DOCSLIB.ORG

The Complete Chloroplast Genome of Colobanthus Apetalus (Labill.) Druce: Genome Organization and Comparison with Related Species

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

The complete chloroplast genome of Colobanthus apetalus (Labill.) Druce: genome organization and comparison with related species Piotr Androsiuk1, Jan Paweª Jastrz¦bski1, Łukasz Paukszto1, Adam Okorski2, Agnieszka Pszczółkowska2, Katarzyna Joanna Chwedorzewska3, Justyna Koc1, Ryszard Górecki1 and Irena Gieªwanowska1 1 Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland 2 Department of Entomology, Phytopathology and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland 3 Department of Antarctic Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland ABSTRACT Colobanthus apetalus is a member of the genus Colobanthus, one of the 86 genera of the large family Caryophyllaceae which groups annual and perennial herbs (rarely shrubs) that are widely distributed around the globe, mainly in the Holarctic. The genus Colobanthus consists of 25 species, including Colobanthus quitensis, an extremophile plant native to the maritime Antarctic. Complete chloroplast (cp) genomes are useful for phylogenetic studies and species identification. In this study, next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to identify the cp genome of C. apetalus. The complete cp genome of C. apetalus has the length of 151,228 bp, 36.65% GC content, and a quadripartite structure with a large single copy (LSC) of 83,380 bp and a small single copy (SSC) of 17,206 bp separated by inverted repeats (IRs) of 25,321 bp. The cp genome contains 131 genes, including 112 unique genes and 19 genes which are duplicated in the IRs. The group of 112 unique genes features 73 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA Submitted 4 January 2018 genes, four rRNA genes and five conserved chloroplast open reading frames (ORFs). Accepted 17 April 2018 Published 23 May 2018 A total of 12 forward repeats, 10 palindromic repeats, five reverse repeats and three complementary repeats were detected. In addition, a simple sequence repeat (SSR) Corresponding author Piotr Androsiuk, analysis revealed 41 (mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexanucleotide) SSRs, most of [email protected] which were AT-rich. A detailed comparison of C. apetalus and C. quitensis cp genomes Academic editor revealed identical gene content and order. A phylogenetic tree was built based on Ladislav Mucina the sequences of 76 protein-coding genes that are shared by the eleven sequenced Additional Information and representatives of Caryophyllaceae and C. apetalus, and it revealed that C. apetalus and Declarations can be found on C. quitensis form a clade that is closely related to Silene species and Agrostemma githago. page 17 Moreover, the genus Silene appeared as a polymorphic taxon. The results of this study DOI 10.7717/peerj.4723 expand our knowledge about the evolution and molecular biology of Caryophyllaceae. Copyright 2018 Androsiuk et al. Subjects Biodiversity, Bioinformatics, Genetics, Genomics, Plant Science Distributed under Keywords Colobanthus apetalus, Caryophyllaceae, plastid genome, Next-generation sequencing, Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 Phylogenetics, Genome features OPEN ACCESS How to cite this article Androsiuk et al. (2018), The complete chloroplast genome of Colobanthus apetalus (Labill.) Druce: genome orga- nization and comparison with related species. PeerJ 6:e4723; DOI 10.7717/peerj.4723 INTRODUCTION Chloroplasts are organelles whose main function is the photosynthetic fixation of carbon. They contain the complete enzymatic system for energy production in many metabolic pathways, including the biosynthesis of glucose, amino acids and fatty acids (Neuhaus & Emes, 2000). Chloroplasts are uniparentally inherited: they are inherited maternally in most angiosperms and gymnosperms (Palmer et al., 1988), but are transmitted in the male line in some gymnosperms (Sears, 1980). Their ultrastructure and characteristic genome features indicate that chloroplasts have evolved from free-living cyanobacteria through endosymbiosis (Gray, 1989). In a typical terrestrial plant, the chloroplast (cp) genome is a circular DNA molecule with a conserved quadripartite structure composed of a small single copy (SSC), a large single copy (LSC) and two copies of inverted repeat (IR) regions. The cp genome is the smallest of the plant genomes, and it ranges from 120 kb to 165 kb in most species (Ma et al., 2017). The variations in size can be attributed mostly to the expansion, contraction or even loss of IRs as well as changes in the length of intergenic spacers (Palmer et al., 1988). Due to their compact size, highly conserved status, uniparental inheritance and haploid nature, cp genomes can be effectively used in studies of plant taxonomy and evolution and in species