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Home , Florida mud turtle, Kinosternidae, Kinosterninae, Kinosternon, Mexican musk turtle, Staurotypus

JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY

SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

Fossil musk (, ) from the late Miocene–early Pliocene (Hemphillian) of Tennessee and

JASON R. BOURQUE*, 1 and BLAINE W. SCHUBERT2 1Division of Vertebrate Paleontology, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, U.S.A., [email protected]; 2Don Sundquist Center of Excellence in Paleontology and Department of Geosciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614, U.S.A., [email protected]

*Corresponding author TABLES

TABLE S1. Updated vertebrate fauna from the Gray Site. Compiled from Wallace and Wang (2004), Bentley et al. (2008), Hulbert et al. (2009), Boardman and Schubert (2011), Schubert and Mead (2011), Mead et al. (2012). Additional unpublished identifications by S. C. Wallace, J. I. Mead, B.W.S., and J.R.B..

Osteichthyes Centrarchidae Amphibia Anura Ranidae Rana sp. Bufonidae Hylidae Caudata Ambystomatidae Ambystoma sp. Plethodontidae Plethodon sp. Desmognathus sp. Salamandridae Notophthalmus sp. Reptilia Testudines sp. Kinosternidae Sternotherus palaeodorus, n. sp. Chrysemys sp. sp. aff. Emydoidea or sp. Terrapene sp. Testudinidae sp. Crocodylia Alligatoridae Alligator sp. Squamata Anguidae Ophisaurinae Scincidae Helodermatidae

TABLE 1S. (Continued)

Heloderma sp. Colubridae Natricinae Colubrinae Viperidae Aves Anatidae Aix sp. Anas spp. Odontophoridae Rallidae Scolopacidae Scolopax sp. Tytonidae Mammalia Xenarthra Megalonychidae Insectivora Soricidae minimum 3 spp. present Talpidae minimum 2 spp. present Chiroptera Lagomorpha Leporidae Rodentia minimum 6 spp. present Proboscidea Gomphotheriidae Perissodactyla Equidae Cormohipparion emsliei Tapiridae Tapirus polkensis Rhinocerotidae Teleoceras sp. Artiodactyla Tayassuidae Prosthennops sp. sp. indet. Camelidae cf. Megatylopus sp. Carnivora

TABLE S1. (Continued)

Felidae cf. Machairodus sp. Canidae Ursidae Plionarctos sp. Mustelidae Arctomeles dimolodontus minimum 2 additional spp. present Mephitidae Ailuridae Pristinailurus bristoli Procyonidae

TABLE S2. Carapace lengths (CL) and proportion of CL to measured characters for fossil and Recent Sternotherus. Bracketed CL data for extant Sternotherus represent a range. Data in parentheses indicate proportion to CL. Character measurements precede the proportion to CL. All measurements in mm. Abbreviations: CL, carapace length; CW, carapace width; PL, maximum plastron length; FL, maximum plastral forelobe length; HL, maximum plastral hindlobe length; BL, bridge length; IGW, intergular width; IGL, intergular length; GL, medial gular length; IAH, medial anterior humeral length; IPH, medial posterior humeral length; IF, medial femoral length; IAN, medial anal length; VW, anterior width of Vertebral 1. Dagger symbol (†) denotes extinct taxa.

Taxon CL CW PL FL HL BL IGW IGL GL IAH IPH IF IAN V1W Reference

S. palaeodorus (†)

ETMNH 13912 101.89 68.46 77.49 26.33 27.61 14.86 ~11.72 8.14 8.85 9.78 22.85 3.58 22.7 18.53

(holotype) (.671) (.760) (.258) (.270) (.145) (.115) (.079) (.086) (.095) (.224) (.035) (.222) (.181)

ETMNH 3595 ~86 — — — — — — — — — — — — 15.27

(.177)

ETMNH 4687 89.21 61.55 — — — — — — — — — — — 18.5

(.689) (.207)

ETMNH 4867 — — 58.16 19.8 21.55 9.99 ~9.42 4.95 6.07 8.42 15.02 6.63 14.9 16.78

ETMNH 10000 81.06 62.77 — 18.72 — — — — — — — — — 20.73

(.774) (.230) (.255)

