recitation. As such, some liberties have been taken for the sake of clarity; but with these principles in mind, students should be able to approach with some confidence the daunting prospect of reading Latin epic aloud. The Tradition of the Dactylic Hexameter. Before plunging into the technical details, a few introductory words are in order. Greek and Latin poems follow certain rhythmic schemes, or meters, which are sometimes highly defined and very strict, sometimes less so. Epic poetry from Homer on was recited in a particular meter called the dactylic hexameter. It is fair to say that the dactylic hexameter defines epic. That is, it is impossible to conceive of an epic poem not composed in hexameters; and the hexameter rhythms, when heard, signal that the poem being recited is an epic of some sort. (It is true that in Homer's era, epics were more sung than recited, to the accompaniment of a lyre. This was not the practice in Vergil's day, when the spoken word was preferred.) Fingers. The word dactylos is Greek for "finger" (and for "toe" as well, which picks up on the notion of feet, below). The dactyl is therefore a snippet of rhythm that resembles, at least aurally, a finger. It has a rhythmic shape consisting of one long syllable (noted as ), which represents the long bone, or phalanx, of the finger, plus two short syllables ( ), which represent the two short phalanges. -
Early Vedic Phonology ― Part 1: Segmental Inventory Roadmap
TIM F. AUFDERHEIDE, GÖTZ KEYDANA Early Vedic Phonology ― Part 1: Segmental Inventory Roadmap . Phonetics . Vowels . Consonants . Laryngeal *H Early Vedic – Phonology, Part 1 2 Phonetics . Details on pronunciation available • allow to explore details of synchronic phonology • facilitate approaches motivated by articulation and perception . Host of indigenous sources on phonetics • explicit information • from Prāśākhyas and Śikṣās • indirect evidence from • arrangement of segments (Varṇasamāmnāya) • some rules of Pāṇini’s grammar Early Vedic – Phonology, Part 1 3 Vowels . Three-way length distinction: short, long, extra-long (Pluta) • extra-long vowels secondary (see 2.3) Long vowels differ from short counterparts in quantity not in quality • except for /a/ and /ā/ (see below) . In addition nasalized vowels indicated by <ṁ> or <m̐ > (Anunāsika) • N → <ṁ> / _S /jí-gɦān-sa-ti/ → jígɦāṁsati [dʑíg͜ ɦãːsʌti] ‘seeks to slay’ Early Vedic – Phonology, Part 1 4 Vowels . 6 monophthongs: /a/ [ʌ], /ā/ [aː], /i/ [i], /ī/ [iː], /u/ [u], /ū/ [uː] . 4 diphthongs: /e/ [eː], /ai/ [a͜ʏ], /o/ [oː], /au/ [a͜ʊ] • only falling diphthongs • /e/ and /o/ sometimes shortened in external Sandhi (see 2.2) “Short” diphthongs /e/ and /o/ synchronically monophthongs • on historical level originate in diphthongs *ai and *au devá- ‘god’ < *daivá- ójas- ‘power’ < *áuǰas- Early Vedic – Phonology, Part 1 5 Vowels — Diphthongs . Arise from contraction of /a/ and /ā/ with high vowels or glides • alternate with glides in resyllabification contexts (see 2.2) /gāu-s/́ → .gáuḥ. ‘bovine’ : / gāu-aś / → .gā́.vaḥ. ‘bovines’ • as demonstrated by ablaut (see 3.1) śrutá- ‘heard’ : śrótu ‘shall hear’ : aśrauṣam ‘I heard’ • formation of diphthongs with resonants unclear (see 2.3) Complex vowels parsed into nucleus as demonstrated by • phonotactics as only one segment allowed in coda (see 2.3) /ā-́ rāic-s-t/́ → .ā́.ráik.