identification (Kress et al., 2005; Chase et al., 2007; Parks, Cronn & Liston, 2009; Yang et al., 2013). The genus Colobanthus, a member of the family Caryophyllaceae, consists of 25 species (The Plant List, 2010) of tufted, mainly cushion-forming perennials from the Pacific region, Australasia to southern South America, sub-Antarctic islands, maritime Antarctic and Hawaiian mountains. These species are related to Spergula and have very small, narrow and dense leaves and solitary, petalless, greenish flowers with four to six, but usually five prominent sepals (Gieªwanowska et al., 2011; Alpine Garden Society, 2017). The available literature is nearly exclusively devoted to only one species of the genus Colobanthus, namely Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth) Bartl. Colobanthus quitensis is a species of special concern as the only representative of Dicotyledoneae in the maritime Antarctic (Skottsberg, 1954). Colobanthus quitensis has been extensively studied to explore the morphological, physiological and biochemical features that constitute the basis of adaptation to extreme Antarctic conditions (Bravo et al., 2007; Gieªwanowska et al., 2011; Gieªwanowska et al., 2014; Bascunan-Godoy et al., 2012; Navarrete-Gallegos et al., 2012; Pastorczyk, Gieªwanowska & Lahuta, 2014; Cuba-Díaz et al., 2017). In contrast, very little is known about the genetic diversity of this species and the genus Colobanthus (Androsiuk et al., 2015; Koc et al., in press). The complete sequence of C. quitensis cp genome has been recently published (Kang et al., 2016), and it paved the way for more sophisticated genomic studies. However, the significance of those studies will be limited without information about the genome composition of other members of the genus Colobanthus. The complete chloroplast genome of eleven Caryophyllaceae species has been sequenced to date (NCBI: the National Center for Biotechnology Information), including eight species of the genus Silene (Silene capitata, S. chalcedonica, S. conica, S. conoidea, S. latifolia, S. noctiflora, S. paradoxa, S. vulgaris), one species of the genus Lychnis (Lychnis wilfordii), one species Androsiuk et al. (2018), PeerJ, DOI 10.7717/peerj.4723 2/23 of the genus Agrostemma (Agrostemma githago) and one species of the genus Colobanthus (Colobanthus quitensis). Colobanthus apetalus (Labill.) forms tufts with soft and grassy leaves (1.5-3 cm in length), stems of up to 3 cm, and small greenish flowers (5 mm in diameter) that are more obvious than in other Colobanthus species. The sepals often have purple borders, and seeds have low rounded papillae. The species has been recorded in New Zealand, south-eastern Australia, including Tasmania (Allan, 1961), and in southern regions of South America (Skottsberg, 1915). In this study, the complete cp genome of Colobanthus apetalus was sequenced with the use of the Illumina MiSeq sequencing technology and compared with other Caryophyllaceae species, in particular with C. quitensis. MATERIALS AND METHODS DNA extraction and chloroplast genome sequencing Fresh leaves of C. apetalus were harvested from greenhouse-grown plants (Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn). The seeds of C. apetalus were collected on the south-eastern shore of Lago Roca, near Lapataia Bay, in the Tierra del Fuego National Park in Argentina. Total genomic DNA was extracted from the fresh tissue of a single plant using the Syngen Plant DNA Mini Kit. The quality of DNA was verified on 1 % (w/v) agarose gel and visualized by staining with 0.5 mg/ml ethidium bromide. The amount and purity of DNA samples were assessed spectrophotometrically. Genome libraries were prepared from high-quality genomic DNA using the Nextera XT kit (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). The prepared libraries were sequenced on the Illumina MiSeq platform (Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) with a 150 bp paired-end read, version 3. Annotation and genome analysis The quality of the obtained row reads was checked with the FastQC tool. Row reads were trimmed (5 bp of each read end, regions with more than 5% probability of error per base) and mapped to the reference cp genome of C. quitensis (NC_028080) using Geneious v.R7 software (Kearse et al., 2012) with default medium-low sensitivity settings. The mapped reads were retrieved from the mapping file and used for de novo Velvet preassembly (K-mer—23–41, low coverage cut-off—5, minimum contig length— 300). Preassembled contigs were extended by mapping row reads using customized settings (minimum sequence overlap of 60 bp and 99% overlap identity) with 30 iterations steps. Elongated contigs were de novo assembled after each iteration step to reduce the number and increase the length of sequences and, finally, to create a circular
Recommended publications
  • Complete Chloroplast Genome of Rhipsalis Baccifera, The