TABLE S2. (Continued)

S. bonevalleyensis (†)

UF 102655 (nuchal) — — — — — — — — — — — — — 11.74

UF/TRO 1964 (left hyoplastron) — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

UF/TRO 1967 (right hyoplastron) — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

UF/TRO 1968 (right hyoplastron) — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

UF/TRO 3799 (right hyoplastron) — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

UF/TRO 1947 (left hypoplastron) — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

UF/TRO 1958 (right hypoplastron) — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

UF/TRO 3797 (left hypoplastron) — — — — — — — — — — — — — —

UF/TRO 3796 (right xiphiplastron) — — — — 26.23 — — — — — — — 18.15 —

TABLE S2. (Continued)

S. carinatus ♂ 122.5 0.69 0.721 0.217 0.294 0.152 0.002 0.001 0.086 0.126 0.218 0.114 0.152 0.132 Iverson,

[86.5– 1991

161.7]

S. carinatus ♀ 113.3 0.704 0.75 0.223 0.307 0.16 0.06 0.003 0.092 0.126 0.232 0.114 0.158 0.123 Iverson,

[97.4– 1991

138.0]

S. carinatus ♂ 132.51 90.43 93.29 29.78 34.87 16.59 — — 10.25 18.24 16.77 15.29 20.44 14.72

(UF/H 165991) (.682) (.704) (.224) (.263) (.125) (.077) (.137) (.126) (.115) (.154) (.111)

S. carinatus ♂ 140.34 92.6 98.05 32.94 36.01 18.1 — — 7.64 22.44 25.98 19 15.98 16.39

(UF/H 168716) (.659) (.698) (.234) (.256) (.128) (.054) (.159) (.185) (.135) (.113) (.116)

S. carinatus ♂ 144.82 91.7 101.09 30.13 36.95 17.66 — — 10.18 19.29 29.44 17.69 19.1 19.46

(UF/H 168717) (.633) (.698) (.208) (.255) (.121) (.070) (.133) (.203) (.122) (.131) (.134)

S. carinatus ♂ 115.77 82.21 82.93 26.91 31.93 13.03 0.54 0.56 8.95 16.42 20.66 10.81 21.8 16.3

(UF/H 168718) (.710) (.716) (.232) (.275) (.112) (.004) (.004) (.077) (.141) (.178) (.093) (.188) (.140)

S. carinatus ♂ 132.59 93.58 93.1 30.57 35.07 14.12 — — 10.57 18.4 25.52 14.8 18.56 17.03

(UF/H 168719) (.705) (.702) (.230) (.264) (.106) (.079) (.138) (.192) (.111) (.139) (.128)

S. carinatus ♀ 103.61 68.91 73.52 23.46 28.14 13.61 — — 9.36 12.86 19.63 10.03 17.36 15.68

(UF/H 168720) (.665) (.709) (.226) (.271) (.131) (.090) (.124) (.189) (.096) (.167) (.151)

S. depressus ♂ 83.1 [68.9– — 0.683 0.235 0.279 — — 0.045 0.076 0.114 0.169 0.087 0.172 — Iverson,

94.4] 1991

TABLE S2. (Continued)

S. depressus ♀ 88.2 — 0.73 0.242 0.303 — — 0.049 0.079 0.114 0.185 0.093 0.188 — Iverson,

[67.2– 1991

106.6]

S. depressus ♂ 83.35 58.74 55.25 18.56 21.58 10.04 5.21 2.55 5.35 11.53 13.28 7.45 14.17 5.4

(UF/H 68297) (.704) (.662) (.222) (.258) (.120) (.062) (.030) (.064) (.138) (.159) (.089) (.170) (.064)

S. depressus ♀ 90.36 65.09 64.65 21.53 24.16 16.23 4.01 3.04 6.28 8.94 15.2 8.94 14.96 10.2

(UF/H 65869) (.720) (.715) (.238) (.267) (.179) (.044) (.033) (.069) (.098) (.168) (.098) (.165) (.112)

