Expanded Timeline and Historical Context
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A New Formula in the Battle for Fallujah | the Washington Institute
MENU Policy Analysis / Articles & Op-Eds A New Formula in the Battle for Fallujah by Michael Knights May 25, 2016 Also available in Arabic ABOUT THE AUTHORS Michael Knights Michael Knights is the Boston-based Jill and Jay Bernstein Fellow of The Washington Institute, specializing in the military and security affairs of Iraq, Iran, and the Persian Gulf states. Articles & Testimony The campaign is Iraq's latest attempt to push militia and coalition forces into a single battlespace, and lessons from past efforts have seemingly improved their tactics. n May 22, the Iraqi government announced the opening of the long-awaited battle of Fallujah, the city only O 30 miles west of Baghdad that has been fully under the control of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant group for the past 29 months. Fallujah was a critical hub for al-Qaeda in Iraq and later ISIL in the decade before ISIL's January 2014 takeover. On the one hand it may seem surprising that Fallujah has not been liberated sooner -- after all, it has been the ISIL- controlled city closest to Baghdad for more than two years. The initial reason was that there was always something more urgent to do with Iraq's security forces. In January 2014, the Iraqi security forces were focused on preventing an ISIL takeover of Ramadi next door. The effort to retake Fallujah was judged to require detailed planning, and a hasty counterattack seemed like a pointless risk. In retrospect it may have been worth an early attempt to break up ISIL's control of the city while it was still incomplete. -
Basrah Governorate Profile
Basrah Governorate Profile Source map: JAPU Basrah at a Glance Fast Facts Area: 19,070 km2 Capital City: Basrah Average High Temperatures: 17,7°C Average Low Temperatures: 6,8°C (January) to 41,8°C (August) (January) to 27,4°C (July) Population: 2,403,301 Population Distribution Rural-Urban: 20,1%-79,9% Updated December 2015 Geography and Climate Basrah is the most southern governorate of Iraq and borders Iran, Kuwait and Saudi-Arabia. In the south, the governorate is made up of a vast desert plain, intersected by the Shatt Al-Arab waterway which is formed by the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers at Al-Qurnah and empties into the Persian Gulf. Around Al-Qurnah and Al-Medina a number of lakes can be found, while marshland stretches from the north of the governorate into the neighboring governorates of Thi-Qar and Missan. The governorate is Iraq’s only access to the sea. Similar to the surrounding region, the governorate of Basrah has a hot and arid climate. The temperatures in summer are among the highest recorded in the world. Due to the vicinity of the Persian Gulf, humidity and rainfall are however relatively high. The governorate receives an average amount of 152mm of rainfall a year between the months of October and May. Population and Administrative Division The governorate of Basrah is subdivided into seven districts: Abu Al-Khaseeb, Al-Midaina, Al-Qurna, Al- Zubair, Basrah, Fao, and Shatt Al-Arab. The city of Basrah, the governorate’s capital, is Iraq’s third largest urban center. -
Humanitarian Overview of Five Hard-To-Reach Areas in Iraq
Humanitarian Overview of Five Hard-to-Reach Areas in Iraq IRAQ DECEMBER 2016 Table of Contents Methodology...................................................................................... 2 Summary ........................................................................................... 3 Humanitarian Overview Factsheets Falluja City .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Ramadi City......................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Heet City ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 9 Tikrit City ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 12 Muqdadiya City and surrounding villages ...................................................................................................................................... 15 Annex Severity matrix guide 18 Methodology Since January 2015 , REACH has been regularly collecting data to inform humanitarian planning in hard-to-reach areas across Iraq. As multiple hard-to-reach areas are no longer under Armed Group (AG) control -
2021 VNR Report [English]