    Complete Chloroplast Genome of Rhipsalis Baccifera, The

    plants Article Complete Chloroplast Genome of Rhipsalis baccifera, the only Cactus with Natural Distribution in the Old World: Genome Rearrangement, Intron Gain and Loss, and Implications for Phylogenetic Studies 1,2,3, 1,2,3, 1,2,3, 1,2,3 Millicent Akinyi Oulo y, Jia-Xin Yang y, Xiang Dong y, Vincent Okelo Wanga , Elijah Mbandi Mkala 1,2,3 , Jacinta Ndunge Munyao 1,2,3, Victor Omondi Onjolo 1,2,3, Peninah Cheptoo Rono 1,2,3, Guang-Wan Hu 1,2,* and Qing-Feng Wang 1,2 1 CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; [email protected] (M.A.O.); [email protected] (J.-X.Y.); [email protected] (X.D.); [email protected] (V.O.W.); [email protected] (E.M.M.); [email protected] (J.N.M.); [email protected] (V.O.O.); [email protected] (P.C.R.); [email protected] (Q.-F.W.) 2 Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 1 July 2020; Accepted: 29 July 2020; Published: 31 July 2020 Abstract: Rhipsalis baccifera is the only cactus that naturally occurs in both the New World and the Old World, and has thus drawn the attention of most researchers. The complete chloroplast (cp) genome of R. baccifera is reported here for the first time. The cp genome of R.
  • Fair Use of This PDF File of Herbaceous

    Fair Use of This PDF File of Herbaceous

    Fair Use of this PDF file of Herbaceous Perennials Production: A Guide from Propagation to Marketing, NRAES-93 By Leonard P. Perry Published by NRAES, July 1998 This PDF file is for viewing only. If a paper copy is needed, we encourage you to purchase a copy as described below. Be aware that practices, recommendations, and economic data may have changed since this book was published. Text can be copied. The book, authors, and NRAES should be acknowledged. Here is a sample acknowledgement: ----From Herbaceous Perennials Production: A Guide from Propagation to Marketing, NRAES- 93, by Leonard P. Perry, and published by NRAES (1998).---- No use of the PDF should diminish the marketability of the printed version. This PDF should not be used to make copies of the book for sale or distribution. If you have questions about fair use of this PDF, contact NRAES. Purchasing the Book You can purchase printed copies on NRAES’ secure web site, www.nraes.org, or by calling (607) 255-7654. Quantity discounts are available. NRAES PO Box 4557 Ithaca, NY 14852-4557 Phone: (607) 255-7654 Fax: (607) 254-8770 Email: [email protected] Web: www.nraes.org More information on NRAES is included at the end of this PDF. Acknowledgments This publication is an update and expansion of the 1987 Cornell Guidelines on Perennial Production. Informa- tion in chapter 3 was adapted from a presentation given in March 1996 by John Bartok, professor emeritus of agricultural engineering at the University of Connecticut, at the Connecticut Perennials Shortcourse, and from articles in the Connecticut Greenhouse Newsletter, a publication put out by the Department of Plant Science at the University of Connecticut.
  • Evaluation of a Proposed Significant Natural Area at Mt Iron, Wanaka