S. depressus ♀ 98.14 68.83 67.16 21.91 22.3 16.44 4.15 4.92 5.86 10.34 16.34 7.65 18.64 9.07

(UF/H 65870) (.701) (.684) (.223) (.227) (.167) (.042) (.050) (.059) (.105) (.166) (.077) (.189) (.092)

S. depressus ♀ 76.22 57.2 53.35 18.14 20.09 10.8 4.56 4.41 5.04 8.82 11.93 5.93 16.03 7.71

(UF/H 93483) (.750) (.699) (.237) (.263) (.141) (.059) (.057) (.066) (.115) (.156) (.077) (.210) (.101)

S. depressus ♂ 83.67 59.83 55.18 18.63 20.32 10.34 4.75 4.4 4.88 8.27 13.28 6.89 14.78 10.77

(UF/H 162101) (.715) (.659) (.222) (.242) (.123) (.056) (.052) (.058) (.098) (.158) (.082) (.176) (.128)

S. m. minor ♂ 98.9 0.676 0.736 0.242 0.286 0.139 0.062 0.047 0.072 0.123 0.208 0.116 0.155 0.123 Iverson,

[80.1– 1991

118.7]

S. m. minor ♀ 96.9 0.688 0.774 0.247 0.313 0.166 0.054 0.049 0.077 0.121 0.214 0.118 0.184 0.131 Iverson,

[80.3– 1991

125.9]

TABLE S2. (Continued)

S. m. minor ♂ 101.16 73.46 72.64 25.03 26.15 13.92 6.74 5.09 7.2 11.77 19.83 12.78 10.4 11.03

(UF/H 1751) (.726) (.718) (.247) (.258) (.137) (.066) (.050) (.071) (.116) (.196) (.126) (.102) (.109)

S. m. minor ♂ 79.14 56.29 56.31 19.28 21.85 10.4 4.12 4.91 6.1 8.21 12.61 9.3 12.19 11.18

(UF/H 2317) (.711) (.711) (.243) (.276) (.131) (.052) (.062) (.077) (.103) (.159) (.117) (.154) (.141)

S. m. minor ♂ 104.73 73.14 74.73 23.62 27.22 13.61 3.76 5.31 5.96 12 (.114) 21.48 13.71 13.93 12.67

(UF/H 6797) (.698) (.713) (.225) (.259) (.129) (.035) (.050) (.056) (.205) (.130) (.133) (.120)

S. m. minor ♂ 120.76 79.48 85.66 27.5 30.49 15.64 2.79 3.47 8.09 14.26 24.22 13.7 16.14 11.33

(UF/H 29371) (.658) (.709) (.227) (.252) (.129) (.023) (.028) (.066) (.118) (.200) (.113) (.133) (.093)

S. m. minor ♂ 112.5 73.34 79.07 25.22 29.12 15.35 6.15 4.79 5.44 12.88 23.69 12.42 15.39 10.35

(UF/H 29607) (.651) (.702) (.224) (.258) (.136) (.054) (.042) (.048) (.114) (.210) (.110) (.136) (.092)

S. m. minor ♀ 99.16 66.33 74.62 23.75 29.58 15.35 6.75 4.91 6.66 10.72 19.08 11.82 17.96 13.72

(UF/H 29617) (.668) (.752) (.239) (.298) (.154) (.068) (.049) (.067) (.108) (.192) (.119) (.181) (.138)

S. m. minor ♂ 90.14 58.58 64.85 21.14 24.27 12.32 3.79 4.97 5.57 10.17 17.6 9.2 14.77 11.81

(UF/H 80827) (.649) (.719) (.234) (.269) (.136) (.042) (.055) (.061) (.112) (.195) (.102) (.163) (.131)

S. m. minor ♀ 111.84 73.82 84.57 25.32 31.06 19.48 4.64 4.43 7.53 12.4 23.97 13.41 17.38 12.94

(UF/H 157324)

S. m. minor (UF/H 89.74 57.17 64.08 21.11 24.51 11.42 1.75 1.13 9.02 10.55 16.96 10.67 12.82 10.62

165990)

TABLE S2. (Continued)

