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Content Analysis of Cross-Cultural Interaction Patterns of Chinese Americans in Selected Realistic Fiction for Children Ages 8 Through 12

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Content Analysis of Cross-Cultural Interaction Patterns of Chinese Americans in Selected Realistic Fiction for Children Ages 8 Through 12 A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF CROSS-CULTURAL INTERACTION PATTERNS OF CHINESE AMERICANS IN SELECTED REALISTIC FICTION FOR CHILDREN AGES 8 THROUGH 12 BY I -WEN SU A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 1991 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study would not have been completed without the continuing support and guidance of many individuals. First of all, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to Dr. Ruthellen Crews, my committee chairperson, not only for her guidance throughout this study, but for her continuing encouragement during the lonely and frustrating process. I also thank my committee members: Dr. Robert Sherman for his frequent thought-provoking advice, in both the academic field and personal affairs; Dr. Tom Fillmer for his enthusiasm for my study and his belief in my ability to achieve this study; Dr. Nora Hoover for her criticism and valuable input; and Dr. Edward Turner for his patience, understanding, and encouragement when necessary. My parents have been especially supportive for the past three years. Through numerous international phone calls and air mail letters, they shared my anxiety, fear, and sorrow and sent me their love and support continuously. From them I obtained the courage and strength to get through my study in this foreign land. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii LIST OF TABLES vi ABSTRACT CHAPTERS I INTRODUCTION 1 The Purpose of the Study 3 Rationale for the Study 5 The Need for Understanding Minority Cultures 5 The Need for Global Learning 8 The Need for Evaluating the Authenticity and Cross-cultural Relations in Multicultural Literature 11 The Need for the Study of Chinese American-Other Ethnic Groups Relations in Children's Literature.. 16 Theoretical Framework 17 Literature Reflects Society 17 Literature Influences Society 17 Literature as a Means of Social Control 18 Assumptions 19 Overview of the Study 19 II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 21 Studies of Chinese and Chinese Americans in Children's Published Materials 22 Cross-cultural Studies 30 Language 32 Ethnic Attitude 36 Ethnic Recognition and Self-identification 38 Behavior Patterns 41 Cross-cultural Conflict Styles 45 The Concept of Acculturation 47 iii The Chinese American 51 A Short History 51 Interaction with Whites and Blacks — 55 Chinese Cultural Values 57 Chinese American's Self- identification 59 Conflicts of the Chinese American 61 Stereotypes of the Chinese in Westerners ' eyes 65 Summary 67 III METHODOLOGY 69 Rationale for Using Content Analysis 69 Research Questions 72 Sampling "73 Criteria for Selection 73 Sources of Selection 74 Books Selected in This Study 74 Procedures 79 Coding Categories 82 Reliability and Validity 85 Limitations 88 IV ANALYSIS OF THE DATA 90 Frequency of Intracultural Interactions and Intercultural Interactions 90 Information about Chinese-American Characters and Their Interactions within Their Own Cultural Group 91 Analysis of the Interactions within the Chinese-American Culture 101 Guiding Principles 102 Attitudes 106 Behaviors 110 Problems 115 Information Regarding Characters in the Intercultural Interactions 121 Chinese-American Characters 122 Other Ethnic Characters 125 Basic Information Related to the Inter- cultural Interactions 128 Analysis of the Chinese Americans in the Intercultural Interactions 133 Guiding Principles 134 Attitudes 137 Behaviors 140 Problems 143 iv Analysis of Other Ethnic Characters in the Intercultural Interactions 148 Guiding Principles 148 Attitudes 150 Behaviors 151 Problems 156 Reality vs. Stereotypes 156 V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 166 The Procedures 167 Results, Discussions, and Conclusions... 168 Recommendations 182 For Educators 182 For Publishers 183 For Further Research 185 APPENDICES A LIST OF CHILDREN'S BOOKS 188 B CODING SHEETS 190 REFERENCES 210 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH 229 V LIST OF TABLES Table Eage 1. The Enrollments in Public Elementary and Secondary Education in 1976 and in 1986 by Race and Ethnicity 6 2. The Episodes Agreed by Two Coders in Sea Glass 87 3. The Frequency of Interactions among Chinese Americans and Interactions among Chinese- American Characters and Other Ethnic Characters 91 4. Chinese-American Characters by Roles 92 5. The Generational Classification 93 6. The Place of Birth and the Number of Years Chinese-American Characters Had Lived in the U.S 95 7. Chinese-American Characters by Status and by Sex 96 8. Place of Residence 96 9. Settings for the Intracultural Interactions.. 