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FAMILY SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME S RANK Aceraceae Acer ginnala Amur Maple SNA Aceraceae Acer negundo Manitoba Maple S5 Aceraceae Acer negundo var. interius Manitoba Maple S5 Aceraceae Acer negundo var. negundo Manitoba Maple SU Aceraceae Acer negundo var. violaceum Manitoba Maple SU Aceraceae Acer pensylvanicum Striped Maple SNA Aceraceae Acer rubrum Red Maple SNA Aceraceae Acer spicatum Mountain Maple S5 Acoraceae Acorus americanus Sweet Flag S5 Acoraceae Acorus calamus Sweet‐flag SNA Adoxaceae Adoxa moschatellina Moschatel S1 Alismataceae Alisma gramineum Narrow‐leaved Water‐plantain S1 Alismataceae Alisma subcordatum Common Water‐plantain SNA Alismataceae Alisma triviale Common Water‐plantain S5 Alismataceae Sagittaria cuneata Arum‐leaved Arrowhead S5 Alismataceae Sagittaria latifolia Broad‐leaved Arrowhead S4S5 Alismataceae Sagittaria rigida Sessile‐fruited Arrowhead S2 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus albus Tumble Pigweed SNA Amaranthaceae Amaranthus blitoides Prostrate Pigweed SNA Amaranthaceae Amaranthus hybridus Smooth Pigweed SNA Amaranthaceae Amaranthus retroflexus Redroot Pigweed SNA Amaranthaceae Amaranthus spinosus Thorny Amaranth SNA Amaranthaceae Amaranthus tuberculatus Rough‐fruited water‐hemp SU Anacardiaceae Rhus glabra Smooth Sumac S4 Anacardiaceae Toxicodendron rydbergii Poison‐ivy S5 Apiaceae Aegopodium podagraria Goutweed SNA Apiaceae Anethum graveolens Dill SNA Apiaceae Carum carvi Caraway SNA Apiaceae Cicuta bulbifera Bulb‐bearing Water‐hemlock S5 Apiaceae Cicuta maculata Water‐hemlock S5 Apiaceae Cicuta virosa Mackenzie's Water‐hemlock S4 Apiaceae Cryptotaenia canadensis Honewort S2 Apiaceae Cymopterus acaulis Plains Cymopterus S2S3 Apiaceae Cymopterus montanus Mountain Spring‐parsley SNA Apiaceae Daucus carota Wild Carrot SNA Apiaceae Heracleum maximum Cow‐parsnip S5 Apiaceae Lomatium foeniculaceum Hairy‐fruited Parsley S3 Apiaceae Lomatium macrocarpum Long‐fruited Parsley S3 Apiaceae Lomatium orientale White‐flowered Parsley S1 Apiaceae Musineon divaricatum Leafy Musineon S2 Apiaceae Osmorhiza claytonii Wooly or Hairy Sweet Cicely S2 Apiaceae Osmorhiza depauperata Blunt‐fruited Sweet Cicely S2 Apiaceae Osmorhiza longistylis Anise‐root S5 Apiaceae Pastinaca sativa Parsnip SNA Apiaceae Sanicula marilandica Snakeroot S5 Apiaceae Sium suave Water‐parsnip S5 Apiaceae Thaspium barbinode Hairy‐jointed Meadow‐parsnip SNA Apiaceae Zizia aptera Heart‐leaved Alexanders S5 Apiaceae Zizia aurea Golden Alexanders S5 Apocynaceae Apocynum androsaemifolium Spreading Dogbane S5 Apocynaceae Apocynum androsaemifolium ssp. androsaemifolium Speading Dogbane S5 Apocynaceae Apocynum cannabinum Indian‐hemp S4 Araceae Arisaema triphyllum Jack‐in‐the‐pulpit S2 Araceae Arisaema triphyllum ssp. triphyllum Jack‐in‐the‐pulpit S2 Araceae Calla palustris Water‐arum S5 Araceae Symplocarpus foetidus Yellow Skunk Cabbage SNA Araliaceae Aralia hispida Bristly Sarsaparilla S5 Araliaceae Aralia nudicaulis Wild Sarsaparilla S5 Araliaceae Aralia racemosa Spikenard S2 Araliaceae Panax quinquefolius Ginseng SNA Aristolochiaceae Asarum canadense Wild Ginger S3S4 Asclepiadaceae Asclepias incarnata Swamp Milkweed S4 Asclepiadaceae Asclepias incarnata ssp. incarnata Swamp Milkweed S4 Asclepiadaceae Asclepias lanuginosa Hairy Milkweed S2 Asclepiadaceae Asclepias ovalifolia Dwarf Milkweed S4S5 Asclepiadaceae Asclepias speciosa Showy Milkweed S4 Asclepiadaceae Asclepias syriaca Common Milkweed S4 Asclepiadaceae Asclepias verticillata Whorled Milkweed S3 Asclepiadaceae Asclepias viridiflora Green Milkweed S3 Asteraceae Achillea millefolium Common Yarrow S5 Asteraceae Achillea