S. m. peltifer ♂ 96.7 [85.3– 0.702 0.717 0.245 0.266 0.144 0.064 0.053 0.063 0.129 0.206 0.111 0.149 0.107 Iverson,

111.6] 1991

S. m. peltifer ♀ 95.3 [83.9– 0.704 0.769 0.245 0.299 0.175 0.064 0.053 0.063 0.135 0.225 0.112 0.179 0.116 Iverson,

109.0] 1991

S. m. peltifer 72.8 52.71 50.45 16.83 18.61 8.96 5.2 2.97 3.17 9.7 12.04 7.86 10.74 6.72

(AUM 4582) (.724) (.692) (.231) (.255) (.123) (.071) (.040) (.043) (.133) (.165) (.107) (.147) (.092)

S. m. cf. peltifer 92.92 68.21 69.32 22.97 25.22 12.93 6.79 3.16 6.35 12.5 18.83 11.97 13.25 10.09

♂ (UF/H 9765)

S. m. cf. peltifer ♀ 101.82 66.24 72.36 23.34 28.15 18.27 5.19 4.32 5.34 10.52 19.48 10.57 16.72 9.13

(UF/H 65638)

S. m. peltifer ♂ 83.2 57.82 62.19 21.08 23.2 11.96 6.08 4.69 4.54 11.49 16.16 9.34 13.51 7.32

(UF/H 65868)

S. m. peltifer ♂ 81.17 54.22 55.78 18.06 20.77 11.77 5.04 3.72 4.22 9.67 14.68 8.96 11.45 9.06

(UF/H 87574)

S. m. peltifer ♂ 93.53 61.3 65.72 21.15 22.58 15.08 5.32 2.81 3.67 12.39 17.58 7.68 14.43 9.53

(UF/H 166494) (.655) (.702) (.226) (.241) (.161) (.056) (.030) (.039) (.132) (.187) (.082) (.154) (.101)

S. m. peltifer ♀ 111.41 77.89 85.57 26.81 31.76 20.43 7.37 7.85 5.05 13.89 23.58 12.57 17.53 10.02

(UF/H 18139) (.699) (.768) (.240) (.285) (.183) (.066) (.070) (.045) (.124) (.211) (.112) (.157) (.089)

TABLE S2. (Continued)

S. m. peltifer ♀ 105.99 72.94 80.31 25.22 30.92 18.6 7.8 6.74 3.92 15.31 19.45 10.19 19.58 9.7

(UF/H 18140) (.688) (.757) (.237) (.291) (.175) (.073) (.063) (.036) (.144) (.183) (.096) (.184) (.091)

S. m. peltifer ♂ 99.98 68.59 69.69 24.49 26.93 13.32 6.75 6.25 3.98 14.11 16.83 11.48 14.07 9 (.090)

(UF/H 18141) (.686) (.699) (.244) (.269) (.133) (.067) (.062) (.039) (.141) (.168) (.114) (.140)

S. m. peltifer ♂ 96.66 63.64 64.97 23.46 24.46 11.98 4.46 4.95 3.51 12.1 15.52 9.57 13.04 7.7

(UF/H 18143) (.658) (.627) (.242) (.253) (.123) (.046) (.051) (.036) (.125) (.160) (.099) (.134) (.079)

S. odoratus ♂ 91.6 [72.1– 0.679 0.721 0.224 0.275 0.127 0.075 0.063 0.061 0.102 0.227 0.085 0.163 0.147 Iverson,

107.1] 1991

S. odoratus ♀ 91.5 [76.3– 0.708 0.782 0.23 0.303 0.146 0.069 0.067 0.067 0.104 0.245 0.102 0.186 0.16 Iverson,

101.3] 1991

S. odoratus cf. ♀ 72.39

(UF/H 165594)

S. odoratus ♂ 84.29 60.75 57.74 16.99 21.5 8.41 7.16 4.78 4.46 6.25 15.74 10.12 15.14 11.21

(UF/H 47635) (.720) (.685) (.201) (.255) (.099) (.084) (.056) (.052) (.074) (.186) (.120) (.179) (.132)