The Republic of Iraq Ministry of Planning National Committee for Sustainable Development The Second National Voluntary Review Report on the Achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals 2021 Iraq .. And the Path Back to the Development July 2021 Voluntary National Review Report Writing Team Dr. Mahar Hammad Johan, Deputy Minister of Planning, Head of the Report Preparation Team Writing Expert Team Prof. Dr. Hasan Latif Al-Zubaidi / Expert / University of Kufa / College of Administration and Economics Prof. Dr. Wafa Jaafar Al-Mihdawi / Expert / Mustansiriyah University / College of Administration and Economics Prof. Dr. Adnan Yasin Mustafa / Expert / University of Baghdad / College of Education for Girls Supporting International organizations United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) – Iraq United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) Technical Team Dr. Azhar Hussein Saleh / Administrative Deputy of Minister of Planning Dr. Dia Awwad Kazem / Head of the Central Statistics Organization Mr. Maher Abdul-Hussein Hadi / Director General of the National Center for Administrative Development and Information Technology Dr. Mohamed Mohsen El-Sayed / Director General of the Department of Regional and Local Development Dr. Alaa El-Din Jaafar Mohamed / Director General of the Department of Financial and Economic Policies Dr. Maha Abdul Karim Hammoud / Director General of the Department of Human Development Ms. Naglaa Ali Murad / Director of the Social Fund for Development Mr. Abdel-Zahra Mohamed Waheed / Director of the Department of Information and Government Communications Dr. Amera Muhammad Hussain / Umm Al-Yateem Foundation for Development Mrs. Ban Ali Abboud / Expert / Department of Regional and Local Development Ms. Mona Adel Mahdi / Senior Engineer / Department of Regional and Local Development Supporting Team Mr. -
Report on the Protection of Civilians in the Armed Conflict in Iraq
HUMAN RIGHTS UNAMI Office of the United Nations United Nations Assistance Mission High Commissioner for for Iraq – Human Rights Office Human Rights Report on the Protection of Civilians in the Armed Conflict in Iraq: 11 December 2014 – 30 April 2015 “The United Nations has serious concerns about the thousands of civilians, including women and children, who remain captive by ISIL or remain in areas under the control of ISIL or where armed conflict is taking place. I am particularly concerned about the toll that acts of terrorism continue to take on ordinary Iraqi people. Iraq, and the international community must do more to ensure that the victims of these violations are given appropriate care and protection - and that any individual who has perpetrated crimes or violations is held accountable according to law.” − Mr. Ján Kubiš Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General in Iraq, 12 June 2015, Baghdad “Civilians continue to be the primary victims of the ongoing armed conflict in Iraq - and are being subjected to human rights violations and abuses on a daily basis, particularly at the hands of the so-called Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Ensuring accountability for these crimes and violations will be paramount if the Government is to ensure justice for the victims and is to restore trust between communities. It is also important to send a clear message that crimes such as these will not go unpunished’’ - Mr. Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 12 June 2015, Geneva Contents Summary ...................................................................................................................................... i Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 Methodology .............................................................................................................................. -
1 Month of October in the City of Samarra by Themselves. They 2 Had the Most Contacts of Any Platoon in the Entire Battalion 3 and They Suffered No Casualties
1 month of October in the city of Samarra by themselves. They 2 had the most contacts of any platoon in the entire battalion 3 and they suffered no casualties. There is no other platoon in 4 the battalion that can say that. He set up the first police 5 station in Balad and trained and monitored the Iraqis. 6 7 Balad was the geopolitical center of that region. It was 8 very unstable at the time and one of the hottest spots in Iraq. 9 Within a month we owned the city and built great relationships. 10 Subsequently, we spent a lot of money improving the 11 infrastructure. The periphery was mostly Sunni. Trying to 12 bring them into the government was difficult, but once we 13 controlled Balad and the city outlines, we controlled the 14 entire region. 15 16 Lieutenant Saville's platoon were the key to the success for 17 Alpha Company. He was put in for two bronze stars. His 18 rehabilitative potential is very high. He's very mature. He's 19 a faith-filled man, outstanding leader, outstanding officer and 20 he's earned the faith of his men. He's combat tested and he's 21 a man of integrity. I would take him anywhere, anytime. I'd 22 go to combat with him, I'.d stand by his side and I'd put my son 23 in his outfit if we were going back to war without thought. 24 25 CROSS-EXAMINATION 26 27 Questions by the trial counsel-Captain Schiffer: 28 29 The platoons were very autonomous because of the lack of 30 leadership in 1-66 Armor. -
The Politics of Security in Ninewa: Preventing an ISIS Resurgence in Northern Iraq