millefolium var. borealis Northern Yarrow S5 Asteraceae Achillea millefolium var. lanulosa Wooly Yarrow S5 Asteraceae Achillea millefolium var. millefolium Common Yarrow SNA Asteraceae Achillea millefolium var. nigrescens Yarrow S5 Asteraceae Achillea ptarmica Sneezeweed SNA Asteraceae Achillea sibirica Many‐flowered Yarrow S5 Asteraceae Acroptilon repens Russian Knapweed SNA Asteraceae Agoseris glauca False Dandelion S5 Asteraceae Agoseris glauca var. agrestis False Dandelion SU Asteraceae Agoseris glauca var. dasycephala False Dandelion S4 Asteraceae Almutaster pauciflorus Few‐flowered Aster S4 Asteraceae Ambrosia acanthicarpa Sandbur S1S2 Asteraceae Ambrosia artemisiifolia Common Ragweed S5 Asteraceae Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior Common Ragweed S5 Asteraceae Ambrosia psilostachya Perennial Ragweed S5 Asteraceae Ambrosia trifida Giant Ragweed S4 Asteraceae Ambrosia trifida var. trifida Giant Ragweed S4 Asteraceae Anaphalis margaritacea Pearly Everlasting S4 Asteraceae Antennaria howellii Howell's pussytoes S4S5 Asteraceae Antennaria howellii ssp. neodioica Common Pussytoes S4 Asteraceae Antennaria microphylla Everlasting S4S5 Asteraceae Antennaria neglecta Field Cat's‐foot S5 Asteraceae Antennaria parlinii Parlin's pussytoes SU Asteraceae Antennaria parlinii ssp. fallax Deceitful pussytoes SU Asteraceae Antennaria parvifolia Small‐leaved Everlasting S4 Asteraceae Antennaria plantaginifolia Plantain‐leaved Everlasting S1S2 Asteraceae Antennaria pulcherrima Showy Everlasting S4 Asteraceae Antennaria rosea Rosy Everlasting SU Asteraceae Antennaria rosea ssp. rosea Rosy Everlasting SU Asteraceae Antennaria umbrinella Brown Pussytoes SNA Asteraceae Anthemis cotula Mayweed SNA Asteraceae Anthemis tinctoria Yellow Chamomille SNA Asteraceae Arctium lappa Great Burdock SNA Asteraceae Arctium minus Common Burdock SNA Asteraceae Arctium tomentosum Wooly Burdock SNA Asteraceae Arctium vulgare Burdock SNA Asteraceae Arnica angustifolia Narrowleaf arnica S4 Asteraceae Arnica angustifolia ssp. angustifolia Narrowleaf arnica S4 Asteraceae Arnica chamissonis Leafy Arnica S4 Asteraceae Arnica chamissonis ssp. foliosa Leafy Arnica S4 Asteraceae Arnica cordifolia Heart‐leaf Arnica S1? Asteraceae Arnica fulgens Shining Arnica S2 Asteraceae Arnica lonchophylla Spear‐leaved Arnica S4 Asteraceae Artemisia abrotanum Southernwood SNA Asteraceae Artemisia absinthium Wormwood SNA Asteraceae Artemisia biennis Biennial Wormwood S5 Asteraceae Artemisia borealis Boreal Wormwood SNR Asteraceae Artemisia campestris Field sagewort S5 Asteraceae Artemisia campestris ssp. canadensis Boreal sage SU Asteraceae Artemisia campestris ssp. caudata Sagewort S4 Asteraceae Artemisia campestris ssp. pacifica Western sagewort S4S5 Asteraceae Artemisia cana Silver Sagebrush S2 Asteraceae Artemisia dracunculus Tarragon S4 Asteraceae Artemisia dracunculus ssp. dracunculus Tarragon S4? Asteraceae Artemisia dracunculus ssp. glauca Tarragon S4 Asteraceae Artemisia frigida Pasture Sage S5 Asteraceae Artemisia furcata Forked Wormwood SNA Asteraceae Artemisia longifolia Long‐leaved Sage S3 Asteraceae Artemisia ludoviciana Prairie Sage S5 Asteraceae Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana Prairie Sage S5 Asteraceae Artemisia pontica Roman Wormwood SNA Asteraceae Artemisia tilesii Herriot's Sage S2 Asteraceae Artemisia tilesii ssp. elatior Herriot's Sage S2 Asteraceae Artemisia vulgaris Mugwort SNA Asteraceae Bidens amplissima Beggar‐ticks SNA Asteraceae Bidens cernua Stick‐tight S5 Asteraceae Bidens frondosa Common Beggarticks S4 Asteraceae Bidens vulgata Beggarticks S4 Asteraceae Boltonia asteroides White Boltonia S2S3 Asteraceae Boltonia asteroides var. recognita White Boltonia