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Acculturation and Cultural Value Orientations of Immigrant Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2000 Acculturation and cultural value orientations of immigrant Chinese Americans: Effects on body image, aesthetics for appearance, and involvement in dress Ching-Yi Cheng Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Home Economics Commons, Race and Ethnicity Commons, Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons, and the Social Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Cheng, Ching-Yi, "Acculturation and cultural value orientations of immigrant Chinese Americans: Effects on body image, aesthetics for appearance, and involvement in dress " (2000). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 12676. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/12676 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has t>een reproduced from the microfiim master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis arxj dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Brdcen or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substarxJard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will t>e noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectionir^ the original, t>eginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuir^ from left to right in equal sections with small overiaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have t)een reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6' x 9' t>lack and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Acculturation and cultural value orientations of immigrant Chinese Americans; Effects on body image, aesthetics for appearance, and involvement in Dress By Ching-Yi Cheng A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Textiles and Clothing Major Professor: Mary Lynn Damhorst Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2000 UMI Number 9977315 UMI UMI Microfomi9977315 Copyright 2000 by Bell & Howell Infomiation and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arisor, Ml 48106-1346 ii Graduate College Iowa State University This is to certify the Doctoral dissertation of Ching-Yi Cheng Has met the dissertation requirements of Iowa State University Signature was redacted for privacy. ;3vlajor Professor Signature was redacted for privacy. ]Ugjr.r Prnp;ram Signature was redacted for privacy. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF TABLES vii ABSTRACT x CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION I Rationale 2 Need for Research 3 Research Questions 5 Definitions of Terms 6 Objectives 8 Limitations 9 Organization of the Chapters 10 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 11 Immigrant Chinese Americans 11 History of Chinese Americans 11 Acculturation 15 Cultural Value Orientations 20 Individualism versus Collectivism 23 Body Image 27 Aesthetics for Appearance 31 Historical Perspectives 32 Socio-cultural Perspectives 33 Gender Differences 34 Beauty Standards in the U.S. 36 Cross-cultural Perspectives 37 Involvement in Dress 40 Research Hypotheses 43 Hypotheses Statements 46 The effect of acculturation 46 The effect of cultural value orientation 48 CHAPTER 3. METHODS 52 Definition of Sample 52 Instrument Development 53 Focus Group 53 Revision of Existing Instruments 54 Instruments 54 Involvement measures 54 Beauty ideals 56 IV Body satisfaction, importance, and desire for change 56 Cultural values 57 Acculturation 58 Demographics 59 Data Collection Procedure 59 Telephone Screening 59 Mailing Procedure 60 Operationalization of Variables 60 Data Reduction - Factor Analyses 60 Cultural value orientations 61 Body image 63 Body satisfaction 63 Body importance 64 Body change 65 Aesthetics for appearance 65 Female beauty 65 Male attractiveness 67 Dress involvement 67 Data Analyses 67 CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 71 Participant Demographic Characteristics 72 General Demographic Characteristics 72 Acculturation Characteristics 73 Demographics that Relate to Acculturation Characteristics 75 Cultural Value Orientations 78 Value orientation rating scale 78 Value scenario 80 Physical Characteristics: Self and Ideal 81 Convergent Validity Analyses 82 Cultural Value Orientation 82 Dress Involvement 83 H>T30theses Testing 84 Results of Hypotheses Testing 84 S ummary of Results 124 CHAPTER 5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 127 Summary of the Study 127 General Findings 128 Demographic Characteristics of Participants 128 Acculturation Characteristics among Chinese Americans 129 Cultural Value Orientation Characteristics