The Politics of Security in Ninewa: Preventing an ISIS Resurgence in Northern Iraq Julie Ahn—Maeve Campbell—Pete Knoetgen Client: Office of Iraq Affairs, U.S. Department of State Harvard Kennedy School Faculty Advisor: Meghan O’Sullivan Policy Analysis Exercise Seminar Leader: Matthew Bunn May 7, 2018 This Policy Analysis Exercise reflects the views of the authors and should not be viewed as representing the views of the US Government, nor those of Harvard University or any of its faculty. Acknowledgements We would like to express our gratitude to the many people who helped us throughout the development, research, and drafting of this report. Our field work in Iraq would not have been possible without the help of Sherzad Khidhir. His willingness to connect us with in-country stakeholders significantly contributed to the breadth of our interviews. Those interviews were made possible by our fantastic translators, Lezan, Ehsan, and Younis, who ensured that we could capture critical information and the nuance of discussions. We also greatly appreciated the willingness of U.S. State Department officials, the soldiers of Operation Inherent Resolve, and our many other interview participants to provide us with their time and insights. Thanks to their assistance, we were able to gain a better grasp of this immensely complex topic. Throughout our research, we benefitted from consultations with numerous Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) faculty, as well as with individuals from the larger Harvard community. We would especially like to thank Harvard Business School Professor Kristin Fabbe and Razzaq al-Saiedi from the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative who both provided critical support to our project. -
Kirkuk and Its Arabization: Historical Background and Ongoing Issues In
Abstract The Arabization of the Kurdistan region in Iraq Since the establishment of the Iraqi state, the ruling Arab regimes forcibly displaced native Kurds and repopulated the area with Arab tribes. The change of demography,known as “Arabization,” existed in both Kurdish majority agriculture and urban lands. These policies were part of a larger Iraqi campaign to erase the Kurdish identity, occupy Kurdistan, and control its wealth. The Iraqi government’s campaign against the Kurds amounted to genocide and eventually destroyed Kurdish communities and the social fabric of Kurdistan. The areas affected by the Arabization stretch from eastern to northwestern Iraq , incorporating major cities,towns, and hundreds of villages. After the fall of Saddam Hussien’s dictatorship, these areas became referred to as “Disputed Territories'' in Iraq’s newly adopted constitution of 2005. Article 140 of Iraq’s constitution called for the normalization of the “Disputed Territories,” which was never implemented by the federal government of Iraq. 1 www.dckurd.org Kirkuk province, Khanagin city of Diyala province, Tuz Khurmatu District of Saladin Province, and Shingal (Sinjar) in Nineveh province are the main areas that continue to suffer from Arabization policies implemented in 1975. KIRKUK A key feature of Kirkuk is its diversity – Kurds, Arabs, Turkmens, Shiites, Sunnis, and Christians (Chaldeans and Assyrians) all co-exist in Kirkuk, and the province is even home to a small Armenian Christian population. GEOGRAPHY The province of Kirkuk has a population of more than 1.4 million, the overwhelming majority of whom live in Kirkuk city. Kirkuk city is 160 miles north of Baghdad and just 60 miles from Erbil, the capital of the Iraqi Kurdistan region. -
A Tale of Two Cities the Use of Explosive Weapons in Basra and Fallujah, Iraq, 2003-4 Report by Jenna Corderoy and Robert Perkins
December 2014 A TALE OF TWO CITIES The use of explosive weapons in Basra and Fallujah, Iraq, 2003-4 Report by Jenna Corderoy and Robert Perkins Editor Iain Overton With thanks to Henry Dodd, Jane Hunter, Steve Smith and Iraq Body Count Copyright © Action on Armed Violence (December 2014) Cover Illustration A US Marine Corps M1A1 Abrams tank fires its main gun into a building in Fallujah during Operation Al Fajr/Phantom Fury, 10 December 2004, Lance Corporal James J. Vooris (UMSC) Infographic Sarah Leo Design and Printing Matt Bellamy Clarifications or corrections from interested parties are welcome Research and publications funded by the Government of Norway, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. A tale of two cities | 1 CONTENTS FOREWORD 2 IRAQ: A TIMELINE 3 INTRODUCTION: IRAQ AND EXPLOSIVE WEAPONS 4 INTERnatiONAL HumanitaRIAN LAW 6 AND RulES OF ENGAGEMENT BASRA, 2003 8 Rattling the Cage 8 Air strikes: Munition selection 11 FALLUJAH, 2004 14 Firepower for manpower 14 Counting the cost 17 THE AFTERmath AND LESSONS LEARNED 20 CONCLUSION 22 RECOMMENDatiONS 23 2 | Action on Armed Violence FOREWORD Sound military tactics employed in the pursuit of strategic objectives tend to restrict the use of explosive force in populated areas “ [... There are] ample examples from other international military operations that indicate that the excessive use of explosive force in populated areas can undermine both tactical and strategic objectives.” Bård Glad Pedersen, State Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Norway, 17 June 20141 The language of conflict has changed enormously. their government is not the governing authority. Today engagements are often fought and justified Three case studies in three places most heavily- through a public mandate to protect civilians. -
Call for Proposal