    Evaluation of a Proposed Significant Natural Area at Mt Iron, Wanaka

    EVALUATION OF A PROPOSED SIGNIFICANT NATURAL AREA AT MT IRON, WANAKA R3762 EVALUATION OF A PROPOSED SIGNIFICANT NATURAL AREA AT MT IRON, WANAKA Coprosma shrubland on the southwest faces at the Allenby Farms site, Mt Iron. Contract Report No. 3762 March 2017 (Revised and updated) Project Team: Kelvin Lloyd - Report author: vegetation and flora Mandy Tocher - Report author: herpetofauna Brian Patrick - Report author: invertebrates Prepared for: Allenby Farms Ltd P.O. Box 196 Wanaka 9343 DUNEDIN OFFICE: 764 CUMBERLAND STREET, DUNEDIN 9016 Ph 03-477-2096, 03-477-2095 HEAD OFFICE: 99 SALA STREET, P.O. BOX 7137, TE NGAE, ROTORUA Ph 07-343-9017, 07-343-9018; email [email protected], www.wildlands.co.nz CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. SITE CONTEXT 1 3. METHODS 1 4. ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT 4 5. INDIGENOUS VEGETATION AND HABITATS 5 5.1 Kānuka scrub and shrubland 5 5.2 Coprosma scrub and shrubland 6 5.3 Exotic grassland and herbfield 7 5.4 Swale turf 8 5.5 Cushionfield 8 6. FLORA 8 6.1 Species richness 8 6.2 Threatened and At Risk plant species 12 6.3 Pest plants 12 7. BIRDS 13 8. LIZARDS 14 8.1 Overview 14 8.2 “Remove from SNA” zone 14 8.3 Alternate SNA 18 9. INVERTEBRATES 18 9.1 Overview 18 9.2 Mixed Coprosma-dominant shrubland 18 9.3 Kānuka scrub and shrubland 19 9.4 Rock outcrop habitats 19 9.5 Open grassland and turf 19 10. PEST ANIMALS 20 11. ECOLOGICAL VALUES 20 11.1 District Plan (2009) - Section 6c Significance 20 11.2 Proposed District Plan - Section 6c Significance from Policy 33.2.1.9 22 11.3 Significance summary 23 12.
  • Notes on Identification Works and Difficult and Under-Recorded Taxa

    Notes on Identification Works and Difficult and Under-Recorded Taxa

    Notes on identification works and difficult and under-recorded taxa P.A. Stroh, D.A. Pearman, F.J. Rumsey & K.J. Walker Contents Introduction 2 Identification works 3 Recording species, subspecies and hybrids for Atlas 2020 6 Notes on individual taxa 7 List of taxa 7 Widespread but under-recorded hybrids 31 Summary of recent name changes 33 Definition of Aggregates 39 1 Introduction The first edition of this guide (Preston, 1997) was based around the then newly published second edition of Stace (1997). Since then, a third edition (Stace, 2010) has been issued containing numerous taxonomic and nomenclatural changes as well as additions and exclusions to taxa listed in the second edition. Consequently, although the objective of this revised guide hast altered and much of the original text has been retained with only minor amendments, many new taxa have been included and there have been substantial alterations to the references listed. We are grateful to A.O. Chater and C.D. Preston for their comments on an earlier draft of these notes, and to the Biological Records Centre at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology for organising and funding the printing of this booklet. PAS, DAP, FJR, KJW June 2015 Suggested citation: Stroh, P.A., Pearman, D.P., Rumsey, F.J & Walker, K.J. 2015. Notes on identification works and some difficult and under-recorded taxa. Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, Bristol. Front cover: Euphrasia pseudokerneri © F.J. Rumsey. 2 Identification works The standard flora for the Atlas 2020 project is edition 3 of C.A. Stace's New Flora of the British Isles (Cambridge University Press, 2010), from now on simply referred to in this guide as Stae; all recorders are urged to obtain a copy of this, although we suspect that many will already have a well-thumbed volume.
  • Autographa Gamma