S2S3 Asteraceae Canadanthus modestus Large Northern Aster S2 Asteraceae Carduus nutans Nodding or Musk‐thistle SNA Asteraceae Centaurea cyanus Bachelor's‐button SNA Asteraceae Centaurea diffusa Diffuse Knapweed SNA Asteraceae Centaurea solstitialis Yellow Star‐thistle SNA Asteraceae Cichorium intybus Common Chicory SNA Asteraceae Cirsium arvense Canada Thistle SNA Asteraceae Cirsium discolor Field Thistle S1 Asteraceae Cirsium drummondii Short‐stemmed Thistle S4 Asteraceae Cirsium flodmanii Flodman's Thistle S4 Asteraceae Cirsium hillii Hill's Thistle SNA Asteraceae Cirsium muticum Swamp Thistle S4 Asteraceae Cirsium undulatum Pasture Thistle S1? Asteraceae Cirsium vulgare Bull Thistle SNA Asteraceae Conyza canadensis Horse‐weed S5 Asteraceae Coreopsis tinctoria Common Tickseed SH Asteraceae Crepis elegans Youngia S1S2 Asteraceae Crepis runcinata Scapose Hawks‐beard S4 Asteraceae Crepis runcinata ssp. glauca Scapose Hawks‐beard S4 Asteraceae Crepis runcinata ssp. runcinata Scapose Hawks‐beard S4 Asteraceae Crepis tectorum Narrow‐leaved Hawks‐beard SNA Asteraceae Dendranthema arcticum Arctic Daisy S3 Asteraceae Dendranthema arcticum ssp. polare Arctic Daisy S3 Asteraceae Doellingeria umbellata Flat‐topped White Aster S5 Asteraceae Doellingeria umbellata var. pubens Flat‐topped White Aster S5 Asteraceae Dyssodia papposa SNA Asteraceae Echinacea angustifolia Purple Coneflower S3 Asteraceae Echinacea angustifolia var. angustifolia Purple Coneflower S3 Asteraceae Echinops sphaerocephalus Common Globe‐thistle SNA Asteraceae Erigeron acris Northern Daisy Fleabane S5 Asteraceae Erigeron acris ssp. kamtschaticus Northern Daisy Fleabane SU Asteraceae Erigeron acris ssp. politus Northern Daisy Fleabane S4 Asteraceae Erigeron annuus White‐top Fleabane SNA Asteraceae Erigeron asper Rough Fleabane S4S5 Asteraceae Erigeron caespitosus Tufted Fleabane S2 Asteraceae Erigeron elatus Swamp Fleabane S4 Asteraceae Erigeron glabellus Smooth Fleabane S4 Asteraceae Erigeron glabellus var. glabellus Smooth Fleabane S4? Asteraceae Erigeron glabellus var. pubescens Smooth Fleabane S4? Asteraceae Erigeron humilis Purple Fleabane S1 Asteraceae Erigeron hyssopifolius Hyssop‐leaved Fleabane S4 Asteraceae Erigeron hyssopifolius var. hyssopifolius Hyssop‐leaved Fleabane S4 Asteraceae
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  • Evolutionary Consequences of Dioecy in Angiosperms: the Effects of Breeding System on Speciation and Extinction Rates

    Evolutionary Consequences of Dioecy in Angiosperms: the Effects of Breeding System on Speciation and Extinction Rates

    EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF DIOECY IN ANGIOSPERMS: THE EFFECTS OF BREEDING SYSTEM ON SPECIATION AND EXTINCTION RATES by JANA C. HEILBUTH B.Sc, Simon Fraser University, 1996 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Zoology) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA July 2001 © Jana Heilbuth, 2001 Wednesday, April 25, 2001 UBC Special Collections - Thesis Authorisation Form Page: 1 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada http://www.library.ubc.ca/spcoll/thesauth.html ABSTRACT Dioecy, the breeding system with male and female function on separate individuals, may affect the ability of a lineage to avoid extinction or speciate. Dioecy is a rare breeding system among the angiosperms (approximately 6% of all flowering plants) while hermaphroditism (having male and female function present within each flower) is predominant. Dioecious angiosperms may be rare because the transitions to dioecy have been recent or because dioecious angiosperms experience decreased diversification rates (speciation minus extinction) compared to plants with other breeding systems.