among Chinese Americans 130 Interpretation of Results 130 Acculturation Level 130 Relationship between value orientation and acculturation 131 V Relationship between body image and acculturation 131 Relationship between aesthetics of appearance and acculturation 131 Relationship between dress involvement and acculturation 132 Cultural Value Orientation 134 Relationship between body image and cultural value orientation 134 Relationship between aesthetics of appearance and cultural value orientation 134 Relationship between dress involvement and cultural value 135 orientation Conclusions 137 Involvement Measures 140 Body Image and Ideals 141 General Contributions 143 Practical Implications 143 Limitations 144 Recommendations for Future Research 145 APPENDIX A. SURVEY INSTRUMENT 147 APPENDIX B. HUMAN SUBJECTS APPROVAL 165 .APPENDIX C. COVER LETTERS 169 REFERENCES 176 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 191 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Research model I 44 Figure 2.2 Research model II 45 Figure 4.1 Histogram of age distribution 72 Figure 4.2 Histogram of education distribution 73 Figure 4.3 Histogram of acculturation score distribution 74 Figure 4.4 Histogram of Anglo orientation score distribution 74 Figure 4.5 Histogram of Chinese orientation score distribution 75 Figure 4.6 Scatterplot of AOS and COS 76 Figure 4.7 Histogram of individualism value distribution 78 Figure 4.8 Histogram of collectivism value distribution 79 Figure 4.9 Scatterplot of individualism and collectivism values 80 VII LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Summarv'of Chinese American history 12 Table 3.1 Factors for cultural value orientation 62 Table 3.2 Factors for body satisfaction 63 Table 3.3 Factors for body importance rating 64 Table 3.4 Factors for desire of body change 65 Table 3.5 Factors for female beauty 65 Table 3.6 Factors for male attractiveness 68 Table 3.7 Factors for dress involvement 69 Table 4.1. Mean scores of acculturation by gender and birthplace 77 Table 4.2. Correlation matrix for cultural value orientation: non-scenario and 82 scenario measures Table 4.3. Correlation matrix for dress involvement: PU and interest/involvement 83 factors Table 4.4. Simple regression of acculturation on/nc/Zv/t/wa/w/n Value 85 Table 4.5. Multiple regression of AOS and COS on Individualism Value 85 Table 4.6. Simple regressions of acculturation on Collectivism Value 86 Table 4.7. Multiple regression of AOS and COS on Collectivism Value 86 Table 4.8. Simple regressions of acculturation on HI 87 Table 4.9. xMultiple regression of AOS and COS on HI 88 Table 4.10. Simple regressions of accultiu-ation on VI 88 Table 4.11. Multiple regression of AOS and COS on VI 89 Table 4.12. Simple regressions of acculturation on HC 89 Table 4.13. Multiple regression of AOS and COS on HC 89 Table 4.14. Simple regressions of acculturation on VC 90 Table 4.15. Multiple regression of AOS and COS on VC 90 Table 4.16. Simple regression of acculturation on body importance 91 Table 4.17. Multiple regression of AOS and COS on body importance 92 Table 4.18. Simple regression of acculturation on body change 93 Table 4.19. Multiple regression of AOS and COS on body change 93 Table 4.20. Simple regression of acculturation on body satisfaction 94 viii Table 4.21. Multiple regression of AOS and COS on body satisfaction 94 Table 4.22. Simple regression of acculturation on body attitude 95 Table 4.23. Multiple regression of AOS and COS on body attitude 96 Table 4.24. Simple regression of acculturation on FPA 97 Table 4.25. Multiple regression of AOS and COS on FPA 97 Table 4.26. Simple regression of acculturation on MPA 98 Table 4.27. Multiple regression of AOS and COS on MPA 98 Table 4.28. Simple regression of acculturation on FBPT 99 Table 4.29. Multiple regression of AOS and COS on FBPT 100 Table 4.30. Simple regression of acculturation on MBPT 100 Table 4.31. Multiple regression of AOS and COS on MBPT 101 Table 4.32. Simple regression of acculturation on PII individuality and Fashion/ 102 Individuality Table 4.33. Multiple regression of AOS and COS on PII individuality 102 Table 4.34. Multiple regression of AOS and COS on Fashion/Individuality 103 Table 4.35. Simple regression of acculturation on PII aesthetics and Aesthetics 104 Table 4.36. Multiple regression of AOS and COS on PII aesthetics 105 Table 4.37. Multiple regression of AOS and COS on Aesthetics 105 Table 4.38. Simple regression of acculturation on PII conformity and Conformity 106 Table 4.39. Multiple regression of AOS and COS on PII conformity 107 Table 4.40.
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