    Autographa Gamma

    1 Table of Contents Table of Contents Authors, Reviewers, Draft Log 4 Introduction to the Reference 6 Soybean Background 11 Arthropods 14 Primary Pests of Soybean (Full Pest Datasheet) 14 Adoretus sinicus ............................................................................................................. 14 Autographa gamma ....................................................................................................... 26 Chrysodeixis chalcites ................................................................................................... 36 Cydia fabivora ................................................................................................................. 49 Diabrotica speciosa ........................................................................................................ 55 Helicoverpa armigera..................................................................................................... 65 Leguminivora glycinivorella .......................................................................................... 80 Mamestra brassicae....................................................................................................... 85 Spodoptera littoralis ....................................................................................................... 94 Spodoptera litura .......................................................................................................... 106 Secondary Pests of Soybean (Truncated Pest Datasheet) 118 Adoxophyes orana ......................................................................................................
  • Illinois Exotic Species List

    Illinois Exotic Species List

    Exotic Species in Illinois Descriptions for these exotic species in Illinois will be added to the Web page as time allows for their development. A name followed by an asterisk (*) indicates that a description for that species can currently be found on the Web site. This list does not currently name all of the exotic species in the state, but it does show many of them. It will be updated regularly with additional information. Microbes viral hemorrhagic septicemia Novirhabdovirus sp. West Nile virus Flavivirus sp. Zika virus Flavivirus sp. Fungi oak wilt Ceratocystis fagacearum chestnut blight Cryphonectria parasitica Dutch elm disease Ophiostoma novo-ulmi and Ophiostoma ulmi late blight Phytophthora infestans white-nose syndrome Pseudogymnoascus destructans butternut canker Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum Plants okra Abelmoschus esculentus velvet-leaf Abutilon theophrastii Amur maple* Acer ginnala Norway maple Acer platanoides sycamore maple Acer pseudoplatanus common yarrow* Achillea millefolium Japanese chaff flower Achyranthes japonica Russian knapweed Acroptilon repens climbing fumitory Adlumia fungosa jointed goat grass Aegilops cylindrica goutweed Aegopodium podagraria horse chestnut Aesculus hippocastanum fool’s parsley Aethusa cynapium crested wheat grass Agropyron cristatum wheat grass Agropyron desertorum corn cockle Agrostemma githago Rhode Island bent grass Agrostis capillaris tree-of-heaven* Ailanthus altissima slender hairgrass Aira caryophyllaea Geneva bugleweed Ajuga genevensis carpet bugleweed* Ajuga reptans mimosa
  • LIBERTO's SEEDS and BULBS

    LIBERTO's SEEDS and BULBS

    LIBERTO’s SEEDS AND BULBS GARDEN SEEDS 2018/2019 Here is a selection of seeds collected from my gardens, Please scroll to the end of the catalog for sowing and ordering instructions. Listings of orange color, are new items in the 2018/2019 list. Acacia cognata 3€/20seeds. A small tree with an interesting weeping form and a light canopy that is very playful with the sun above. Acacia greggii 3€/20seeds. Small deciduous tree with small leaves that gets covered with yellow flowers in late spring. Acacia karoo 4€/20seeds. Slow in the beginning but as soon as it anchors itself onto the ground it creates an umbrella like tree with sweet scented late spring flowers and most importantly 10cm white spines that will protect it from giraffes (if you have them!) and are very ornamental nevertheless. Acacia mearnsii 4€/20seeds. A nice medium sized tree with ferny foliage and pic panicles of soft lemon flowerheads in late spring. Don’t plant in areas where there is a danger of becoming invasive. Aechmea recurvata ´Big Mama´ 3€/20seeds. One of the best (and biggest) recurvata selections that colors up in pinks and oranges when in flower and then goes back to green when in fruit. Aethionema grandiflorum 3€/20seeds. Tough and long lived Aethionema that takes summer drought excellent. Gets covered in pink in spring. Alyssoides utriculata 3.30€/20seeds. Perfectly suited to screes and rocky soils on a big rock garden or equally at home at a Mediterranean drought tolerant border with good air circulation, this useful shrublet has both vibrant yellow flowers and peculiar round seedpods in short stems above the leaves.
  • Potted Sale Plant MASTER LIST May 11.Xlsx