CALL FOR PROPOSAL Ref. No.: CFP/IRQ/2019-005 < Construction of a Potable Water Network and organization of a Garbage Collection Campaign in the informal settlement Al-Qibla in Basra City, Basra Governorate > Purpose of CFP: Improving living conditions in the targeted informal settlement through infrastructure upgrading and solid waste collection, with an emphasis on providing on-the-job training and local employment, in addition to the mobilization of community members to conduct environmental initiatives through cash for work. Submission Start Date: 24 Apr 2019 Submission Deadline Date and time: 08 May 2019, at 3 pm Key Project Information UN-Habitat Project title: Construction of a Potable Water Network and organization of a Garbage collection campaign in the informal settlement of Al-Qibla in Basra City, Basra Governorate Locations: Town/City: Al Qibla in Basra City, Basra Governorate Country: Iraq Anticipated start date: 26 May 2019 Estimated duration of project in calendar months: 33 days Maximum proposed value in US$: US$ 180,000 Lead Organizations Unit : UN-Habitat-Iraq Page 1 of 7 A. Brief Background of the Project In late 2014, UN-Habitat launched a comprehensive ‘National Informal Settlements Program’ comprising of institutional, legal, financial and technical pillars to carry out thorough diagnostic of the existing urban informal areas, and to identify appropriate technical planning solutions for their regularization and upgrading. Efforts focused on conducting an intensive review of the available financial mechanisms and the development of a Roadmap (endorsed by the Cabinet’s resolution No. 279 of 2015) that provides the strategic directions of the national programme and securing policy support within the Government of Iraq (GoI) through an appropriate institutional setup, followed by mapping and analysis of informal settlements in Iraq. -
Can Iraq's Army Dislodge the Islamic State? | the Washington Institute
MENU Policy Analysis / Articles & Op-Eds Can Iraq's Army Dislodge the Islamic State? by Michael Knights Mar 4, 2015 Also available in Arabic ABOUT THE AUTHORS Michael Knights Michael Knights is the Boston-based Jill and Jay Bernstein Fellow of The Washington Institute, specializing in the military and security affairs of Iraq, Iran, and the Persian Gulf states. Articles & Testimony The just-launched Tikrit operation raises question about the relative exclusion of coalition support, the prominence of Shiite militias, the degree of Iranian involvement, and the Iraqi army's readiness for a much more imposing campaign in Mosul. n 1 March about 27,000 Iraqi troops commenced their attack on Tikrit, a city 150km (93 miles) north of O Baghdad that has been occupied by the Islamic State (IS) since June 2014. The assault is the first attempt to evict IS from a major urban centre that they have controlled and fortified, a test case for the planned operation to retake Mosul -- the Iraqi capital of the IS caliphate. The Tikrit operation will be scrutinised to shed light on two main uncertainties. Can predominately Shia volunteer forces play a productive leading role in operations within Sunni communities? And can the Iraqi military dislodge IS defenders from fortified urban settings? IRANIAN INPUT T he assault has been billed as a joint operation involving the Iraqi army, the paramilitary federal police, the Iraqi Special Operations Forces (ISOF), and the predominately Shia Popular Mobilisation Units (PMUs), the volunteer brigades and militias that have been formally integrated into the security forces since June 2014. -
BASRA : ITS HISTORY, CULTURE and HERITAGE Basra Its History, Culture and Heritage
BASRA : ITS HISTORY, CULTURE AND HERITAGE CULTURE : ITS HISTORY, BASRA ITS HISTORY, CULTURE AND HERITAGE PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE CELEBRATING THE OPENING OF THE BASRAH MUSEUM, SEPTEMBER 28–29, 2016 Edited by Paul Collins Edited by Paul Collins BASRA ITS HISTORY, CULTURE AND HERITAGE PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE CELEBRATING THE OPENING OF THE BASRAH MUSEUM, SEPTEMBER 28–29, 2016 Edited by Paul Collins © BRITISH INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF IRAQ 2019 ISBN 978-0-903472-36-4 Typeset and printed in the United Kingdom by Henry Ling Limited, at the Dorset Press, Dorchester, DT1 1HD CONTENTS Figures...................................................................................................................................v Contributors ........................................................................................................................vii Introduction ELEANOR ROBSON .......................................................................................................1 The Mesopotamian Marshlands (Al-Ahwār) in the Past and Today FRANCO D’AGOSTINO AND LICIA ROMANO ...................................................................7 From Basra to Cambridge and Back NAWRAST SABAH AND KELCY DAVENPORT ..................................................................13 A Reserve of Freedom: Remarks on the Time Visualisation for the Historical Maps ALEXEI JANKOWSKI ...................................................................................................19 The Pallakottas Canal, the Sealand, and Alexander STEPHANIE