S. odoratus ♂ 87.88 63.58 63.35 20.4 23.46 10.15 5.87 4.3 5.78 8.54 20 6.7 14.12 11.19

(UF/H 47704)

S. odoratus ♂ 98.59 65.82 68.98 21.95 24.53 14.17 5.66 5.99 4.5 11.17 20.83 10.7 12.91 12.57

(UF/H 48230) (.667) (.699) (.222) (.248) (.143) (.057) (.060) (.045) (.113) (.211) (.108) (.130) (.127)

TABLE S2. (Continued)

S. odoratus (UF/H 96.62 60.99 70.58 21.19 26.76 13.3 5.76 5.15 4.49 11.14 22.12 6.73 19.39 12.96

61687) (.631) (.730) (.219) (.276) (.137) (.059) (.053) (.046) (.115) (.228) (.069) (.200) (.134)

S. odoratus (UF/H 81.89 52.45 58.52 19.69 22.76 9.89 4.49 4.39 6.44 9.09 14.7 5.38 17.29 10.85

135153) (.640) (.714) (.240) (.277) (.120) (.054) (.053) (.078) (.111) (.179) (.065) (.211) (.132)

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTIONS

APPENDIX S1. Description of 38 osteological characters used in the phylogenetic analysis for fossil and extant Kinosternidae. Abbreviations: AH, anterior humeral seam length; AN, anal seam length; BL, plastral bridge length; CL, carapace length; GL, medial gular length; IGL, intergular length; PL, plastron length.

Carapace (1) Carination: tricarinate (0); unicarinate (1); acarinate (2) (Iverson, 1991:character A; Hutchison, 1991:character 13). This character is highly variable in Sternotherus, particularly throughout ontogeny. Sternotherus is typically tricarinate in the juvenile form, and unicarinate to weakly tricarinate in adults. The adult state was used to define carination in Sternotherus here (see Iverson [1991], Hutchison [1991], and Bourque [2012a, 2012b] for alternative coding of this character in Sternotherus). (2) Width of Vertebral 1: <20% CL, narrow (0); wide, >20% CL (1) (Iverson, 1991:character C). (3) Costiform processes of nuchal to Peripheral 2 contact: extensive (0); slight (1); loss (2) (Iverson, 1991:character D). (4) Elevation of posterior-most marginal (height of M11 compared to M10): equally as high (0); much lower (1) (Iverson, 1991:character E). (5) Number of neurals present: 7–9 (0); 6 (1); 5 (2) (Iverson, 1991:character F; Hutchison, 1991:character 3). (6) Nuchal to Neural 1 contact: contact (0); loss of contact (1) (Iverson, 1991:character G). (7) Number of posteriorly symmetrical neurals: none (0); 1 (1); 2 (2); 3 (3); 4 (4); 5 (5) (Iverson, 1991:character H). (8) Anterior-most extension of hyoplastral buttress: P4.9–4.6 (0); P4.5–4.1 (1); P3.9–3.5 (2) (Iverson, 1991:character I; Hutchison, 1991:character 29). (9) Posterior-most extension of hypoplastral buttress: anterior ¼ of P7 (0); between P7.5–7.9 (1); anterior ¼ of P8 (2) (Iverson, 1991:character J; Hutchison, 1991:character 8). (10) Location of anterior (axillary) musk duct groove terminus: P1.7–1.9 (0); P2.4–2.6 (1); P2.7– 2.9 (2); P3.0–3.5 (3) (Iverson, 1991:character K; Hutchison, 1991:character 18). (11) Proximity of anterior (axillary) musk duct groove terminus to carapacial rim: does not contact carapacial rim (0); nearly contacts or contacts carapacial rim (1). The axillary musk duct terminus is expansive in S. depressus, S. minor peltifer, S. odoratus, and S. paleodoratus where it converges with the inter-marginal sulcus for M2–3 (arguably most pronounced in the latter two taxa). In these four taxa, the terminus either nearly reaches or reaches the margin of the carapace on P2. In other kinosternids the terminus is more proximally situated away from the carapacial rim. (12) Location of posterior (inguinal) musk duct pore: posterior ¼ of P6 (0); P7.2–7.3 (1); P7.4– 7.6 (2); posterior 1/3 of P7 (3) (Iverson, 1991:character L). (13) Caudal musk duct pore: absent (0); present (1) (Bourque, 2012b:character 12). (14) Elevation of Marginal 9 (height of M9 compared to M10): much lower (0); as high or higher (1) (modified from Bourque, 2012a:character 12; Hutchison, 1991:character 6). (15) Shape of M9 at PL3–4 sulcus: obtusely angled or straight (0); highly curved posteriorly (1) (Bourque, 2012b:character 14). (16) Posterior V1 shape to cervical width: broadly squared or rounded (often sinuous) with broad cervical (0); acutely squared or rounded with narrow cervical (1); acutely pointed with narrow APPENDIX S1. (Continued)