98 10. Relationships among Chinese-American Characters within Their Own Cultural Group.. 99 11. Topics for the Intracultural Interactions 100 12. Experiences in the Intracultural Interactions 101 13. The Guiding Principles of Chinese Americans in Intracultural Interactions 103 14. The Attitudes of the Chinese Americans in the Intracultural Interactions 109 15. Verbal Behaviors of the Chinese Americans in Intracultural Interactions Ill vi 16. Nonverbal Behaviors of the Chinese Americans in the Intracultural Interactions 113 17. Problems of the Chinese Americans within Group 120 18. Problem-solving Methods Employed by the Chinese Americans within Group 121 19. Chinese Americans by Roles in the Intercultural Interactions 123 20. Chinese Americans by Birthplace in the Intercultural Interactions 123 21. Chinese Americans by the Number of Years They Had Lived in the U.S 124 22. Chinese Americans by Sex and By Status in the Intercultural Interactions 124 23. Place of Residence of Chinese Americans in the Intercultural Interactions 125 24. Age Difference of Other Ethnic Characters.... 126 25. Ethnic Background of the Characters 126 26. Other Ethnic Characters by Sex and by Status. 127 27. Place of Residence of Different Ethnic Characters 127 28. Settings for the Intercultural Interactions.. 129 29. Topics of the Intercultural Interactions 130 30. Relationships of Other Ethnic Characters and Chinese Americans 130 31. The Situations of the Intercultural Interactions 131 32. Experiences in the Intercultural Interactions 131 33. The Intercultural Interactions by Proportion and by Quality of Experiences 133 vii 34. Guiding Principles of the Chinese Americans in the Intercultural Interactions 136 35. Attitudes of the Chinese Americans Toward Other Ethnic Characters in the Intercultural Interactions 138 36. Verbal Behaviors of the Chinese Americans in the Intercultural Interactions 142 37. Nonverbal Behaviors of Chinese Americans in the Intercultural Interactions 143 38. Problems of the Chinese Americans in the Intercultural Interactions 144 39. Guiding Principles of Other Ethnic Characters in the Intercultural Interactions 149 40. Attitudes of Other Ethnic Characters in the Intercultural Interactions 151 41. Verbal Behaviors of Other Ethnic Characters in the Intercultural Interactions 152 42. Nonverbal Behaviors of Other Ethnic Characters in the Intercultural Interactions 155 43. Problems of Other Ethnic Characters in the Intercultural Interactions 156 viii Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF CROSS-CULTURAL INTERACTION PATTERNS OF CHINESE AMERICANS IN SELECTED REALISTIC FICTION FOR CHILDREN AGES 8 THROUGH 12 by I -wen Su December, 1991 Chairman: Ruthellen Crews Major department: Instruction and Curriculum The purpose of this study was to examine the cross- cultural interactions of Chinese Americans as portrayed in realistic fiction published in the United States from 1967 through 1991 for children ages 8 through 12. Nine questions were addressed concerning (a) the frequency of cross- cultural interactions, (b) demographic information for the Chinese Americans and other ethnic characters portrayed, (c) basic information (e.g., settings and topics) related to the characters and their interactions (d) guiding principles, attitudes, and behaviors of the Chinese Americans and problems they encountered in their interactions within their own culture and interactions with other ethnic characters, (e) guiding principles, attitudes, and behaviors of other ethnic characters and problems they encountered in their ix interactions with Chinese Americans, and (f) incidence of real versus stereotypical behaviors portrayed. Content analysis was the research method used. Each of the sixteen books was divided into episodes in which interactions among Chinese Americans or interactions between Chinese Americans and other ethnic characters took place. Using information about Chinese Americans collected from related literature, the researcher developed coding sheets which she used to record the demographic and other basic information for each character and a description of his/her role in each interaction as presented in an episode. As a result, the frequency, nature, and characteristics of the cross-cultural interactions and the characters involved were specified. Also, any changes in the quality (e.g., favorable or unfavorable) of the cross-cultural interactions throughout the storylines were evaluated. The results of the analysis indicated that the books analyzed adhere to an integration philosophy with respect to how Chinese Americans can fit into American society. In addition, the cross-cultural interactions depicted show positive influences on the feelings and understandings for both Chinese-American characters and characters from other ethnic groups. However, this analysis also indicated
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