    Potted Sale Plant MASTER LIST May 11.Xlsx

    9/7/2020 Texas Discovery Gardens Plant Sale List Page 1 of 16 ALPHABETICAL BY PLANT GROUP** Tx=Tx Pollinators Sun Req. native Common Name Botanic Name Height Plant Group Plant Type Host / Attracted X=Not Nectar Full sun X-E Af Whistling Thorn Acacia (now Heat & Drought Tolerant Deciduous Vachellia) drepanolobium Hot sun X-Mex Truncate Parry's Agave parryi v. 3' Heat & Drought Tolerant Evergreen Agave truncata Hot sun X-Mex Green Giant Agave salmiana 10' Heat & Drought Tolerant Min. 30°F. Agave Full to part X Trunking Beschorneria 3-5' Heat & Drought Tolerant Min. 30°F. N sun Beschorneria albiflora Hot sun Tx Cholla Cactus Cylindropuntia Heat & Drought Tolerant Evergreen imbricata Hot sun Tx Smooth-leaf Sotol Dasylirion 3-4' Heat & Drought Tolerant Evergreen leiophyllum Hot sun Tx Texas Sotol Dasylirion texanum 4' to 5' Heat & Drought Tolerant Evergreen N Hot sun Tx Barrel Cactus Ferocactus wislizeni 3 to 6 ft Heat & Drought Tolerant Perennial N Hot sun Tx Giant Hesperaloe Hesperaloe funifera 6' X 6' Heat & Drought Tolerant Evergreen N Hummingbirds Full to part X-Mex Night Blooming Hesperaloe 5' X 6' Heat & Drought Tolerant Evergreen N Hummingbirds, sun Hesperaloe nocturna moths Hot sun Tx Red Yucca Hesperaloe 4' Heat & Drought Tolerant Evergreen N Hummingbirds parviflora Hot sun Tx Yellow Yucca Hesperaloe 4' X 4' Heat & Drought Tolerant Evergreen N Hummingbirds parviflora yellow Full to part Tx Devil's Shoestring Nolina 3' X 3' Heat & Drought Tolerant Evergreen N sun lindheimeriana Part sun Tx Texas Beargrass Nolina texana Heat & Drought
  • ISTA List of Stabilized Plant Names 7Th Edition

    ISTA List of Stabilized Plant Names 7Th Edition

    ISTA List of Stabilized Plant Names th 7 Edition ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. M. Schori Published by All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be The Internation Seed Testing Association (ISTA) reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted Zürichstr. 50, CH-8303 Bassersdorf, Switzerland in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior ©2020 International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) permission in writing from ISTA. ISBN 978-3-906549-77-4 ISTA List of Stabilized Plant Names 1st Edition 1966 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Prof P. A. Linehan 2nd Edition 1983 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. H. Pirson 3rd Edition 1988 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. W. A. Brandenburg 4th Edition 2001 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. J. H. Wiersema 5th Edition 2007 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. J. H. Wiersema 6th Edition 2013 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. J. H. Wiersema 7th Edition 2019 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. M. Schori 2 7th Edition ISTA List of Stabilized Plant Names Content Preface .......................................................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Symbols and Abbreviations ..........................................................................................................................
  • The Naturalised Flora of South Australia 3. Its Origin, Introduction, Distribution, Growth Forms and Significance P.M

    The Naturalised Flora of South Australia 3. Its Origin, Introduction, Distribution, Growth Forms and Significance P.M

    J. Adelaide Bot Gard. 10(1): 99-111 (1987) THE NATURALISED FLORA OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA 3. ITS ORIGIN, INTRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION, GROWTH FORMS AND SIGNIFICANCE P.M. Kloot South Australian Department of Agriculture, GPO Box 1671, Adelaide, South Australia 5001 Abstract Some features of the South Australian naturalised flora were examined. The predominant source of naturalised alien species has changed from Europe or Eurasia in 1855 to the Mediterranean and environmentally similar areas at present. It is suggested that this is due to the history of northern European settlement of South Australia and the attendant importation of plants from that region. The majority of presently naturalised plants were recorded in Great Britain at the time of South Australian settlement and it is suggested that regardless of their ultimate origin, most plants would have arrived via Great Britain or, more generally, northern Europe. The majority of naturalised plants have been documented or are suspected to have been introduced intentionally. Most of them were ornamental, fodder or culinary plants. Of the unintentionally introduced species, most were fleece, seed or ballast contaminants. A number of characteristic distribution patterns of naturalised plants in South Australia are recognized. These result from climatic and edaphic features and from patterns of land use. Annuals are the predominant growth form of the well-established species. The majority of the unintentionally introduced species are annuals. Introduction The development of the South Australian alien flora since colonization (Kloot, 1987) was ascertained from the documentation discovered during an intensive search (Kloot, 1987) to locate more material than was thought available hitherto (Michael, 1972).
  • Cuverville Island Lecointe Is