cervical (2) (Bourque, 2012b:character 15; modified from Hutchison and Bramble, 1981: character 36). (17) C3 to P4 contact: lack of contact (0); contact (1) (Hutchison, 1991:character 34). (18) C4 to P5 contact: lack of contact (0); contact (1) (Hutchison, 1991:character 35).

Plastron (19) Entoplastron: present (0); absent (1) (Iverson, 1991:character M; Hutchison, 1991:character 31). (20) Relative plastral size (PL/CL): reduced, 60–86% (0); 86–95% (1); enlarged, being able to enclose the carapacial openings, 93–96% (2) (Iverson, 1991:character N). (21) Location of pit that accepts the acromion process: on entoplastron only (0); on epiplastron (1) (Hutchison, 1991:character 30). (22) Hindlobe kinesis: lacking or poorly developed (0); present (1) (Iverson, 1991:character O; Hutchison, 1991:character 36). (23) Gular cusp: present (0); absent (1) (Hutchison, 1991:character 15). (24) Epi–hyoplastral suture orientation: posterolaterally angled (0); transversely straight (1) (Hutchison, 1991:character 21). (25) Position of gular–humeral sulcus with epi–ento–hyoplastral suture: anterior to suture (0); along suture (1) (Hutchison, 1991:character 33). (26) Position of posterior humeral–femoral sulcus on the hypoplastron: anteriorly situated (0); medially situated and highly anteriorly angled from the midline (1); posteriorly situated and nearly parallel with or overlapping hypo–xiphiplastral suture (2) (modified from Hutchison, 1991:character 26; Bourque, 2012b:character 19). (27) Anal notch: present (0); absent (1) (Iverson, 1991:character P; Hutchison, 1991:character 20). (28) Grooved plastral bridge: groove absent (0); groove present (1) (Iverson, 1991:character Q). (29) Axillary to inguinal scute contact: broad (0); narrow or loss (1) (Iverson, 1991:character R). (30) Exposed interplastral scute skin: absent (0); variable and only moderately present (1); extensive (2). Modified from Iverson (1991:character S). As noted by Iverson (1991), the presence and extent of exposed plastral skin is highly variable within kinosternines, and when present, tends to be most extensive in males. While all extant kinosternids possess some degree of plastral skin (e.g. under scutes, around hypoplastral bridge buttresses, medial contacts of the fore- and hindlobes with the neck and caudal skin), Sternotherus exhibits the most extensive areas of exposed plastral skin in conjunction with plastral scutes that are reduced in size. Due to the lack of such plastral scute reduction in the Xenochelys and Baltemys, we interpret the condition of extensive exposed skin and associated reduced scalation observed in Sternotherus as being derived. (31) Relative bridge length (BL/CL): narrow, 12–16% (0); intermediate (1); >24.5–27% (2) (Iverson, 1991:character T). (32) Relative intergular length (IGL/CL): small, <11% (0); enlarged, 11–21% (1) (Iverson, 1991:character U). (33) Relative intergular width (IGW/CL): enlarged, >9% (0); small, <9% (1). Character developed in part using data of Iverson (1991).

APPENDIX S1. (Continued)

(34) Relative medial anterior humeral seam length (AH/CL): long, >9% (0); reduced, <9% (1) (Iverson, 1991:character V). (35) Relative medial anal seam length (AN/CL): short, 14–19% (0); intermediate, 18–30% (1); >30% (2) (Iverson, 1991:character W).

