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The Phonological Changes from Gelgel Dialect to Tampekan Dialect: a Descriptive Qualitative Study

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The Phonological Changes from Gelgel Dialect to Tampekan Dialect: a Descriptive Qualitative Study THE PHONOLOGICAL CHANGES FROM GELGEL DIALECT TO TAMPEKAN DIALECT: A DESCRIPTIVE QUALITATIVE STUDY K. P. Ariantini, I. W. Suarnajaya, I. G. Budasi Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha Jalan Jend. A Yani 67 Singaraja 8116, Telp. 0362-21541, Fax. 0362-27561 Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan perubahan bahasa dari dialek Gelgel ke dialek Tampekan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskripsi kualitatif. Peneliatian ini mengambil tempat di desa Gelgel, kecamatan Klungkung, kabupaten Klungkung dan di desa Tampekan, kecamatan Banjar, kabupaten Buleleng. Ada tiga informan yang dipilih ditiap desa. Satu orang sebagai informan yang utama, dua orang lainnya sebagai informan yang membantu. Data dianalisis berdasarkan teori tipe perubahan bahasa yang disarankan oleh Crowley (1992), Keraf (1996), and Fruehwald (2013). Data diperoleh berdasarkan daftar kata Swadesh dan daftar kata Nothofer. Hasil dari data analisis menunjukan bahwa ada 8 kata yang mengalami aphaeresis (menghilangnya fonem di depan kata), 10 kata yang mengalami syncope (menghilangnya fonem di tengah kata), 2 kata yang mengalami apocope (menghilangnya fonem diakhir kata), 7 kata yang mengalami haplology (menghilangnya suku kata dalam sebuah kata), 7 kata yang mengalami epenthesis (penambahan fonem di depan kata), 2 kata yang mengalami prosthesis (penambahan ditengah kata), 4 kata yang mengalami paragoge (penambahan fonem di akhir kata), 6 kata yang mengalami assimilation (sebuah fonem yang mengubah fonem lainnya dan terdengan mirip), and 7 kata yang mengalami dissimilation (perubahan fonem yang tidak mirip dari sebelumnya). Kata kunci: fonologi, perubahan bunyi, dialek. ABSTRACT This study aimed at describing the phonological changes from Gelgel dialect to Tampekan dialect. This study is a descriptive qualitative study. It took place in Gelgel village, Klungkung district, Klungkung regency and Tampekan village, Banjar district, Buleleng regency. There were three informants selected in each dialect. One person was appointed as the main informant, and the other two were determined as the supporting informants. The data were analyzed based on the theory of types of phonological changes suggested by Crowley (1992), Keraf (1996), and Fruehwald (2013). The data were collected based on two wordlists, namely: Swadesh and Nothofer’s. The result of data analysis shows that there are 8 words undergoing aphaeresis (loss of the phoneme at the beginning of the word), 10 words undergoing syncope (loss of the phoneme at the middle of word), 2 words undergoing apocope (loss of the phoneme at the final of the word), 7 words undergoing haplology (loss of syllable in the word), 7 words undergoing epenthesis (addition in the middle word position), 2 words undergoing prosthesis (addition in the initial word position), 4 words undergoing paragoge (addition in the final word position), 6 words undergoing assimilation (one phoneme changes another phoneme to be more similar), and 7 words undergoing dissimilation (a sound change to be unlike the sound before it). Keywords: phonology, phonological changes, dialect INTRODUCTION Language is very important for people. of Balinese language which has been Language is used as a tool for influenced by many languages, such as communication. By using language, people Sanskrit and Javanese (Yuhha, 2012). can communicate with each other. Language The Balinese dialects have unique is a communication system, a literary characteristics and interesting to study Gelgel expression tool, and catalyst for nation dialect and Tampekan dialect. Gelgel village building (O’Grady, Dobrovolsky, and is located in Klungkung district, Klungkung Katamba, 1997). Language is required in regency. Meanwhile, Tampekan village is human’s daily life. Without language human located in Banjar district, Buleleng regency. cannot socialize in the community. It’s Gelgel and Tampekan people use Balinese because language help people to express, language as their mother tongue in their daily interact, and communicate their ideas communication. Gelgel and Tampekan (Hornby, 2007). By using language, people dialects which are spoken by people in Gelgel can talk about everything in their community and Tampekan villages are Bali Dataran and express their feelings. In this world, there dialects. This research was conducted in are a lot of languages that are spoken by order to know the dialect from Gelgel village people. In the globalization era, language (East Bali dialect) and dialect from Tampekan may change because of social changes, village (North Bali dialect). Because of the culture, place, and other languages when reason, the researcher was curious to find the attempting about the way how to share the unique dialects in those villages and wanted idea. The language changes may happen in to analyze the differences in the two dialects. terms of phonetics, lexicon, morphology, This research was decided in