    Cuverville Island Lecointe Is

    Gourdin Astrolabe Island Island Mikklesen Harbor oker Passage Cr Hydrurga Cierva Cove Dallmann Bay Rocks Two Hummock Is Brabant Is. Cuverville Island Lecointe Is. ANTARCTICMelchior Brialmont Islands TREATY Sprightly Cove Islands Cuverville Island visitor site guide 64˚41’S, 62˚38’W - North Errera Channel Gerlache Strait Enterprise Is. The Waifs Portal Point Key features Anvers Is. Foyn Harbour Spigot Peak Orne Harbour Gouvernøren Harbour - Extensive colony of gentoo penguins in the Nansen Is. Orne Is. Charlotte Bay Georges Point Wilhelmina Bay Antarctic Peninsula CUVERVILLE IS. - Glacial and ice scenery Ronge Is. Arthur Danco Is. Harbour Neumayer Channel Beneden Head (Palmer Station) Dorian Bay Waterboat Point Jougla Pt. Doumer Is. Priest Is. Paradise Py Point Bay Andvord Bay Neko Harbour Peltier Channel Wiencke Is. Almirante la Brown Station ctic Peninsu Antar Description Lemaire Channel TOPOGRAPHY This 2km by 2.5km island is a steep-sided dome, two-thirds of which is covered by a permanent ice-cap. The northern shore is a beach of cobbles and boulders, approx 1.5km long, backed by steep vegetation- covered cliffs toward the east and gentler slopes to the west. FAUNA Confirmed breeders: gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua), kelp gull (Larus dominicanus), Antarctic tern (Sterna vittata), snowy sheathbill (Chionis alba), blue-eyed shag (Phalacrocorax atriceps), Wilson’s storm- petrel (Oceanites oceanicus), skuas (Catharacta spp.), snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea), pintado petrel (Daption capense). Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) and Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) regularly haul out. Leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) often hunt near-shore. FLORA Deschampsia antarctica, Colobanthus quitensis; swards of moss species; and lichen species including Xanthoria spp., Buellia spp., Caloplaca spp.
  • Ohio Plant Disease Index

    Ohio Plant Disease Index

    Special Circular 128 December 1989 Ohio Plant Disease Index The Ohio State University Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center Wooster, Ohio This page intentionally blank. Special Circular 128 December 1989 Ohio Plant Disease Index C. Wayne Ellett Department of Plant Pathology The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio T · H · E OHIO ISJATE ! UNIVERSITY OARilL Kirklyn M. Kerr Director The Ohio State University Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center Wooster, Ohio All publications of the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center are available to all potential dientele on a nondiscriminatory basis without regard to race, color, creed, religion, sexual orientation, national origin, sex, age, handicap, or Vietnam-era veteran status. 12-89-750 This page intentionally blank. Foreword The Ohio Plant Disease Index is the first step in develop­ Prof. Ellett has had considerable experience in the ing an authoritative and comprehensive compilation of plant diagnosis of Ohio plant diseases, and his scholarly approach diseases known to occur in the state of Ohia Prof. C. Wayne in preparing the index received the acclaim and support .of Ellett had worked diligently on the preparation of the first the plant pathology faculty at The Ohio State University. edition of the Ohio Plant Disease Index since his retirement This first edition stands as a remarkable ad substantial con­ as Professor Emeritus in 1981. The magnitude of the task tribution by Prof. Ellett. The index will serve us well as the is illustrated by the cataloguing of more than 3,600 entries complete reference for Ohio for many years to come. of recorded diseases on approximately 1,230 host or plant species in 124 families.