Skull (36) Nasal scale shape: ‘V’-shaped (0); extensive or bell-shaped (1) (Iverson, 1991:character Z; modified from Hutchison, 1991:character 41). (37) Anteromedial boundary of the fossa temporalis superior on the parietal: well-developed overhanging shelf (0); reduced or weakly developed ridge (1) (Bourque, 2012b:character 28). (38) Vomer contribution to triturating surface: extensive (0); minimal (1). In more durophagous kinosternids (e.g., , Sternotherus minor, and probably Xenochelys [sensu Williams, 1952]) the morphology of the vomer differs from that of taxa with less specialized diets (e.g. , Sternotherus carinatus, and ) (Gaffney, 1979:92). In the former, the vomer broadly contacts the premaxillae and maxillae and the slender vomerine strut is situated directly above the occlusal portion (that is, the strut is either nearly or completely obstructed from view by the anterior expansion when the skull is viewed ventrally). In the latter condition, the strut of the vomer is clearly visible in ventral view, and appears to be angled more antero-posteriorly.

APPENDIX S2. Character-taxon matrix used for phylogenetic analysis of the Kinosternidae. Polymorphisms for states 0 and 1 are coded as ‘A’.

Taxon 1 0 2 0 3 0 3 8

K. acutum 0 1 0 0 2 1 4 2 2 3 0 3 0 0 0 ? 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 0 1 0 2 1 0 1 2 1 ? 1

K. alamosae 0 1 0 1 1 0 3 1 1 3 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 0 1 0 2 1 0 1 1 1 ? 1 K. 2 1 0 1 2 1 4 0 1 3 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1

angustipons

K. 2 1 1 0 1 0 3 1 1 2 0 2 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 A 0 1 1 arizonense

K. baurii 2 0 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1

K. 0 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 1 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 ? 1 chimalhuaca

K. creaseri 0 1 0 0 1 1 3 2 2 3 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 0 1 0 2 1 0 1 2 1 ? 1

K. 2 1 0 1 2 1 4 2 1 3 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 0 1 0 2 1 0 1 2 1 1 1 cruentatum

K. dunni 1 1 ? 1 2 1 4 ? ? ? 0 ? 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 ? ?

K. 2 1 1 1 ? 0 ? 1 1 2 0 2 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 A 0 1 1

durangoense

K. 2 1 1 1 1 0 3 1 1 2 0 2 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1

flavescens

APPENDIX S2. (Continued)

K. herrerai 1 0 2 0 2 1 4 1 1 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1

K. hirtipes 0 1 0 A 1 1 5 1 1 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 A ? 1 K. integrum 0 1 0 1 1 1 5 2 2 3 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 1

K. 1 1 0 0 2 1 4 2 1 3 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 leucostomum

K. oaxacae 0 1 0 1 1 1 5 2 1 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1

K. pojoaque 2 1 1 0 2 0 4 1 1 2 0 2 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 ?

K. 0 1 0 1 2 1 4 2 1 3 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 1 2 1 A 1 scorpioides

K. 2 0 1 1 1 0 4 1 1 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 ? 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 ? skullridgesce ns

K. sonoriense 0 1 1 A 1 1 5 1 1 2 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1

K. subrubrum 2 0 0 1 1 0 3 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 K. 2 0 0 1 1 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 steindachneri

S. carinatus 1 0 1 0 1 0 3 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 S. depressus 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

S. m. minor 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

S. m. 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 peltifer

APPENDIX S2. (Continued)

S. odoratus 1 0 1 0 1 1 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1

S. 1 1 1 0 0 A 4 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 ? ? ? palaeodorus

Xenochelys 0 0 0 1 1 0 3 2 1 1 0 2 ? ? 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Baltemys 0 0 0 ? 1 0 1 2 ? 0 0 ? ? ? ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Staurotypus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 ? ? ? A 0 0 0 Claudius 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 ? ? ? 0 ? 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 ? 1 0 ? 0 0 ? ? ? A 0 1 1

LITERATURE CITED

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