order to analyze syntax, and semantics (Crowley, 1992). One the dialect in Gelgel village and Tampekan of the obvious changes is in phonetics. village in order to know whether the mixed Languages are different in one community to dialects in that two places that made their another. The differences of languages can be language able to change or not. By this study, seen from the systems of the languages that hopefully the other people could know the are arbitrarily determined by each community meaning of the words that Gelgel and (Seken, 1992). Tampekan people speak based on the proof In Bali, Balinese people have different of the research. dialects, depending on the area where they live. Dialect is a variety of language that comes from a society of users that are living METHOD in one particular area (Chaer & Agustina, 1995). By using dialect, we can guess where This research is a linguistic research in the someone is from which can be seen from the form of descriptive qualitative study. The style of their language. Bawa (1981) states informants of this study are the people from that there are two groups of dialect in Bali, Gelgel and Tampekan villages.In obtaining namely Bali Aga dialect and Bali dataran the data, the researcher used three dialect. Bali Aga or older villages dialect informants.The objects of the study are the includes the regions of Sidatapa, Cempaga, phonological changes from Gelgel dialect to Tigawasa, Pedawa, Tenganan, Bugbug, Tampekan dialect Seraya, Sembiran, Madenan, Nusa Penida, Selulun, Mayong, Bantiran, and Belimbing. The data of this study were collected by Bali dataran dialect includes the dialect using three techniques: observation, interview variations existing in the eight regencies of and recording. Observation technique is a Bali such as Badung, Klungkung, kind of technique which is used to observe Karangasem, Bangli, Gianyar, Jembrana, the language that is used in Gelgel village Buleleng, and Tabanan. According to Yuhha and Tampekan village. Interview technique is (2012), Bali Aga dialect is a dialect that is used to know the names of informants, the used by the origin tribes of Bali. The language age of informants, and the mobility of that they use is different from the languages informants. Meanwhile, recording technique that Balinese villagers commonly use. is a technique which is used to record the Meanwhile, Bali Dataran dialect is the dialect language used spontaneously. In this study, the researcher used some instruments: a. Aphaeresis There are 8 words which undergo a. Researcher aphaeresis from Gelgel to Tampekan dialect. The researcher is the main informant in Aphaeresis is a phonemic loss in front of word collecting the data. It is because the researcher position (Crowley, 1992). The example of observed the data regularly in the field. aphaeresis can be seen from the word which b. Digital Recorder means ‘name’ from Gelgel dialect mʌdʌn to The researcher used digital recorder to become ʌdʌn in Tampekan dialect. Phoneme record all of the conversation between the /m/ in the word mʌdʌn which can be categorized researcher and the informants. as aphaeresis is omitted from Gelgel dialect to c. Word lists Tampekan dialect. Word lists were used to identify the types The other example of aphaeresis occurs in of phonological changes from Gelgel dialect the word Irʌgə in Gelgel dialect which becomes to Tampekan dialect. The researcher used rʌgə in Tampekan dialect in which those words two kinds of wordlists namely: Swadesh word have the same meaning “we”. The phoneme /I/ lists and Nothofer word lists. in its front position in the word Irʌgə in Gelgel dialect is loss to become rʌgə in Tampekan The data analyzed descriptive qualitatively dialect. Another example is that the word dIjə in in order to get the result of the investigation. Gelgel dialect which means “where” becomes Ijə According to Miles and Huberman (1994), in Tampekan dialect. There is aphaeresis at the there are four processes in analyzing data. beginning of the word especially, the loss of Those are: phoneme /d/ from Gelgel to Tampekan dialect. Next, the word kɛŋkɛn in Gelgel dialect which a.Data collection means ‘how’ becomes ɛŋkɛn in Tampekan dialect. There is aphaeresis at the beginning of The researcher collected the data by using the word especially, the loss of phoneme /k/ mobile recorder and word lists. from Gelgel to Tampekan dialect. Another b. Data Reduction example is that the word ŋʊʌb in Gelgel dialect All the data were transcribed by the researcher meaning ‘yawn’ becomes ʊʌb in Tampekan from mobile recorder and then the researcher dialect. There is aphaeresis at the beginning of would categorize the types of phonological the word especially, the loss of phoneme /ŋ/ changes from Gelgel dialect to Tampekan from Gelgel to Tampekan dialect. Another dialect based on Crowley (1992), Keraf (1996) example is that the word ənɛ in Gelgel dialect and Fruehwald (2013) theories. which means “this” which becomes nɛ in Tampekan dialect. There is aphaeresis at the c. Data display beginning of the word especially, the loss of Data display is a major activity which display phoneme /ə/ from Gelgel to Tampekan dialect. the information.
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